PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS

 NOUNS NAME THINGS, PLACES, PEOPLE, ANIMALS, IDEAS, FEELINGS

 PROPER / COMMON: Italy/ city
 CONCRETE / ABSTRACT: Building/love
 SIMPLE / COMPOUND: flower/ butterfly, typing machine, brother-in-law
 SINGULAR / PLURAL: cat/cats, child/children, sheep/sheep
 FEMININE /MASCULINE/NEUTER: cow/bull/tree
 POSSESSIVE: Mary’s sisters, Louis’s mother, children’s houses, grandparents’
sons.
 COLLECTIVE: orchestra, cattle.
 APPOSITIVES: Caracas, Venezuela’s capital city, is big.

VERBS

VERBS IDENTIFY THE ACTION DONE IN THE SENTENCE OR THE RELATION

BETWEEN THE SUBJECT AND THE REST OF THE SENTENCE.
 ACTION VERBS
- TRANSITIVE (accepts Direct Object)
Mary buys (apples.) – Answers question WHAT?
- INTRANSITIVE
Mary goes (to the park.) – Answers question WHERE?
 LINKING VERBS
 To be (am/are/is/was/were/will be), seem, appear, become, look, turn,
taste, smell, sound, fell, grow)
 Mary is (a beautiful girl) PREDICATE NOUN.
 Mary is (super intelligent.) PREDICATE ADJECTIVE
VERBS ARE EXPRESSED:
- Person/Number: 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular/plural
- Tense: present, past, future, perfect forms, progressive forms
- Regular / irregular
- Verb phrases: will travel, have become, is living

PRONOUNS

PRONOUNS REPLACE NOUNS IN ANY PART OF THE SENTENCE.

 Personal pronouns:
- Subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
- Object: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
 Possessive pronouns:
- Before noun: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
- Alone: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
 Indefinite Pronouns: somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody
  Reflexive/Intensive: myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves.
 Interrogative: who, what, whose, whom, which, where, when
 Demonstratives: this/that, these/those
 Relative pronouns: that, which, where, when, who
 PRONOUNS ARE EXPRESSED:
Person/Number: 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular/plural
Gender: 3rd person singular feminine/masculine/neuter

ADVERBS

ADVERBS MODIFY VERBS, ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES.

Types:
-place: here, there
-Time: now, then, tomorrow,
-Frequency: always, never, sometimes
-Manner: nicely, happily, angrily
-To what extent: generally, officially
-Negation: not
 Intensifiers: very, so, too, quite
 ADVERBS answer questions: when, where, how, to what extent
 Many are formed by adding suffix –ly to an adjective
 Others: soon, never, rarely, almost
 Comparative: more/less happily than…, more/less joyfully than, sooner
 Superlative: most/least bravely than…, most/least nicely of all.

ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVES MODIFY NOUNS AND PRONOUNS.

 TYPES: opinion/beautiful, size/big, shape/oval, age/old, color/yellow,
origin/French, material/plastic, purpose/cleaning towel.
 Articles: definite/ the, indefinite/a an
 Possessive pronouns before noun: my house, her table
Proper Adjective: used to show origin Venezuelan, Italian, Chinese,
British
 Suffixes to form proper adjectives: -ese, -an, -ian, -ish
 Comparative / superlative: bigger than, more intelligent than, … the
fastest of all, …the most beautiful.
 Demonstrative: This house, that table; these chairs, those lamps.

PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONS JOIN NOUNS OR PRONOUNS IN ANY PART OF THE SENTENCE.

 Simple: in, on, at, for, to, of, off, by
 Compound: next to, in front of, according to
SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS

COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS

CONJUNCTIONS & INTERJECTIONS

CONJUNCTIONS JOIN WORDS OR SENTENCES

 TYPES:
 Coordinating: and, or, but, so, for
 I speak Italian, and I also speak French.
 Correlative: not only…but also, neither…nor, either…or
 I not only understand French, but also I can speak it.
 Conjunctive Adverbs: nevertheless, however, similarly, likewise, thus
 I don’t speak French well; however, I can understand it.
 I don’t speak Portuguese; I understand it, though.

INTERJECTIONS EXPRESS EMOTIONS OR STRONG FEELINGS
 Yes! Oh, no! Gee! Ouch!
 Yes, I loved it.
 SPEECH ANALYSIS EXAMPLE

Tony and Sadie have been to more countries than any other people I know.

 Tony: noun, proper, masculine, singular, concrete, simple

 And: coordinating conjunction
 Sadie: noun, proper, feminine, singular, concrete, simple
 Have been: verb phrase, present perfect, 3rd person plural, linking verb,
irregular.
 To: simple preposition
 More: adjective, comparative #1
 Countries: noun, common, neuter, plural, concrete , simple
 Than: adjective, comparative #2
 Any: adjective quantity
 Other: adjective opinion
 People: noun, common, neuter, plural, concrete, simple
 I: pronoun, 1st person singular, subject, neuter
 Know: verb, action, intransitive, 1st person singular, present tense, irregular.