PRONOUNS

SUBJECT PRONOUNS
The subject of a sentence is a person or thing that performs the action of the
verb.
Subject pronouns are used to replace the subject (person or thing) of a verb.
We do NOT normally say:

 John is tall and John is intelligent.

Saying the word "John" twice is repetitive and does not sound natural.
We replace the Subject (John) that appears the second time with a subject
pronoun to avoid repetition (and in this case to avoid saying the
name John again.)
So we would say:

 John is tall and he is intelligent.

We replace the second "John" with the Subject Pronoun "He".

What are the subject pronouns in English?
These are the subject pronouns we use in English

Subject Singular or Plural -

Masculine or Feminine
Pronoun Who?

I Singular - first person masculine or feminine

You Singular - second person masculine or feminine
He Singular - third person only masculine
She Singular - third person only feminine
It Singular - third person object / thing / animal
We Plural - first person masculine or feminine
You Plural - second person masculine or feminine
They Plural - third person masculine or feminine

When do you use IT?

IT is normally used when we refer to objects, things, animals or ideas (and not
normally people).

 The dog is big. It is also hairy. (It = the dog)

 My bed is small but it is comfortable. (It = my bed)

Sometimes when we don't know the sex of a baby (we don't know if it is a boy or
girl), then we can use IT.

 Their baby is very small. It only weighs 2 kilos. (It = the baby.)

We use IT when we talk about the time, weather or temperature.

 It is five o'clock (= the time is five o'clock)

 It is cold today. (= the weather is cold today.)
 It is 30º outside right now. (= the temperature is 30º outside right now)

POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS
We use pronouns to refer to possession and “belonging”. There are
two types: possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns.
We can use a possessive pronoun(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs) instead
of a full noun phrase to avoid repeating words:
Is that John's car?
     No, it's mine. (NOT No, it's [my car].)
Whose coat is this?
     Is it yours? (NOT Is it [your coat]?)no it isn`t mine, it is his,
Her coat is grey.
     Mine is brown. (NOT [My coat] is brown.)
We can use possessive pronouns and nouns after of. We can say:
Susan is one of my friends. > Susan is a friend of mine.
(NOT Susan is a friend of me.)
I am one of Susan's friends. > I am a friend of Susan's.
(NOT I am a friend of Susan.)

We use possessive adjectives:(my,your,his,her,its,our,their)

 to show something belongs to somebody:

That's our house.
My car is very old.

 for relations and friends:

My mother is a doctor.
How old is your sister?

 for parts of the body:

He's broken his arm.

She's washing her hair.
I need to clean my teeth.
The possessive adjective its does not have an apostrophe ('):
That bird has broken its (NOT it's) wing.
(it's always means it is or it has.)

We can use possessive pronouns and nouns after of. We can say:

Susan is one of my friends. > Susan is a friend of mine.
(NOT Susan is a friend of me.)
I am one of Susan's friends. > I am a friend of Susan's.
(NOT I am a friend of Susan.)

The genitive case

We use it to indicate belonging or possession

Peter`s car
Lukas`car
My parents`car
Helicopter`s facilities
 Object Pronouns
A Pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence.
An object pronoun is used in place of a person or thing (object nouns) that
receive the action of the verb in a sentence. They indicate the recepient and
they came after verbs and prepositions.
( to,with.for,at,on,beside,under,around,etc.).
Me,you,him,her,it,us,them
Examples

 He begged her to live with him. (her is the object of the

verb begged and him is the object of the preposition with)
 She told them the truth. (them is the object of the verb told)
 The guy I borrowed Money from showed me a crowbar and told me to pay
him immediately.
 He said he had given me enough time already.

Object pronouns are used instead of object nouns, usually because we already
know what the object is.

 She's my friend. I really enjoy being with her.

 I like this film. I saw it last week.

Object pronouns come after either a verb (e.g "like") or a

preposition (e.g "to").
Examples:

 I like you but you don't like me.

 Do you really hate her?
 She loves sitting next to him.
 She always writes e-mails to us.
 He's talking to her about it.

Reflexive pronouns
The reflexive pronouns are:

her it
sing mys yours himse
sel se
ular: elf elf lf
f lf
plur ours yours thems
al: elves elves elves

We use a reflexive pronoun as a direct object (person or thing that is

affected by the action of a verb) when the object is the same as the
subject of the verb:
I fell over and hurt myself.
Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.
We can use a reflexive pronoun as direct object with most transitive verbs,
but these are the most common:

amuse enjoy kill

blame help prepare
cut hurt satisfy
dry introduce teach

Be careful!

We do not use a reflexive pronoun after

verbs which describe things people usually
do for themselves:
He washed in cold water.
He always shaved before going out in
the evening.
Michael dressed and got ready for the
party.
We only use reflexives with these verbs for
emphasis:
He dressed himself in spite of his
injuries.
She’s old enough to wash herself.

We use reflexive pronouns as an indirect object (is usually a person or

animal who receives a direct object) when the indirect object is the same
as the subject of the verb:
Would you like to pour yourself a drink?
We’ve brought ourselves something to eat.
We use reflexive pronouns as the object of a preposition when the object
is the same as the subject of the verb:
 They had to cook for themselves.
He was feeling very sorry for himself.      
but we use object pronouns, not reflexives, after prepositions of place:
He had a suitcase beside him. (NOT himself)
and after with when it means accompanied by:
She had a few friends with her. (NOT herself)
We use reflexives with the preposition by:

 to show that someone did something without any help:

The children got dressed by themselves.
I prepared the whole meal by myself.

 to show that someone was alone:

He lived by himself in an enormous house.
She walked home by herself.
We use reflexive pronouns intensively to emphasise the person or thing we are
referring to:
Kendal itself is quite a small town.

 especially if we are talking about someone very famous:

Sir Paul McCartney himself sang the final song.
We often put the reflexive pronoun at the end of the clause when we are using
it intensively for emphasis:
I baked the bread myself.
She mended the car herself.
Some verbs change their meaning slightly when they have a reflexive pronoun
as direct object:
Would you like to help yourself to another drink?
     = Would you like to take another drink?
I wish the children would behave themselves.
     = I wish the children would behave well.
He found himself lying by the side of the road.
     = He was surprised when he realised that he was lying by the side of the road.
I saw myself as a famous actor.
     = I imagined that I was a famous actor.
She applied herself to the job of mending the lights.
     = She worked very hard to mend the lights.
He busied himself in the kitchen.
     = He worked busily in the kitchen.
I had to content myself with a few euros.
     = I had to be satisfied with a few euros.