NALC VOL 3

LESSONS 1 and 2
COMPLETE: Whole, entire, finished / CARD: A flat, stiff piece of paper or
Completar. pasteboar / Tarjeta.
DEPOSIT: To place money for CASH: Money that a person actually has
safekeeping / Depositar. / Efectivo.
FEEL: To touch, to be aware / Sentir. CHECKBOOK: A book of detachable
FILL OUT: become fuller with letters / forms for a writing bank checks /
Llenar un documento por completo. Chequera.
HIDE: to put or keep out of sight / CHECKING ACCOUNT: Cuenta de
Ocultar. cheques
LOOK: To direct one’s eyes in order to DEPOSIT: The action of placing money
see / Mirar. for safekeeping / Deposito.
LOSE: To become unable to find / FORM: A piece of paper printed in order
Perder. to make an application / Forma
CLOSE / OPEN AN ACCOUNT: Abrir (documento).
cerrar una cuenta. INFORMATION: Any kind of data or
RIGHT AWAY: Right now / Ahora knowledge / Informacion.
mismo. LEMON: A green sour fruit / Limón.
RIGHT HERE: Exactly here / Aqui PASSPORT: An official document to
mismo. travel overseas / Pasaporte.
SAVE: To conserve / Ahorrar. SAVINGS ACCOUNT: Cuenta de
SMELL: Sense of smell / Olor. ahorro
SOUND: That which is heard / Sonido SIGNATURE: A sign. / Firma.
SPEND: To use up, to pay out / Gastar.
TAKE: To get possession of, capture, to
obtain / Tomar, agarrar.
TAKE OUT: Designating or of prepared
food sold as by a restaurant to be eaten
away from the premises / Extraer, sacar
TASTE: To detect the flavor of by the
sense of taste / Probar.
WITHDRAW: To take money out from
the bank / Retirar.
BITTER: Harsh tasting / Amargo
IMMEDIATELY: Right now /
Inmediatamente.
SAFE: Free from damage / Seguro.
SALTY: Of or having salt / Salado.
SOON: In a short time / Pronto.
SOUR: Acid taste, spoiled by
fermentation / Acido.
SWEET: Having a taste of, or like sugar
/ Dulce.
ACCOUNT: Business record / Cuenta
BILL: A statement for charges or goods
or services / Cuenta o factura.
 I SPENT ALL MY MONEY YESTERDAY.

Present Past
hide hid
lose lost
spend spent
take out took out
withdraw withdrew

TED’S LEAVING TOMORROW.

The present progressive is sometimes used to

express a future action which is expected to happen
soon.

will arrive
The plane is going to arrive at 6:00.
is arriving
 AL’S TIRED BECAUSE HE HAD A LONG TRIP.

I spent it all yesterday

It’s the end of the
I don’t have any money because
month.
I lost my wallet
I spent it all yesterday
I don’t have any
Because It’s the end of the month
money
I lost my wallet

The word because is used to tell the reason for something. It

can come before or after the main clause.

THE BREAD SMELLS GOOD

is
feels
looks
This good
sounds
smells
tastes
 LESSONS 3 and 4
BOTHER: To give trouble to / Molestar
BREAK: To smash, split or divide into parts
violently; to infringe, ignore or act contrary to (a
law, rule, promise, etc.). / Romper.
DENT: A hollow or depression in a surface, as
from a blow. / Abollar.
HAPPEN: To take place, come to pass; ocurr, to
come to pass by chance. / Ocurrir.
KEEP: To hold or retain in one’s possession /
Sujetar, mantener.
OBEY: To comply with or follow the commands,
restrictions, wishes or instructions of: / Obedecer.
RIDE: To sit on and manage a horse or other
animal in motion / Montar.
RUN: To go quickly by moving the legs more
rapidly that at a walk / Correr.
STOP: To cease from , leave off, or discontinue /
Parar.
AT FAULT: when something is shortage or
absence / culpable..
DIFFERENT FROM: Not equal / Diferente de.
IN BACK OF: In the rear part of / En la parte
trasera.
IN FRONT OF: The foremost part or surface of
anything/the part or side of anything. / En la parte
delantera.
THE SAME AS: in the same manner in a
identical or similar way / Lo mismo que.
ACCIDENT: An undesirable or unfortunate
happening that occurs unintentionally and usually
result in harm, damage / Accidente.
AUTO: A passenger vehicle / Carro, automóvil.
AUTOMOBILE: a vehicle designed for
operation on ordinary roads and typically having
four wheels and gasoline or diesel internal
combustion engine / Carro, automóvil.
BICYCLE: Vehicle with two wheels, usually
propelled by pedals / Bicicleta.
BIKE: Vehicle of two wheels / Bicicleta.
BUCKLE UP: A clasp consisting of a rectangular
or curved rim with one or more movable tongues
, fixed to one end of a belt or strap, used for
fastening to the other end of the same strap or to
another strap. / Un broche consistente de un
rectángulo o borde curveado con uno o más
lengüetas móviles, arregladas para sujetar un
extremo de un cinturón o correa.
CAUSE: A person or things that acts, happens, or
exists in such a way that some specific things
happens as a result; the producer of an effect /
Causa.
CROSS: A structure consisting essentially of a
upright and a transverse piece. Place to pass to
other side. / Cruce.
CURVE: A continuously bending line, without
angles. / Curva.
SEAT BELT: A belt or strap in an automobile,
airplane, etc. / Cinturón de seguridad.
TICKET: Usually of paper or cardboard,
serving as evidence that the holder as paid a fare
or admission. / Boleto, infraccion.
TRAFFIC: The movement of vehicles, ships,
persons in an area along the street, etc. / Trafico.
TRAFFIC JAM: to press or wedge tightly
between bodies or surfaces,, so that motion or
extrication in made difficult or imposible /
Embotellamiento.
ACROSS: From one side to the other of. /
Cruzar.
BEHIND: At or toward to rear of / En la parte de
atras.
CAREFUL: Caution in one’s actions/ Ser
cuidadoso.
CARELESS: Not paying enough attention to
what one does. / Descuidado.
DARK: having very little or no light / Oscuro.
FACE: The front part of the head / Cara.
FASTEN: To attach firmly or securely in place,
fix securely to something else / Abrochar cinturón
de seguridad.
FAULT: Mistake, blame for something wrong /
Falta o infraccion a alguna ley.
FINE: A sum of money pay as a penalty / Multa.
HEAVY TRAFFIC: Like a jam / Trafico pesado.
INSURANCE: Means the guaranteeing against
loss or harm / Poliza de seguro.
LAW: The principles and regulations established
in a community by some authority and applicable
to its people / Ley.
LEFT: Of pertaining to, or located on or near
the side of a person or thing that is turned toward
the west when the subject is facing north /
Izquierda.
LIGHT: Something that makes things visible or
affords illumination. / Luz.
PLACE: A particular portion of space. / Lugar.
POLE: A long cylindrical, often slender piece of
wood, metal, etc. / Poste.
POLICE: An organized civil force for
maintaining order, preventing and detecting crime
/ Policia.
RIDER: A person who rides a horse or other
animal, a bicycle, etc / Jinete o ciclista.
RIGHT: Oposite to left / Derecha.
SIMILAR (TO): having a likeness or
resemblance / Similar a.
 The past progressive is used to show that an action
took place over a period of time.

I
was studying
Mark
was studying last night.
Mark and
were studying
Al

Ask or tell is used with an indirect object + the

infinitive to express an indirect request or
command.
to pay the bill.
Ask
Bob to write a check.
Tell
to go to the store.

DID YOU ASK THE WAITER TO BRING US COFFEE?

NO, I ASKED HIM TO BRING THE MENU

to pay the bill.

I asked to write a
Bob check.
I told to go to the
store.
 YOU UNIFORM IS SIMILAR TO MINE.

Bob’s shirt is like Mike’s

Their shirts are alike.

My name is the same as your name

Our names are the same.

Tim’s car is similar to Allen’s car

Their cars are similar.

Army uniforms are different from navy uniforms

Army and navy uniforms are different.

 LESSONS 5 and 6
BORROW.- To take or receive (something)
intending to return it / Tomar prestado.
CARE ABOUT.- To feel love or a liking /
Interesarse acerca de.
CARE FOR - Charge; protection; a
responsibility. / Cuidar de.
ENJOY - To get pleasure from, relish /
Disfrutar.
FIX - To fasten firmly / Reparar o fijar.
GUESS - To form a judgment or estimate of
(something) without actual knowledge /
Suponer.
HURT.- To cause pain or injury to / Dolor.
LEND.- To let another use or have (a thing)
temporarily / Prestar.
LIE.- To be or put oneself in a redining or
horizontal position / Recostar o mentir.
NOT CARE.- No importa.
PARK.- Wooded land held as part of an
estate or preserve / Estacionar o parque.
REPAIR.- To put back in good condition;
fix; renew / Reparar.
SHOULD.- Shall, used to express:
obligation, duty, expectation or probability /
he should be here soon / Deberia.
ANYONE.- Any person; anybody; any single
(person) / Alguna persona.
BADLY.- In a bad manner / Malamente.
CAREFULLY.- Cautious, wary /
Cuidadosamente.
CARELESSLY.- Carefree, untroubled
carelessness / Descuidadamente.
CORRECTLY.- To make right /
Correctamente.
TRUTH.- A being true, specific, sincerity,
honesty / Verdad.
EASILY.- With ease 2 without a doubt/
Facilmente.
EXCITED.- To make active, stir up /
Entusiasmado.
FAST.- Loyal, devoted / Rapido.
HOW.- In what manner or way / Como, de
que manera.
MAYBE.- Perhaps / Podria, quiza.
SAFELY.- Free from damage / Seguramente.
SLOWLY.- Not quick in understanding 2
taking a longer time than is usual /
Lentamente.
SOMEONE.- Somebody / Alguien.
ADVICE.- Opinion given as to what to do,
counsel / Consejo.
FEELING.- The sense of touch 2 the ability
to experience physical sensation /
Sentimiento.
FRIENDSHIP.- The estate of being friends 2
friendly feeling / Amistad.
GARAGE.- A shelter for motor vehicles 2 a
business place where such vehicles are
stored, repaired / Cochera o taller mecanico.
OPINION.- A bellef based not on certainty
but on what seems true or probable / Opinión.
PARTY.- A group of people working to
promote a political platform or slate, a cause,
etc / Fiesta o partido politico.
ROOMMATE.- A person with whom one
shares a room or rooms / Compañero de
cuarto.
SECRET.- Kept from, or acting without, the
knowledge of others / Secreto.
STORY.- The telling of an event or events;
account; narration / Historia o narración.
TOOL.- Any hand implement, instrument,
etc. used for some work / Herramienta.
GO OUT.- Salir a pasear.
HURT (SOMEONE’S) FEELINGS.- Herir
los sentimientos de alguien.
A LITTLE WHITE LIE.- Una mentirita
blanca.
IN MY OPINION.-. En mi opinion.
TELL (SOMEONE) A LIE, A SECRET, A
STORY, THE TIME, THE TRUTH -
Decir a alguien una mentira, un secreto, una
historia, la hora, la verdad.
I WANT TO TELL YOU SOMETHING.

Look at the use of the verb tell in these

expressions.
me
you a story
him a lie
her a secret
Tell
them the truth
us the time
someone
Frank

PLEASE, DON’T TELL ANYONE.

Affirmative sentence.

Elizabeth saw someone at the lab.

Negative sentence.

Peter didn’t see anyone at the lab.

 Question.

anyone
Did you See at the lab?
someone

YOU SHOULDN’T DRIVE SO FAST.

SHOULD + NOT = SHOULDN’T

IS MIKE A CAREFUL DRIVER? YES, HE DRIVES

CAREFULLY.

A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a

word. Many adverbs are formed by adding the suffix -ly
to the adjective.
* Notice the spelling change when the adjective ends
in “y”.
ADJECTIVE SUFFIX ADVERB
bad badly
careful carefully
careless carelessly
correct correctly
safe ly safely
slow slowly
busy busily*
happy happily*
easy easily*

*Some adverbs have an irregular form.

**Some have the same form for both the adjective and the
adverb.

ADJECTIVE ADVERB
*good well
**fast fast

HOW DID MARY DRIVE THIS MORNING?

Mary drove fast.

Did Mary drive fast?
How did Mary drive?
 LESSONS 7 and 8
APOLOGIZE - To make an apology or
excuse / Disculparse.
BATHE.-To wash, immerse in water or
other liquid / Bañarse en tina.
FILL (UP).-To put as much as can be
contained into something / Llenar
(volumen).
FORGIVE - To exhibit forgiveness /
Perdonar.
HANG.-To suspend / Colgar, suspender.
HOPE.-Desire accompanied
expectation / Desear, esperar con ansia.
MEAN.-To signify / Significar, querer
decir.
REALIZE.-To perceive clearly / Darse
cuenta.
RUN OUT OF.-To exhaust a supply
Agotar algo.
SPILL.-To cause to fall off (especially
liquid) / Derramar.
STEP (ON).-To put a foot onto
something / Pisar.
WORRY.-To feel anxious / Preocuparse.
TAKE A BATH.-To clean one’s body
with water / Tomar un baño.
ALMOST.-Nearly, all but / Casi.
READY.-Prepared, available / Listo.
SO.-in the way shown /
REALLY.-Indeed, in truth / Realmente.
EMPTY.-Containing nothing, vacant /
Vacio.
FULL.- Filled, well supplied, complete /
Lleno.
HARD.- Compact and solid, firm, cruel /
Duro.
PLEASED.-To feel content with yourself
/ Complacido.
SOFT.-Smooth to touch / Suave.
SORRY.-Feeling compassion / Sentir
pena.
WORRIED (ABOUT).-To have anxiety
for something / Preocupado.
ALARM CLOCK.-Device which is used
to wake somebody up / Despertador.
BAGGAGE.-Bags or articles of a
traveler / Equipaje.
BATH.- Act of washing something in
water / Baño.
BATHTUB.-A tub to take a bath in /
Tina de baño.
by BILL.-An account for goods sold /
Cuenta.
BLANKET.-A soft clothe for a bed /
Manta.
CLOSET.-A place for storing clothes /
Armario.
END.-The last part of something / Final.
GASOLINE.-A volatile and flammable
liquid used as fuel in engines / Gasolina.
GAS STATION.-The establishment
where gasoline is sold / Gasolineria.
GAUGE.-A device for measuring /
Medidor, medida.
HANGER.-A frame usually plastic to
hang clothe / Gancho para ropa.
LADY.-Any woman / Dama.
LAUNDRY.-Place for washing clothes /
Ropa sucia, lavanderia
PILLOW.-A clothe case filled with
feathers for supporting the head /
Almohada.
RESTROOM.-A public bathroom / Baño
publico.
SHEET.-A piece of thin clothe used on a
bed / Sábana.
TANK.-A cistern for storing water or
other liquid; an armored military land
vehicle / Tanque.
USING A THAT-CLAUSE AS A NOUN CLAUSE.

forget guess hear realize

learn think hope remember
see read know understand
After these verbs indicating mental activity you use a
that noun clause as a direct object. Notice that is
optional.

I forgot we had a test today.

(that)
I think this movie is boring.

He hopes you’ll come to his party.

Did you remember there is a test today.

Did he understand (that) the movie started at 7?

Do you realize we are leaving tomorrow?

Use an adverbial that clause to express cause or reason after
these expressions.
happy
pleased
glad
I am (that) he went there.
angry
sorry
upset
After the verb apologize, notice the use the use for + gerund
(verb + ing.).
She was apologizing for bringing him cold food.
He is apologizing to her for loosing her notebook.
Did the motel clerk apologize for giving you the wrong room?

I AM SORRY.

Here are some expressions we use to

apologize to someone.
I am sorry.
Please forgive me.
Excuse me.
I want to apologize.

Here are some expressions we use to respond to an

apologize.
That’s okay.
No problem.
Don’t worry about it.
That’s all right.
Don’t let it happen again.
 LESSONS 9 and 10
BE SUPPOSED TO: Something
planned or arranged / Suponer.
DISPENSE: To carry out;
Administer / Distribuir;
Administrar.
DROP: To fall or let fall from a
higher to a lower place / Caer, tirar.
FIND OUT: To discover
information / Darse cuenta;
Descubrir.
GET BACK: To return from a
place, to receive back / Regresar.
INSERT: To put into, place /
Insertar.
LIFT: To raise, elevate / Levantar.
OPERATE: To function
effectively, work / Operar.
STICK: To fasten or hold fast with
or as with an adhesive material /
Pegar
TEACH: To impart knowledge or
skill, to instruct / Enseñar
WORK: Exertion or enforce or
faculties to accomplish something /
Trabajo.
AFTER: Behind, later than /
Despues.
ANOTHER: Being one more in
addition, being one more of the
same kind / Otro
BEFORE: In front, ahead, in
advance / Antes
EVERYWHERE: In or to every
place / En todos lados
EXACTLY: Accurate, precise /
Exacto
FAVORITE: A person or thing
regarded with peculiar favor /
Favorito.
FINALLY: Coming at the end;
Ultimate and definitive /
Finalmente.
FOR: In the most general sense,
indicating that in consideration of
which, in view of which / Para, por.
LAST: Being, coming or remaining
after all others / Último.
NO: Not any; Not at all / No.
OUT OF: Away from within a
space; from the interior, or beyond
the limits or boundary of something
/ Fuera de, acabar con algo.
POPULAR: Widely liked or
appreciated / Popular.
STUCK: Adjetive of stick /
Pegado.
UNTIL: Up to the time of; Before a
specified time / Hasta.
WHEN: At what time, In what
period, How long ago, How soon /
Cuando.
WHILE: A space of time, when
short and marked by some action or
happening / Mientras.
CANDY BAR: Hard crystalline
mass formed by evaporating or
boiling cane sugar / Dulce
CHIP: A small piece broken or
cut off / Fragmento, astilla.
COIN RETURN / RELEASE: To
release a coin, to let loose again, to
set free, to let go / Liberar
CREAM: The yellowish fatty part
of milk / Crema
DETERGENT: A cleansing agent,
as water soap, or a soluble or liquid
preparation / Detergente.
DIET DRINK: A liquid for sodium carbonate, a flavored,
drinking, Beverage regulated or carbonated soft drink, a
free of sugar / Bebida de dieta. nonalcoholic beverage / Refresco,
CHEWING GUM: Any of a class soda, Bebida no alcoholica.
of colloidal substances, hardening TIME: The period during which an
on drying, extracted from plants, action, process, continues,
and usually soluble in water / Goma measured or measurable duration /
de mascar Tiempo
KNOB: A rounded handle / Chapa, TRAY: A flat, shallow receptacle
Manija. with a raised edge used for
MACHINE: A material carrying, holding or displaying
construction, handwork of a divine articles / Bandeja.
or supernatural power / Maquina. VENDING MACHINE: A lot
NUT: A dry fruit or seed having a machine for vending merchandise /
separable rind or shell and interior Maquina vendedora.
kernel or meat / Nuez WASHING MACHINE: A
OPENING: A making or becoming machine for washing cloth /
open, act of beginning / Abertura. Lavadora.
SELECTION: To choose from OUT OF ORDER: A matching or
among several / Seleccion something that does not work
SODA / SODA POP / SOFT properly anymore / Fuera de
DRINK: Any of various forms of servicio.
 THERE’S NO MONEY FOR A NEW CAR

a lot of in a soda pop.

There’s a little sugar in juice
no in a diet drink

a lot of in room A.
There are a few students in room B
no in room C

JIM KNOWS HOW TO PLAY TENNIS.

found out
forgot
knew
learned
remembered
Bill how to fix the car.
showed
told me
taught
asked (me)

WHEN, WHILE, AFTER, BEFORE, UNTIL

Jerry listens to the radio while he studies.

Bonnie saw the new sofa when she came in.
Major Sims will write to us after he arrives home.
James was watching TV before his brother called.
Frank can’t buy a new car until he saves some money.
 IT’S THE SAME, BUT DIFFERENT

The students were studying when the teacher walked in.

When the teacher walked in, the students were studying.

BE SUPPOSED TO

I’m relax.
You’re supposed to be on time for class.
He’s wear a seatbelt.
She’s drink and drive.
We’re not supposed to smoke in the classroom.
They’re

Am I
he be in this building?
Is supposed to go to lab now?
she
you report to the captain?
Are we obey traffic laws?
they

Be supposed to is used to express something that

- - Is planned or arranged
The train was supposed to arrive at 10:30.
The movie is supposed to start at 7:00.
- - Is to be expected (because of duty or law)
Are the men supposed to clean the barracks?
We're supposed to wear our uniforms every day.
- - Be not supposed to is used to express something that is not
allowed or advisable.
You’re not supposed to wear your hats inside the building.
They’re not supposed to watch TV at 2 in the morning.
 LESSONS 11 and 12
DECIDE: To make a choice or judgment
/ Decidir.
INTRODUCE: To present formally /
Presentar.
LET: To permit / Permitir.
RECEIVE:To permit to enter; Recibir.
SHAKE: To Agitate, the act of shaking
hands / Agitar, estrechar las manos.
SHOP: To examine goods or services
with intent to buy / Hacer compras.
WRITE DOWN: To record in written
form / Tomar notas.
AFRAID OF: Filled with fear or
apprehension / Temer.
ALONE: Solitary, isolate from others /
Solo.
DOWN: Occupying a low position,
specific lying on the ground / Abajo,
Hacia abajo.
DOWNSTAIRS: Situated on the main
lower, or ground floor of a building /
Planta baja.
EVERYBODY : Every person, everyone
/ Todos/as.
EVERYONE : Everybody / Todos/as.
POLITE: Maked by an appearance of
consideration, tact, deference, or courtesy
/ Cortes, educado.
UP : Being in a raise position / Hacia
arriba, arriba, en lo alto.
UPSTAIRS : Situated aboved the stairs,
On a upper floor / Piso superior o de
arriba.
ADULT : One that is adult / Adulto.
CAFETERIA : Retail coffee store /
Cafeteria.
CLOTHING STORE : A store in wich
garments are sold / Tienda de ropa.
DEPARTMENT STORE : A section
handling a particular kind or merchandise
/Tienda departamental.
ESCALATOR : A power driven set of
stairs arranged like an endless belt that
ascend or descend continuously /
Escalera electrica.
FLOOR : Story, the level base of a
room. / Piso, nivel.
INTRODUCTION : Act of Introducing,
a putting in / Presentacion.
MALL : A large suburban building or
group of buildings containing various
shops with associated passageways /
Centro comercial.
NEIGHBOR : One living or located
near another / Vecino.
PARKING LOT : An area used for the
parking of motor vehicles /
Estacionamiento.
RULE : A prescribed guide for conduct
or action / Regla, norma.
SHOP : Handicraft establishment, a
building or room stocked with
merchandise for sale / Tienda, comercio.
SHOPPING CENTER : A group of
retail stores and service establishments. /
Centro comercial.
STAIRS : A series of steps or flights of
steps for passing from one level to
another. / Escalera .
SUPPER : The evening meal, a light
meal served late in the evening./ Cena.
VARIETY STORE : A retail store that
carries a large variety of merchandise /
Tienda de abarrotes.
GO SHOPPING: The action of buy. / Ir
de compras.
HAVE YOU MET…? : Conoces a...?
HOW DO YOU DO? : Que haces?, A
que te dedicas?
IT’S A PLEASURE TO MEET YOU:
Es un placer conocerte.
LET ME INTRODUCE: Permitame
presentarle a..
 IS EVERYONE GOING TO THE PARTY?
YES, EVERYBODY IS GOING.

everyone
Does likes to go to the mall.
everybody

Yes, everyone
likes to go to the mall.
No, not
everybody

CHARLES WASN’T AFRAID TO FLY THE HELICOPTER.

The infinitive form of the verb (to eat, to leave, to

say, etc.) Can sometimes follow an adjective in the
pattern :

Subject + BE + Adjective + Infinitive. The

adjectives in the paradigm follow this pattern.

Ted isn’t ready to leave the party.

Col. Davis will be pleased to speak at graduation.
Calvin was upset to hear about the accident.
Janet is happy to be back in town.
Frank was glad to help Judy move.
Lt. Brooks is sorry to say goodbye to his
Is Linda afraid to live men.
alone.
 TONY’S PLANE ARRIVES AT 3:05.

Sometimes we use the simple present tense to

express a future action.

will arrive

is going to arrive
The bus tomorrow.
is arriving

arrives

THE GAME STARTS TONIGHT AT 1800.

Will arrive

Is going to arrive = arrives

Is arriving
 LESSONS 13 and 14
COVER: To put something over the top
of something in order to hide or protect
it/ Cubrir.
HAND OUT: To give something to each
member of a group of people / distribuir.
HURRY UP: To make someone do
something more quickly / Apresurar.
INFLATE: To fill with air or gas so that
it becomes larger / Inflar.
JACK UP: To lift something heavy of
the ground using a jack / Levantar con
gato hidráulico.
KEEP: To have something and no need
to give it back / Conservar.
LOOSEN: To make something less tight
/ Aflojar.
LOWER: To reduce something in
amount / Reducir en cantidad.
MIND: To feel annoyed about
something / Molestarse por algo.
PASS OUT: To faint / Desmayarse.
RAISE: To move something to a higher
position / Levantar algo.
REMOVE: To take something away
from the place it is / Mover algo de su
lugar.
REPLACE: To be used instead of
another thing / Reemplazar.
COMMON: Ordinary and not special /
Común.
ENOUGH: The necessary degree /
Suficiente.
EXTRA: More of something / Mas de
algo.
FLAT: Without raised areas / Plano.
LOOSE: Not firmly fixed in place /
Flojo.
QUICK: Moving or happening fast /
Rápido.
SPARE: An additional thing /
Refacción.
TIGHT: Fitting apart of your body very
closely / Apretado.
AIR: The mixture of gases that we
breath / Aire.
HUB CAP: A metal cover for the center
of a wheel on a vehicle / Tapón de llanta.
JACK: A piece of equipment used to lift
heavy things / Gato hidrúlico.
KEY: A small piece of metal which you
put into a lock and turn in order to lock
or unlock / Llave.
LUG: A part of something that sticks out
and can be used as a handle / Birlo,
tuerca.
TIRE: A thick, round band of rubber
that fits around the wheel of a car /
Llanta.
TRUNK: The part at the back of a car
where you can put bags, etc. / Cajuela.
WHEEL: One of the round things under
a car that turn when it moves / Rueda.
WRENCH: A metal tool with a round
end that fits over and turns nuts / Llave
española.
DO A FAVOR: To help somebody out /
Hacer un favor.
IN A HURRY: Quickly, rápidamente.
OF COURSE: Certainly / Por supuesto.
 GERUNDS

The object of a verb is usually a noun or pronoun.

I like basketball.
(noun)

The object of a verb can also be a gerund. A gerund is

the Being form of a verb. It is used as a noun.

I like playing basketball.

(gerund)

I like playing basketball.

(gerund phrase)

There are certain verbs that can be followed by gerunds.

Mike
starts next week.
The boys moving
enjoy soccer.
Does playing
mind here?
William stopping
didn’t until 7:00a.m.
Sgt. Kline exercising
begin before Peter.
Janet eating
finished along the
The driving
like ocean.
Martins
 POLITE REQUESTS.

We use could you and would you to make polite

requests (when we need another person’s help).

Polite requests Answers

Yes, of course I can.

Could you please open the door? No, I am sorry, I can’t.

Would you help me with this box? Yes, I’ll be happy to help you.

I’d like to, but I can’t right now.

 LESSONS 15 and 16
BE ABLE TO: Use to express ability; can /
Poder.
COLLECT: To bring together, to gather, to
put / Recoger; Coleccionar.
MARRY: To take a person as one’s husband
or wife / Casarse.
OWN: To possess, have / Poseer, propio.
TAKE (DISTANCE/TIME): To get hold
of; To require / Tomar; Llevar.
TYPE: To produce a copy of by means of a
typewriter / Escribir a maquina.
WORK ON: To make by labor, to bring
about by action / Trabajar en algo.
GET MARRIED: To perform the ceremony
of marriage between to people / Casarse.
WHAT KIND OF WORK DO YOU DO? :
Que tipo de trabajo haces.
IT TAKES TO: Time required to realize an
action / Esto toma, para.
ARTICLE: A separate object; section of
document; literary composition in a
newspaper or magazine / Articulo.
AUNT: Father’s or mother’s sister, an uncles
wife / Tia.
BABY: An infant / Bebe.
BOSS: The master; manager / Jefe.
BUSINESS: Trade; Profession / Negocios.
BUSINESSMAN/WOMAN: Merchant /
Negociante.
CASHIER: One who has charge o the
receiving and paying of money / Cajero.
COLLECTION: The act of collecting; A set
of objects / Colección.
COMPANY: Group of people; Person
united for trade / Compañía.
COUSIN: The son or daughter of one’s
uncle or aunt / Primo; Prima.
DENTIST: One who takes out or care of the
teeth / Dentista.
DRIVER: One who drives / Conductor.
FOLKS: One’s own family / Parientes;
allegados.
GRANDFATHER: Fathers or mothers
father / Abuelo.
GRANDMOTHER: Father’s or mother’s
mother / Abuela.
GRANDPARENTS: Grandfather
grandmother/ Abuelos.
MAGAZINE: Publication issued
intervals, containing articles, stories etc. /
Revista.
MARRIAGE: The ceremony by which a
man and woman become husband and wife /
Matrimonio.
NEPHEW: The son of a brother or sister /
Sobrino.
NEWS: Report of resents events / Noticias.
NEWSPAPER: A paper printed each day,
week, and containing news / Periodico.
NIECE: The daughter of a brother or sister /
Sobrina.
OCCUPATION: Work that takes up one’s
attention for a time / Ocupación, trabajo.
PARENT: Father and mother / Padres.
RELATIVE: Comparative, whit reference
to, folks / Relativo, parientes.
SALESPERSON: Person who sell or show
goods to customers; Seller / Vendedor.
SECRETARY: One employed to write
letters and carry out business to anthers or
for a society / Secretaria.
UNCLE: The brother of one’s father or
mother / Tio.
WORK: Effort put out to make or to achieve
something, labor / Trabajo.
WRITER: A person that write / Escritor.
ABOUT: Around; Nearly / A cerca de.
FAMOUS: Well known / Famoso.
FAR: Distance, more distance of two /
Lejos.
FROM: Beginning at; out of / De, desde.
HOW: In what manner, to what extend /
Como.
PLEASANT: Agreeable; cheerful /
Agradable, simpatico.
SINGLE: Unmarried; one only / Soltero,
solo.
and
at
 BE ABLE TO

Be able to: Is used to express ability. It is the same as can

John is able to speak three languages.

Present
John can speak three languages.

We’ll be able to leave tomorrow.

Future
We can leave tomorrow

I wasn’t able to go last night.

Past
I couldn’t go last night.
 BOOK 11
LESSONS 17 and 18
ACHE.- To have or give dull,
steady pain / Dolor.
CATCH.- To seize and hold;
capture / Atrapar.
COME IN.- To enter a room or
house / Entrar.
CONNECT.- To join two things
together, or on one thing with or to
another / Conectar.
COUGH.- To expel air suddenly
and noisily from the lungs / Toser.
RUN.- To go by moving the legs
faster than in walking / Correr.
SEE.- To get knowledge of through
the eyes; look at / Ver.
SNEEZE.- To exhale breath from
the nose and mouth in an
involuntary, explosive action /
Estornudar.
ANNUAL.- Of or measured by a
year / Anual.
ANYMORE.- An action that is
stopped / No mas.
HORIZONTAL.- Parallel to the
plane of the horizon; not vertical/
Horizontal.
IN.- Contained by / Dentro.
OUT.- Away or removed from a
place, position, etc./ Fuera.
PARALLEL.- Extending in the
same direction and at a constant
distance apart, so as never to meet/
Paralelo.
PERPENDICULAR.- At right
angles to a given plane or line./
Perpendicular.
REGULAR.- Conforming to a rule,
type, etc.; orderly; symmetrical. /
Regular, normal.
RUNNY.- Flowing / Fluido, algo
que fluye.
SINCE.- From then until now /
Desde.
SOMETIME.- At some
unspecified of future time/ Alguna
vez.
STILL.- An action that began in
the past and continue at the present
/ Todavia.
THEN.- At that time / Luego,
entonces.
VERTICAL.- Of or at the vertex /
Vertical.
APPOINTMENT.- An appointing
or being appointed / Cita.
BACK.- The rear part of the body
from the nape of the neck to the
end of the spine / Espalda.
BACKACHE.- An ache or pain in
the back / Dolor de espalda.
CHECK UP.- Medical
examination/ Examen medico.
CHEST.- A cabinet with drawers,
as for clothes; A part of the body /
Pecho.
COLD.- Of a temperature much
lower than that of the human body/
Frio.
DOT.- A tiny speck or mark/
Punto.
EARACHE.- An ache in the ear/
Dolor de oido.
EMERGENCY.- A sudden,
generally unexpected occurrence
demanding immediate action /
Emergencia.
EXAMINATION.- Being
examined./ Examinar.
FEVER.- An abnormally increased
body temperature./ Fiebre.
HEADACHE.- A continuous pain
in the head./ Dolor de cabeza.
INCH.- A measure of length /
Pulgada.
MIDDLE.- Half way between two
given points, times, etc./ Medio.
NURSE.- A person trained to care
for the sick, assist surgeons, etc./
Enfermera.
PAIN.- Physical or mental
suffering caused by injury, disease,
grief, etc./ Dolor.
PATIENT.- Enduring pain,
trouble, etc, without complaining /
Paciente.
PHYSICAL.- Of nature and all
matter; material / Fisica.
PROBLEM.- A question proposed
for solution / Problema.
STOMACH.- The saclike digestive
organ into which food passes from/
Estomago.
STOMACHACHE.- Pain in the
stomach or abdomen / Dolor de
estomago.
SYMPTOM.- Any circumstance or
condition that indicates the
existence. as of a particular
disease./ Sintoma.
TEMPERATURE.- The degree of
hotness or coldness of anything /
Temperatura.
ANY LONGER.- An action that
began in the past, but it has stopped
at the present / No mas.
HOW ABOUT. . .?: Que tal si.
MAKE IT: Hacerla.
RUN A TEMPERATURE: Tener
fiebre.
 THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

has now.
John had a red car last year.
has had for six months.

is today.
Robert was in New York Thursday.
has been since Monday.

CONTRACTIONS

I have I've
You have You've
He has He's
She has She's
=
It has It's
We have We’ve
You have You’ve
They have They’ve

Has Hasn’t
+ not =
Have Haven’t
 QUESTIONS WITH HOW LONG.

The phrase how long is used to introduce

questions about length of time.

EXAMPLES: How long did you stay at the party?

How long will they be on vacation?

How long is the flight to New York?

THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Like the present perfect tense, the present perfect progressive

tense is used to refer to actions or events that began in the past
and continue into the present.
There is a difference between the two tenses. The present perfect
progressive is closer to the present than the present perfect is. The
present perfect progressive stresses that an action or event is not
finished. It also suggests that it will continue into the future.

EXAMPLE: They’ve been talking on the phone for an hour.

(They’re talking now and may talk for another hour.)

Keith has
Been studying since 4:30.
Ann and bob have
 LESSONS 19 and 20
BECOME: Get, transition / Llegar a ser.
CONFUSE: Not understand
Confundido.
FAIL: To make a mistake / Fallar.
FLASH: Turn it on / Intermitente.
FOLLOW: To continue / Seguir.
GET: Become, trancision / Llegar a ser.
MEAN: Significant of something /
Significar.
PASS: To pass something / Pasar.
PULL OVER: To go to the side of the
sidewalk / Orillarse
SIGNAL: Something to referene / Señal.
SLOW DOWN/UP: To reduce the speed
/ Bajar la velocidad o aumentarla.
SPEED UP: Increase the speed
Acelerar.
YIELD: Intersection / Interseccion.
AHEAD: In front of something /
Adelante.
AHEAD OF: To go to ahead / Hacia
delante.
ANYBODY: Any person / Cualquiera.
ANYONE: Anybody / Cualquiera.
CAUTIOUS: To be carefully /
Cuidadoso.
LOST: Not find something / Perder.
NERVOUS: Without quit / Nervioso.
NO ONE: Nobody / Nadie.
NOBODY: No one / Ninguno.
SOMEONE: Somebody / Alguien.
THAT: Connective / Que.
TWO-WAY: Street for two cars / Doble
sentido.
WHICH: Connective / Cual.
/ WHO: Connective / Quien.
CAUTION: To have careful /
Precaucion.
CROSSING: Intersection between two
streets / Crucero.
INSTRUCTOR: Someone who teach
something / Instructor.
INTERSECTION: Places where the
roads join / Interseccion.
LANE: Place for movement of cars /
Carril.
MIND: Think / Pensar.
PEDESTRIAN: People that walk on the
street / Peatones.
/ RAILROAD: Things for the train
movement / Vias del tren.
RIGHT-OF-WAY: The correct side /
Sentido correcto.
SIDEWALK: Thing that is used to
people walk / Banqueta.
SIGN: Something for communicate /
Signo.
SIGNAL: It is used for showing
something / Señal.
SPEED: Velocity / Velocidad.
SPEED LIMIT: The top of the speed /
Limite de velocidad.
STEERING WHEEL: It is a part of the
car / Volante de carro.
STOP SIGN: To show us stop / Señal de
alto.
TURN: To move to other place / Virar.
WAY: Road or a guide / Camino.
 INDEFINITE PRONUNS

Someone and somebody are used in affirmative statements

and questions.

EXAMPLES:
Someone wants to speak to you on the phone.
Somebody forgot to put gas in the car
Can someone please take this book to the library?
Has somebody been using my pen without asking me?

No one and nobody are used in affirmative statements.

EXAMPLES:
No one wants to leave before the general does.
The weather was awful; nobody got to work on time.

Anyone and anybody are usually used in affirmative

and negative statements and affirmative questions.

EXAMPLES:
Anybody can learn another language.
I didn’t know anyone at the party last night.
Can anyone give me a ride home after class?
Was anybody in the office when you got there?
 BECOME AND GET

Become and get are used as linking verbs to show a

change in state or condition.

LINKING SUBJECT
SUBJECT
VERB COMPLEMENT
Most captains become Majors (noun).
become
The homework Confusing (adjective)
got

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

An adjective clause is group of words that describes a

noun or pronoun. Adjective clauses begin with who,
which, or that.
Who refers to people.
Which refers to things.
That refers to both people and things.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Ms. Steves is the one who teaches Spanish.
Roper’s is the store which sells tires.
This is the watch that broke last week.
Mr. Dial is the man
that fixed it for me.
that
 LESSONS 21 and 22
CHARGE: To load or fill, to add an
electrical charge / Cargar.
CREDIT: A sum available to one; as in
a bank account; the entry in a account,
of payment on a debt / Dar credito.
EXCHANGE: To give or receive
something for another thing; to
interchange / Cambiar.
GIVE BACK: A previously negotiated
workers benefit relinquished to
management, as for some concession /
Devolver.
GREASE: To smear or lubricate with
grease / Engrasar.
GUARANTEE: A pledge to replace
something, if it is not a represented an
assurance that something will be done
as specified / Garantizar.
LEAK: To let a fluid out or in
accidentally to pass in or out of a
container thus / Gotear.
OIL: To lubricate or supply with oil /
Lubricar; aceitar.
REFUND: To give back, repay /
Reembolsar.
SATISFY: The needs or desires of:
content to fill the requirements /
Satisfacer.
STALL: A stop or stand still as a result
of some mal function / Pararse.
TUNE UP: An adjust in, as of an
engine to the proper condition / Afinar.
WARM UP: To practice or exercise, as
before going in to a game / Calentar.
DISSATISFIED: To fail to satisfy
displease / Insatisfecho.
GREASY: Containing or like greasy,
oily / Grasoso.
LEAKY: That lets something out or in
any accidental means of escape /
Gotera.
NOISY: Making noise full of noise /
Ruidoso.
OILY: Like or containing oil, greasy /
Aceitoso.
SATISFIED: Enough free doubt /
satisfecho.
TOO: More than enough /
Intencificador, demasiado.
UNHAPPY: Unfortunate, sad,
wretched / Infeliz.
ON SALE: A lower price / Oferta.
BRAKE: Any device for slowing or
stopping a vehicle or machine / Freno.
BUG: An insect with sucking mouth
parts, any small, arthropod / Insecto.
CHARGE: A load or burden, a debt,
debit or expensive / Cargo.
ENGINE: Any machine that uses
energy to develop mechanical power /
Motor.
FLY: Any of a large group of insects
with two transparent wings / Mosca.
GREASE: Any tick oil substance or
lubricant / Grasa.
GUARANTEE: An assurance that
something will be done as specified, a
guarantor / Garantia.
HOSE: A flexible tube used to convey
fluids / Manguera.
MOTOR: Anything that produces
motion, an engine / Motor.
NOISE: Any sound loud, disagreeable
sound / Ruido.
OIL: Any of various, greasy,
combustible, liquid / Aceite.
PART: A portion, segment, etc. of a
whole / Parte.
REFUND: To give back money, etc. /
Reembolso.
SALES SLIP: A receipt or bill of sale /
Nota, factura.
SATISFACTION: A satisfying or
being satisfied / Satisfecho.
SERVICE: The occupation of a
servant, repair / Servicio.
TUNE UP: An adjusting, as of an
engine, to the proper condition /
Afinacion.
TOO + PREDICATE ADJECTIVE + TO-INFINITIVE.

One of the meanings of too is “more than enough”.

Too followed by an adjective and a to-infinitive
means “more than is necessary for a particular
purpose.”

EXAMPLES: The test was too long for us to finish.

(We couldn’t finish the test because it was longer than
necessary)

These shoes don't fit well. They're too tight.

(These shoes are tighter than they should be in
order to fit well.)

(FOR + NOUN /
TOO + ADJECTIVE INFINITIVE
PRONOUN)

Candy is too sweet

to drink.
for me
Coffee is too bitter
to drive
for the children
Carol was too tired
to get up
It’ll be too early
 INFINITIVE PHRASE OF PURPOSE

An infinitive or infinitive phrase placed after a verb tells

the reason for which something is done.

EXAMPLES:
Jim didn’t have any news. He just called to talk.
(He only called because he wanted to talk.)

Beth stopped at the store to buy some milk.

(She stopped because she needed to buy some milk)

INFINITIVE PHRASE OF PURPOSE

Ray moved to save a little money.

Lt. Lee went to talk to the supervisor.

Don't use a pen to mark the answer sheet.

Roger called to invite us to his party.

 THE SUFFIX -Y

A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a

word. When the suffix -y is added to noun, the noun becomes
an adjective which means “like”, “full of”, or “characterized
by” something. When the noun ends with “-e” drop the “-e”
before adding ”-y”.

EXAMPLE:

The water was soapy (The water was full of soap.)

cloud cloudy sun sunny

fun funny rain rainy

grease greasy salt salty

+ y =
ice icy snow + y = snowy

leak leaky soap soapy

noise noisy storm stormy

oil oily water watery

 LESSONS 23 and 24
ENTERTAIN: To amuse, divert, To have
as a guest / Entretener
FEEL: To touch, examine by handling, to
have physical sensation / Sentir, tocar
FRIGHTEN: To make suddenly afraid,
scare, to force by scaring / Temer, asustar.
INTEND (TO): To plan, purpose, to mean
something to be used to / Tener la
intension de.
LAUGH: To be amused by, to make fun of
/ Reir.
LOVE: To feel love for, to have sexual
intercourse / Amor.
PLAN: To make a plan of, to make plans /
Planear
RECOMMEND: To entrust, to suggest
favorably as suited for some position, to
advise / Recomendar
SERVE: To labor as a servant / Servir.
SPEND: To use up, exhaust, to pay out
money / Gastar.
CARDS: Any of a pack of playing cards /
Tarjetas, Cartas.
CHANNEL: A frequency band assigned to
a radio or television station / Canal.
COMMERCIAL: A radio, TV paid
advertisement / Comercial.
DISH: A container, generally shallow and
concave / Plato, Platillo.
ENTERTAINMENT: Something that
entertains a show / Entretenimiento.
LOVE: Strong affection or linking for
someone or something / Amor.
PLAN: A diagram showing
arrangement of a structure / Plan.
PROGRAM: A list of the acts, speeches,
musical pieces as of an entertainment /
Programa.
VARIETY: A collection of different
things, a different form of something /
Variedad.
BORING: Act or process of one who bores
/ Aburrido (que aburre).
BUSY: Active at work, full of activity /
Ocupado.
DULL: Mentally slow, stupid, Physically
slow, not sharp / Torpe, chato (sin punta).
ENTERTAINING: Interesting and
pleasurable, amusing / Entretenimiento.
FRIGHTENING: Afraid, scare /
Temeroso.
FUNNY: Causing laughter, humorous /
Gracioso.
GREAT: Of much more than ordinary size,
extent, much above the average /
Fantastico.
IMPOLITE: Not polite, discourteous /
Descortes.
LOUD: Strongly audible, sounding with
great intensity, noisy / Sonido fuerte.
LOUDLY: In a loud manner / Escandaloso
(sonido).
PROMPT: Ready, punctual / Pronto,
repentino.
PROMPTLY: Punctualy /
Repentinamente.
REASONABLE: Able to reason, fair, just,
not excessive / Razonable.
REASONABLY: Razonablemente.
RUDE: Crude, rough, barbarous,
discourteous / Rudo, grosero.
RUDELY: Rudamente
SHARP: Having a fine or point for cutting
or piercing, not gradual, abrupt / Filoso
SINCE: From then until now / Desde
TERRIBLE: Causing terror, dreadful, very
unpleasant / Terrible.
TERRIBLY: Terriblemente.
the WONDERFUL: That causes wonder,
marvelous, excellent / Maravilloso,
excelente
COULD: An auxiliary verb generally
equivalent to can / Pudiera, podria.
AS A MATTER OF FACT: De hecho, en
realidad.
IF YOU ASK ME: Si me pregunta
(condicional)
IN FACT: En realidad.
 COULD AS PAST ABILITY

COULD = WAS ABLE TO COULD + NOT = COULDN’T

INDIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT PAST TENSE NOUN

TOLD (THAT)
OBJECT CLAUSE
Jan told
Jim she was out of money.
Jim
Her that he had some cash.
told
Jan I had some cash.
I told

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

The following prepositions indicate time: at, in, on, before, after,
from, until, till, to, for, and since.

At is used with the time of day, with an age, and with the words
night, first, last, beginning, and end.

EXAMPLES:
at noon, at midnight, at 7:30 a.m.
at the age of twelve
at night, at first, at last
at the beginning, at the end

On is used with days and dates. It can also be used with parts of a
certain day and the words time and schedule.

EXAMPLES:

on Monday, on your birthday

on October 18
on the evening of June 8
on time, on schedule
In is used with quantities of time and with the words beginning
and end.

EXAMPLES:

in ten minutes, in an hour

in a week, in two years
in the beginning, in the end

Before and after are used with time of day, with dates, and with
nouns that name events or occurrences.

EXAMPLES:

before noon after 5:00 p.m.

before December 31, after April 15
before the game, after dinner

After can also be used with a quantity of time.

EXAMPLES:

after six months, after thirty years

From is used with to and till / until to indicate periods of time.

EXAMPLES:

from 1985 to 1993

from May 1 until June 15
from 10:00 a.m. till 5:30 p.m.

Until / till can also be used alone with days, dates, and times.
EXAMPLES:

until next Friday, till next week

until 1997, till August 2
until 10:00 p.m., till midnight

For is used with periods of time.

EXAMPLES:

for half an hour, for three weeks, for one year

Since is used with definite times.

EXAMPLES:

since Sunday, since 6:00 this morning, since 1988

 LESSONS 25 and 26
BE OVER: Give an end to something / BREEZE: A light, gentle wind / Brisa.
Terminar. CLIMATE: Average condition of the
BELONG: to be attached or bound / weather at a place / Clima.
Pertenecer a HEAT: That which causes a rise in
BLOW: To move with some force, as the temperature / Calor.
wind / Soplar. HUMIDITY: Moisture, moderate degree
CLEAR UP: To make or become clean / of wetness / Humedad.
Despejar. SEA: One of the larger bodies of salt
EXPECT: To look forward to / Esperar water / Mar.
LAST: Furthest of all from a given THOUGHT: The process or power of
condition / Ultimo. thinking / Pensamiento.
REMAIN: To be left over when the rest WIND: A current or stream of air / Aire.
has been taken away / Permanecer.
SLIP: To escape from, to slide /
Deslizarse.
STAY: To continue in the place or
condition specified, remain / Quedarse.
CALM: Stillness, quiet / Calmado,
calma.
CLEAR: Clean, able to perceive /
Despejado.
DANGEROUS: Risky / Peligroso,
riesgoso.
DEEP: Extending far below surface /
Profundo.
DURING: In the time of / Durante.
EVER: At all times / Siempre.
EXCEPT: Otherwise or other than /
Excepto.
FREEZING: Hardened by cold into ice /
Congelado.
FRIGHTENED: Made afraid /
Temeroso.
HUMID: Damp, moist / Humedo.
IF: In case that, condition, hence / Si
(condicional).
LIKE: Counterpart / Como.
NO LONGER: That doesn’t happen any
more / Ya no, no mas.
NONE: Not at all / Ninguno.
OCCASIONALLY: Casual, not usual /
Ocasionalmente.
QUIET: In a state of rest or calm /
Callado, quieto.
SLIPPERY: Allowing or causing
anything to slip / Resbaloso.
UNPLEASANT: something not
satisfactory of / No agradable.
BEACH: Large mass of salt water with
sand / Playa.
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

If Clause Main Clause

we drive.

we’re driving
If the weather’s good, to the beach
we’ll drive

we’re going to drive

Main Clause If Clause

can / could

may / might

Tom should come if he doesn’t have to study.

must / has to

is able to
 Main Clause If Clause

can / could you

will / would you read my paper if you have time?

are you going to

If Clause Main Clause

how will you tell me?

If you finish early, what will you do?

where are you going?

Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-clause and the

main clause. One type of conditional sentence is used to show what
may / will happen in the present / future if a certain condition
happens. When the if-clause has the present tense, the main clause
uses the present or future tense. Note that the if-clause may come
before or after the main clause.
 PRESENT PERFECT

I
We have
You haven’t
Studied all afternoon.
They
He has
She hasn’t

I
we
Have
you
they Studied all afternoon?
he
Has
she

The present perfect tense is formed with have or has + the

past participle of the verb. With regular verbs, the past participle is
formed by adding –ed to the verb. With irregular verbs, the past
participle changes its form.

COMPARISON OF PAST TENSE AND PRESENT

PERFECT TENSE

We use past tense to describe situations that happened at

a definite time in the past.

We use present perfect tense to describe situations that

have happened at an indefinite time (or times) in the past, or
situations that have begun in the past and have continued to
the present.
 LESSONS 27 and 28
ACCEPT: To receive with a consenting
mind / Aceptar.
DISCUSS: To argue presenting the various
sides of / Discutir.
EDUCATE: To develop and cultivate
mentally or morally / Educar.
OFFER: Propose, suggest / Ofrecer.
REFUSE: To decline to accept, reflect /
Rechasar.
RETIRE: To withdraw from an action or
danger; to retreat / Retirarse.
TAKE: To get possession or control of /
Tomar, agarrar.
TALK OVER: To express in speech again
/ Discutir.
THINK OVER: To seem or appear /
Pensar, recordar.
TURN DOWN: To reject, decline /
Rechasar.
ALREADY: Prior to some specified time /
Ya.
CONFUSED: To perplex, disconcert /
Confundido.
CONFUSING: To perplex, to disconcert /
Confuso.
INSTEAD: In the place / En lugar.
INSTEAD OF: In the place of / En lugar
de, en vez de.
JUST: Righteous, legally right / Justo,
legal.
MEDICAL: Of pertaining to, or dealing
with the healing art or science of medicine /
Medico.
PROFESSIONAL: Following a line of
conduct as though it were a profession /
Profesional.
SO: Denoting sequence or consequence /
Por eso, entonces.
TECHNICAL: Of or pertaining to the
useful or mechanic arts / Tecnico.
YET: Before all is done; eventually / Aun.
ASSOCIATE DEGREE: To join, combine
/ Pasante de alguna carrera.
BACHELOR’S DEGREE: One who has
had an academic degree conferred on him
by a college or university / Licenciatura.
CAREER: A course, field, course of a
persons life / Carrera.
CHOICE: Act of selection / Elegir,
preferencia.
COLLEGE: An institution for special or
professional instruction / Colegio.
COURSE: The act of moving from one
place to another / Curso.
DECISION: A report of a conclusion
arrived after consideration / Decision
DEGREE: A grade of social advancement,
a measure / Rango, grado.
DIPLOMA: A writing conferring some
privilege, honor or power / Diploma.
DISCUSSION: Consideration of a question
in open debate / Discusion.
EDUCATE: To develop and cultivate
mentally / Educar.
EDUCATOR: One who educates; a teacher
/ Instructor, maestro.
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL: One above
kindergarten and below secondary school /
Escuela primaria
FIELD: A piece of land put to a particular
activity / Area, campo.
FUTURE: That is to be or come hereafter /
Futuro.
GRADE: Relative position or standing, a
stage, step / Grado.
MASTER’S DEGREE: A grade of
becoming an adept in / Maestria.
HIGH SCHOOL: One above elementary
school and below college / Secundaria y
preparatoria.
OFFER: To present for action or
consideration, propose / Ofrecer.
PROFESSION: The occupation to which
one devotes oneself / Profesion.
PROFESSIONAL: One who engages in
anything professionally / Profesional.
REFUSAL: A refusing, rejection; denial /
Negacion o rechaso.
UNIVERSITY: An institution organized
for teaching and study in the higher
branches of learning / Universidad.
CHANGE ONE’S MIND: Cambiar de
forma de pensar.
ADVERBS: ALREADY / STILL/YET / ANYMORE / ANY LONGER /
NO LONGER

We use already to say something happened before now or before

this time. It is used in questions and affirmative statements.

Ed already has a high school diploma.

Mr. Smith is already here.
Are they already in elementary school?

We use still to say that a situation is continuing. It usually goes

in the middle of the sentence with the verb. It is used in questions
and in affirmative and negative statements.

Ed still doesn’t have a college degree.

It was warm yesterday, and it’s still warm today.
Are you still waiting?

We use yet to ask or talk about something that did not happen
before now, but might in the future. It goes at the end of the
sentence. It is used in questions and negative statements.

I’m very hungry. Is dinner ready yet?

Can you wait ten minutes? John isn’t here yet.

We use anymore, any longer, and no longer to say that a past

situation does not exist.
 Anymore and any longer are used in questions and negative
statements. They go at the end of the sentence.

Is he in high school anymore/any longer?

She isn’t in the army anymore/any longer.

No longer is used in affirmative statements. It goes in the middle

of the sentence with the verb.

He is no longer a student.
She no longer works at night.

I DON'T HAVE ANY MONEY, SO I NEED TO WRITE A CHECK.

We use the conjunction so to express the result of a situation.

SITUATION RESULT

Because
I don’t have any cash, I’ll write a check.
so

I CAN PAY CASH FOR THE GAS, OR I CAN CHANGE IT.

We use the conjunction or to express a choice.

We can charge the gas. We can pay cash for it.

We can charge the gas, or We can pay cash for it.

 LESSONS 29 and 30
ADD ON: To cause an increase / Añadir. MICROWAVE: Designating an oven that
BOIL: To bubble up and vaporize by being cooks quickly / Microndas.
heated / Herbir. OVER: So as to cover / Sobre.
BUILD: To make by putting together PATIO: A courtyard open to the sky / Patio.
materials / Construir. PLAN: A diagram showing an arrangement
BURN: To set in fire in order to produce heat of a structure / Plano.
/ Quemar. RECORD: Anything written down and
COULD: An auxiliary generally equivalent preserved / Grabado, registrado.
to can / Podria. ROOM: A space to contain something /
ENLARGE: To become larger / Agrandar. Cuarto.
GET TOGETHER: To come into a state of SHED: A small shelter or storage / Almacen.
having / Juntar. SOLUTION: The solving of a problem /
HEAT: The quality of being hot / Calentar Solucion.
LEAVE: To have remaining behind / Dejar, STEREO: A stereophonic device system /
salir. Estereo.
PLAY: To engage in recreation / Jugar. STORY: A horizontal division of a building /
SOLVE: To find the answer to / Resolver. Piso, nivel, planta.
TAKE: To get possession of / Tomar. SUBURB: A district town, outskirts /
TAKE PLACE: Something being occured / Suburbio.
Tomar lugar. TROUBLE: To cause inconvenience to /
INTERESTED: Feeling or showing interest / Problema.
Interesado (en). WOOD: A thick growth of trees / Madera.
NEAR: At a short distance in space / Cerca.
PERHAPS: Possibly, maybe / Quiza, tal vez.
THEN: Next in time or order / Entonces,
despues.
TIRING: To make or become exhausted /
Cansado.
ADDITION: An adding of numbers to get a
sum / Ademas, Suma.
BUILDER: Someone who creates or
developes / Constructor.
CASSETTE: A case with magnetic tape for
recording / Cassette.
DEN: A small room where someone can be
alone / Estudio (habitacion de una casa).
DINING ROOM: A site in the house
specially made for eating / Comedor.
FIRE: The flame, heat, or light of
combustion / Incendio, fuego, fogata.
FIREPLACE: An open place built in the
wall for fire / Chimenea.
GET-TOGETHER: An informal social
gathering or meeting / Reunion.
IDEA: Mental conception or image / Idea.
MEETING: A gathering of people / Reunion,
junta.
YOU COULD BE THE WINNER OF A MILLION DOLLARS!

Could is used to express possibility.

could
The keys might Be in the kitchen.
may

THE –ING AND –ED ADJECTIVE’S

The –ing adjective describes the person / thing causing the

feeling.

The –ed adjective describes the person experiencing /

having the feeling.

INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

(present tense) (past tense)
What did Tom say?
Tom: I know the answer.
Tom said (that) he knew the answer.

A noun clause is used to report what someone has said. This is

called indirect speech or reported speech.

The following changes are made:

1.- The present tense verb in direct speech changes to the past
tense in indirect speech.
2.- The pronouns are changed in indirect speech.
3.- The conjunction that is used to introduce the clause. It is sometimes
omitted.
 LESSON 31
CATCH: To seize and hold, capture, to take
by a trap / Coger, capturar.
FISH: To cot or try to catch a fish / Pescar.
GO: To move along, travel / Ir, viajar.
HUNT: to kill or catch for food or sport /
Cazar.
KILL: To cause de death of, slay, to destroy /
Matar, asesinar.
PRACTICE: To do or engage in frequently /
Practica.
PREPARE: To make ready, to quit /
Preparar, disponer.
SHOOT: To move swiftly over-by /
Disparar.
USED TO: To say that something happened
regularly in the past but no longer happens
now / Expresion para decir solia,
acostumbraba.
WOULD: To talk about things that often
happened in the past / Expresion que
manifiesta pasado.
IN THE OPEN: In an empty area / A campo
abierto.
ALL OVER: That is over something / En
todo, sobre todo.
BANG: To hit, shut / Disparar, chocar,
golpear.
FARTHER: More distant / Mas alla.
FURTHER: More distant / Mas avanzado
HARD: Powerful, difficult to do / Duro,
solido, firme, dificil.
HIGH: Lofty, tall, extending upward distance
/ Alto, elevado.
INDOORS: In or into a building, interior /
Interno.
LOW: Not high or tall, below the normal
level / Bajo, pequeño.
MORE: Greater in amount, degree / Mas.
ONCE: One time only, at any time / Una vez.
OUT-OF-DOORS: Al aire libre.
OUTDOORS: In or into the open, outside /
Al aire libre.
OWN: belonging or relating to one self /
Propio.
SEVERAL: A lot of / Varios.
SLOW: Not quick / Lento.
TWICE: Two times / two times as much or
as many / Dos veces.
WHOLE: Not divided up / Todo.
COUNTRY: An area of land / Pais.
DEER: A kind of ruminant / Venado.
DUCK: Small waterfowl with a flat bill /
Pato.
FISH: Any of a large group of cold blooded
vertebrate animals living in water / Pez,
pescado.
FISHING ROD: Tube for catching a fish /
Caña de pescar.
GUN: A weapon with a metal tube / Arma de
fuego.
INSTRUCTIONS: Orders or directions /
Instrucciones.
LINE: A cord, rope, wire / Hilo de cañamo
PISTOL: Small fire arm operated with one
hand / Pistola.
PLENTY: Opulence, sufficient / Abundante,
bastante.
RIFLE: A gun fired from the shoulder /
Rifle, fusil.
SHOT: The act of shooting / Disparo.
WALK: To go on foot on a moderate pace /
Caminar.
WEAPON: Any instrument used to injure or
kill / Arm
 USED TO

We use used to to say that something happened regularly or exited in

the past but no longer happens or exist now.

I used to be a student at that college.

Now I'm an instructor there.

WOULD

We use would when we talk about things that often happened in the
past.

When my sister and I were young, my family would go to the

mountains.
If the weather was good, we would get up early and go swimming in
the cold river.

Used to is also possible in these sentences.

COMPARATIVE OF ADVERBS

Use -er for the comparative form of adverbs that don't end in -ly.

John can run faster than his brother.