^MAYN_UAF@F B@_A@MC KÀHYNW FN K^@VNB@H@

I@E^HV@F FN EANMEA@U NECMÕBAE@U
B@VNBÀVAE@U IAM@MEAN_@U A Q AA

_NEC\AH@EAÕM FN IÕ_B^H@U

Eurscs abp`rtafcs pcr nh Hae. B. @. B`munh Cejc` Hõpnz, nm Ecbnreac Amtnrm`eacm`h, Necmcbâ`
o`s`f` nm ranskcs y @ufatcrâ`, Gcrm`f` Fa`rac Ynspnrtam`, E`bpus Enmtr`h ^BK, Enmtrc ^mavnrsat`rac
^BK Puntz`htnm`mkc y \rn-prav`fcs nm fastamtcs Enmtrcs _nkacm`hns.

_NEC\AH@EAÕM FN @\CQC @ H@ FCENMEA@.

YAA NFAEACM MC ECBN_EA@H 
ECBN_EA@H 
 

ECBNMV@_AC
Nm hcs prabnrcs `ðcs fn h` fáe`f` `mtnracr, sn nbataõ h` prabn
prabnr`
r` nfaeaõm fn nstn icrbuh`rac,
puns bn p`rneaõ amtnrns`mtn
amtnrns`mtn amsastar nm bas `hubmcs
`hubmcs fn ecbnreac amtnrm`eacm`h, necmcbâ` y
`ufatcrâ` fn h` ^mavnrsaf`f
^mavnrsaf`f B`ra`mc Kàhvnz fn Ku`tnb`h`,
Ku`tnb`h`, qun mc mcs ecmicrbnbcs
ecmicrbnbcs ecm
cprabar um octõm ` munstrc ecbput`fcr c e`heuh`fcr` iam`meanr`, samc qun nmtnmf`bcs h`
hõkae` fn h`s cpnr`eacmns iam`meanr`s, y fn eõbc faej`s bàquam`s prcens`m h` amicrb`eaõm.

H`s iõrbuh`s fn b`tnbàtae`s iam`meanr`s mcs pnrbatnm nmtnmfnr ns` hõkae`, ns pcr nstc, qun
`÷m nm nstcs `ðcs fn `v`mz`f` tnemchckâ`, ecbc fcenmtn fn nxpnranmea`, prnianrc qun nm ba
eh`sn, hcs prcohnb`s sn`m rnsunhtcs ` hàpaz y p`pnh, p`r` mc akmcr`r su prcensc y nmtnmfnr oanm
hcs ecmenptcs iam`meanrcs. ^m
^m prcinsacm`h fn h`s eanmea`s necmõbae`s fnonrâ` fn snr nh kuâ`
p`r` cranmt`r `h qun prckr`b` hcs eàheuhcs iam`meanrcs.

Nstn icrbuh`rac ns um` sabphn rnecpah`eaõm y mc prntnmfc ecm nhhc `traouârbnhc, puns y` j`
nst`fc nh`ocr`fc fnsfn j`en buejcs `ðcs prameap`hbnmtn nm hcs tnxtcs fn b`tnbàtae`s
iam`meanr`s y nm ctr`s umavnrsaf`fns fnh p`âs.

@hkumcs fcenmtns prnianrnm ar fnspng`mfc h`s iõrbuh`s e`f` vnz qun rnsunhvnm um prcohnb`
ecm sus `hubmcs, ` quanmns rnspntc pcr su prcenfnr4 sam nbo`rkc, mc ecbp`rtc qun sn
fnspngnm iõrbuh`s e`f` vnz qun sn rnsunhvn um prcohnb` puns sn panrfn h` ecbprnmsaõm
táemae` fn h` cpnr`eaõm iam`meanr`. V`bpcec ecbp`rtc ar fnspng`mfc e`f` vnz,vnz, scorn tcfc
tcfc
eu`mfc y` sn tanmnm hcs amstrubnmtcs, `sâ qun ns ba cpamaõm qun mc pnrf`bcs nh tanbpc
fnspng`mfc eu`mfc y` sn tanmnm h`s iõrbuh`s fnfueaf`s, puns mc sn tr`t` fn fnseuorar nh `ku`
`zue`r`f`.

Nh icrbuh`rac ecmst` fn fcs p`rtns, h` prabnr` amehuyn `phae`eacmns fn iõrbuh`s p`r` snrvaeacs
iam`meanrcs nm munstrc p`âs y nm h` snkumf` p`rtn, bn pnrbatc amehuar iiõrbuh`s
õrbuh`s tr`faeacm`hns,
ecmceaf`s prameap`hbnmtn pcr quanmns mcs kr`fu`bcs nm h` ^mavnrsaf`f fn U`m E`rhcs fn
Ku`tnb`h`.

E`on snð`h`r qun h` amtnmeaõm fn nst` rnecpah`eaõm mc ns huer`tav`, samc nvat`r qun nh `hubmc
`euf` ` ctr`s umavnrsaf`fns p`r` `fquararh`s c oanm nvat`r qun rnnserao` tcf`s h`s icrbuh`s
vast`s nm eh`sn.

Ku`tnb`h`, nmnrc fn ?<0<

0
 

\_ABN_@ \@_VN (A)

@\HAE@EACMNU FN IÕ_B^H@U \@_@

UN_YAEACU IAM@MEAN_CU NM
K^@VNB@H@

?
 

0. V@_GNV@U FN E_ÁFAVC
0.0 V`s` crfam`ra` `mu`h p`r` iag`r nm t`rgnt`s
VAC@ 7 VAAN * i`etcr fn e`f` nbascr.

Fcmfn7

VAC@7 V`s` crfam`ra` `mu`h

VAAN7 V`s` fn amtnrás amtnro`me`ra` fn nquahaorac.

0.? \`kc bâmabc bnmsu`h

VCV@H ECMU^BC Q CV_CU E@_KCU

0? bnsns

0.5 Amtnrnsns bcr`tcracs

\@KC BÂMABC * V@U@ BC_@

0.6 E`rkcs ocmaiae`ohns7

Y`hcr ecbpr` *t`s` fn amtnrás*fâ`s iam`mea`fcs

5<

0.> Amtnrnsns pcr iam`mea`banmtc7

U`hfc `mtnracr * t`s`* fâ`s iam`mea`fcs 2 Px

5<

Bnmcs7

\`kcs rn`haz`fcs * t`s` *fâ`s mc iam`mea`fcs 2 -Px

5<

Vct`h amtnrnsns pcr iam`mea`banmtc7 Px

5
 

?. _N\C_VCU
?.0 Nh prabnr prneac nm v`hcrns `oschutcs (eu`mfc nh rnpcrt`fc nmtrnk` tâtuhcs y
rneaon famnrc)

?.0.0  Eu`mfc nh tâtuhc mc amecrpcr` p`kcs fn amtnrnsns c amtnrnsns fn eupõm7

\ 2 U
0 + rt

Fcmfn7

U 2 Y`hcr `h vnmeabanmtc fnh fceubnmtc,

r 2 t`s` fn `etu`haz`eaõm nm nh bnre`fc 
t 2 tanbpc qun i`ht` p`r` nh vnmeabanmtc fnh fceubnmtc

?.0.?  Eu`mfc nh tâtuhc fnvnmk` amtnrnsns scorn su v`hcr mcbam`h

-  Un nst`ohnen nh v`hcr `etu`h nm h` inej` fn h` mnkcea`eaõm fnh rnpcrtc `
amtnrás ecbpunstc

-bm 
\2 U ( 0 + g/b)

Fcmfn7
U 2 Y`hcr `h vnmeabanmtc fnh fceubnmtc
 g 2 H` t`s` amfae`f` ( mcbam`h)
b 2 H`s e`pat`haz`eacmns nm nh `ðc
m 2 Nh tanbpc qun i`ht` p`r` nh vnmeabanmtc fnh fceubnmtc

-  @ faejc v`hcr sn hn sub`m hcs v`hcrns prnsnmtns fn hcs eupcmns qun amehuy`m h`
t`s` fn `etu`haz`eaõm nm nh bnre`fc. \nrc ecbc hcs eupcmnseupcmns scm v`hcrns
ecmst`mtns y e`heuh`fcs ` um`
um` basb` t`s` fn rnmfabanmtc
rnmfabanmtc c `etu`haz`eaõm,
`etu`haz`eaõm, sn
nmeunmtr`m bnfa`mtn `mu`haf`fns, `sâ7

 ― bm
bm
Uk 0- (0 + g/b)
Ye 2
*
b/p
 p (0 + g/b)  -0

Fcmfn7
Ye 2 Y`hcr `etu`h fn hcs eupcmns
Uk 2 V`s` fn eupõm k, `phae`f` `h v`hcr `h vnmeabanmtc U.
 p 2 \nracfaeaf`f c irneunmea` fn hcs p`kcs fn eupõm

\cr hc t`mtc, nh prabnr prneac (c bcmtc fnh rnpcrtc) ns7 \0 2 \ + Ye

6
 

?.? Nh prabnr prneac fnh rnpcrtc pcrenmtu`h

\0 7 Bcmtc fnh rnpcrtc (e`heuhc `mtnracr) * 0<<

Y`hcr mcbam`h tâtuhcs

?.5 Nh snkumfc prneac (eu`mfc nh rnpcrt`fc nmtrnk` famnrc y sn hn fnvunhvnm hcs

tâtuhcs)

\? 2 \0 ( 0 + (m /59< *a)

Fcmfn7
\? 2 Unkumfc prneac
\0 2 \rabnr prneac
m 2 tanbpc nm fâ`s qun t`rf`rà h` mnkcea`eaõm fn
fn rnpcrtc
a 2 V`s` fn rnmfabanmtc fnsn`fc nm nh rnpcrtc

?.6 Nh rnmfabanmtc

a2 ( \? / \0 ) -0
m /59<

Fcmfn7
a2 V`s` fn rnmfabanmtc fnh rnpcrtc
\? 2 Unkumfc prneac
\0 2 \rabnr prneac
m 2 tanbpc nm fâ`s qun t`rf`rà h` mnkcea`eaõm fnh
fnh rnpcrtc

Mct`7

Nm h` pràetae` nm Ku`tnb`h`, sn j`m puohae`fc iõrbuh`s fnh rnpcrtc prameap`hbnmtn p`r` nh

eàheuhc fnh rnmfabanmtc nm h`s ochs`s fn v`hcrns `sâ7

\rneac? ― \rneac 0 59> 0<<

_nmfabanmtc c _ 2 \rneac0 * Fâ`s 

Fcmfn7
_ 2 V`s` fn rnmfabanmtc mcbam`h `mu`h nxprns`f` pcrenmtu`hbn
pcrenmtu`hbnmtn
mtn
\rneac 0 2 \rneac fn h` prabnr` haquaf`eaõm fnh rnpcrtc nm tárbamcs pcrenmtu`hns
\rneac ? 2 \rneac fn h` snkumf` haquaf`eaõm fnh rnpcrtc nm tárbamcs pcrenmtu`hns
Fâ`s 2 \h`zc fnh rnpcrtc nm fâ`s

>
 

5. @__NMF@BANMVC IAM@MEAN_C

5.0 H` t`s` ` iag`r nm nh ecmtr`tc

\H
a2 ---------
0-V

Fcmfn7
a2 V`s` fn rnmfabanmtc nm nh ecmtr`tc
\H 2 \crenmt`gn hâquafc
hâquafc fnsn`fc pcr nh `rrnmf`fcr
V2 V`s` fn abpunstcs qun sn p`k`

5.? V`s` ` `phae`r nm nh eàheuhc iam`meanrc ecmsafnr`mfc pnracfaeaf`f n

abpunstcs

a 2 (V`s`/pnracfaeaf`f fn p`kc) * 0.0?

Fcmfn7
Nh 0.0? ns nh v`hcr fn umc amernbnmt`fc nh 0?% fn AY@

5.5 H` rnmt` c euct` fn `rrnmf`banmtc

@a
_2
m
0-  (0+ a) -  

Fcmfn7
_ 2 H` rnmt` c euct` fn `rrnmf`banmtc
@ 2 Nh v`hcr fnh ecmtr`tc c ecstc fnh oanm mntc c nh v`hcr fnh iam`mea`banmtc
iam`mea`banmtc
a 2 H` t`s` ninetav`, `mu`h `phae`ohn
m 2 Nh m÷bnrc fn p`kcs c euct`s
Eu`mfc nm nh ecmtr`tc fn `rrnmf`banmtc, nxastn um v`hcr iam`h qun tnmk` qun p`k`r nh
`rrnmf`t`rac p`r` qunf`rsn ecm nh oanm, `h eu`h hn hh`b`m v`hcr fn h` cpeaõm fn ecbpr`,
 prcenfn qun `h ecstc fnh oanm c v`hcr fnh ecmtr`tc mntc (@), sn hn fnfuze` nh v`hcr
`etu`h ` amtnrás ecbpunstc fnh v`hcr fn h` cpeaõm, `sâ7

-m
@ 2 @o - C\ (0 + a)

Fcmfn7
C\ 2 Y`hcr qun `h iam`h tanmn qun
qun p`k`r nh `rrnmf`t`rac c v`hcr fn h` cpeaõm fn ecbpr`.
@o 2 Y`hcr fnh ecmtr`tc c ecstc fnh
fnh oanm `mtns fn h` fnfueeaõm fn h` cpeaõm.

9
 

5.6 Nh ecstc fnh oanm c v`hcr fnh ecmtr`tc

Eu`mfc mc j`y v`hcr fn cpeaõm fn ecbpr`7

-m
0-(0+a)
@ 2 _ *

@h p`et`r ecm v`hcr fn cpeaõm fn ecbpr`, `h v`hcr qun rnsuhtn fn `phae`r h` iõrbuh` prnenfnmtn,
sn hn fnon `phae`r um` neu`eaõm qun amernbnmtn nh v`hcr fn h` cpeaõm p`et`fc.

;
 

6.  ICMFC FN \NMUACMNU
6.

6.0 Nh v`hcr qun ectaz` nh `iaha`fc y h` nbprns`

@p 2 % U^NHFC (`pcrtn fnh tr`o`g`fcr) + % U^NHFC

U^NHFC V_@O@G@FC_
V_@O@G@FC_ (`pcrtn f
fnn h`
nbprns`)

Fcmfn7
@p 2Vct`h `pcrt`fc ` h` eunmt` amfavafu`h.

6.? V`s` ` `phae`r

a7 (t`s` mnt` fn abpunstcs) ―{t`s` k`stcs `fbamastr`eaõm(0 + t`s` mnt` fn abpunstcs)}

Fcmfn7
07 ns nh v`hcr fnpcsat`fc fn P. 0.<

6.5 \rcyneeaõm fnh icmfc faspcmaohn `h iam`h fnh ph`zc nm eunmt` amfavafu`h

6.5.0 _nmt` iag`

m
(0 + a)  -0
U2 @p *
a

Fcmfn7
U 2 Y`hcr nstab`fc c bcmtc `h iam`h fnh ph`zc nm nh qun nh tr`o`g`fcr sn rntarn
@p 2 @pcrtn tct`h ` h` eunmt` amfavafu`h fnh tr`o`g`fcr
a 2 V`s` ninetav` qun k`r`mtaz` nh icmfc fn amvnrsacmns h` eu`h fnon ecmsafnr`r h`
amih`eaõm `mu`h. ( t`s` ecbpnms`tcra`)
ecbpnms`tcra`)
m 2 M÷bnrc fn `pcrtns nm nh ph`zc

6.5.? _nmt` v`ra`ohn (ecmsafnr`mfc fnpõsatcs `mtaeap`fcs)

m  m
_   - (0+ a)
U2O * * (0 + a)
 
_ - (0+ a )

Fcmfn
U 2 Bcmtc prcynet`fc
prcynet`fc
O 2 \rabnr p`kc `mu`h
_ 2 _`zõm c amernbnmtc s`h`ra`h `mu`h

:
 

6.6 Onmniaeacs qun sn cotanmnm

\nmsacm tnbpcr`h ` ph`zc iagc7

@a
_2
-m
0- (0 + a )  
Fcmfn
_ 2 \nmsaõm c rnmt` bnmsu`h
a 2 V`s` ninetav` `mu`h
m 2 m÷bnrc fn rnmt`s nspnr`f`s nm h` pnmsaõm
pnmsaõm
@ 2 Y`hcr `etu`h c sn` nh v`hcr `eubuh`fc ` p`rtar fn eu`mfc sn rntar` nh `iaha`fc

Mct`7
\unfnm nxastar rnmt`s vat`haea`s nm eu`hquanr` fn sus bcf`haf`fns ecbc p`rtn fn hcs onmniaeacs,
pnrc nst`s iõrbuh`s sn ecbnmt`m nm nh `p`rt`fc AA fnh prnsnmtn icrbuh`rac.

1
 

UNK^MF@ \@_VN (AA)

IÕ_B^H@U V_@FAEACM@HNU FN
B@VNBÀVAE@U IAM@MEAN_@U

0<
 

AMVN_NU UAB\HN
AMVN_NU 7 A 2 \ma

Iõrbuh`s fnrav`f`s fnh Amtnrás7

A A
E`pat`h c \ 2 SSSSS V`s` fn a 2 SSS
\rameap`h ma amtnrás \m

A
Vanbpc m 2 SSSSS
\a

BCMVC U2\(0+ma)

Iõrbuh`s fnrav`f`s fnh Bcmtc7

U U/\ - 0
E`pat`h c \ 2 SSSSSSSSSS V`s` fn a 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS
\rameap`h 0 + m a amtnrás m

U/\ - 0
Vanbpc m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS
a

I@EVC_NU P^N U^UVAV^QNM @ H@ Y@_A@OHN "m" \@_@ E@HE^H@_ AMVN_NU

NM \N_ACFCU BNMC_NU FN ^M @ÐC, FN\NMFANMFC NH BNVCFC
@\HAE@FC.

BNVCFC I@EVC_NU
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Amtnrás Nx`etc t/59> c t/599

Amtnrás Crfam`rac t/59<

Fn h`s Cohak`eacmns j/59<

Baxtc j/59> c j/599

FCMFN7

t 2 M÷bnrc fn fâ`s nx`etc nmtrn fcs

fcs inej`s f`f`s
j 2 M÷bnrc fn fâ`s nmtrn fcs inej`s, ecmsafnr`mfc
tcfcs hcs bnsns fn 5< fâ`s.

_NH@EACM NMV_N NH AMVN_NU C_FAM@_AC Q NH AMVN_NU UAB\HN7

Ac 2 An + An/;? An 2 Ac - Ac/;5

00
 

FNUE^NMVC UAB\HN

0
FNUE^NMVC _@EACM@H C B@VNB@VAEC Fr 2 U 0 - SSSSSSSSSSS
0+ma

Nh fnseunmtc r`eacm`h, rn`h, b`tnbàtaec c vnrf`fnrc mc ns b`s qun

`phae`eacmns fnh amtnrás sabphn ` fnseunmtcs.

Iõrbuh`s fnrav`f`s fnh Fnseunmtc _`eacm`h7

Fr V`s` fn Fr
Vanbpc m 2 SSSSSSSS fnseunmtc a 2 SSSSSSSS
\a \m

FNUE^NMVC O@ME@_AC Fo 2 U m f

Fo Fo
V`s` fn fnseunmtc f 2 SSSSSSSSSSS Vanbpc m 2 SSSS
Um Uf

Fo
Y`hcr `h vnmeabanmtc U 2 SSSSSSSSS
mf

Iõrbuh`s fnrav`f`s fnh Fnseunmtc O`me`rac7

Mc amehuyn abptc. Amehuyn Abptc.%
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

YH YH
Y`hcr `h Ynmeabanmtc U 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS U 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
(Y`hcr Mcbam`h) 0 - mf 0 - (mf+%)

Y`hcr hâquafc YH 2 U ( 0 - mf ) YH2 U 0 - (mf+%)

V@U@U NP^AY@HNMVNU

V`s` fn fnseunmtc nquav`hnmtn V`s` fn amtnrás nquav`hnmtn

` um tapc fn amtnrás f`fc ` um tapc fn fnseunmtc f`fc
a f
f 2 SSSSSSSSSSS a 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS
0 + ma 0 - mf

0?
 

FNUE^NMVC ^MAEC NP^AY@HNMVN @ ^M@ UN_AN FN FNUE^NMVCU

Fu 2 0 - (0-f ) (0-f ) (0-f ) ...... (0-f )

0 ? 5 m

Y@HC_ MNVC FN I@EV^_@ \C_ ^MAF@F FN BCMNF@

YM 2 (0-f ) (0-f
(0-f ) (0-f ) ...... (0-f )
0 ? 5 m

05
 

AMVN_NU ECB\^NUVC
V@U@ NINEVAY@ V@U@ MCBAM@H

IC_B^H@U FN_AY@F@U FNH AMVN_NU

m bm
Amtnrás A 2 \ (0 + a) - 0 A 2 \ (0+g/b) - 0

A A
\rameap`h \ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS \ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS
m bm
(0 + a ) - 0 (0 + g/b) - 0

m bm
Bcmtc U 2 \ (0 + a) U 2 \ (0 + g/b)

V`s` fn 0/m 0/bm

amtnrás a 2 (A/\ + 0) - 0 g 2 b (A/\ + 0) - 0

Hck ( A/\ + 0 ) Hck ( A/\ + 0 )

Vanbpc m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Hck ( 0 + a ) b Hck ( 0 + g/b )

IC_B^H@U FN_AY@F@U FNH BCMVC

-m -bm
\rameap`h \ 2 U(0+a) \ 2 U ( 0 + g/b )

V`s` fn 0/m 0/bm

Amtnrás a 2 ( U/\ ) - 0 g 2 b ( U/\ ) - 0

Hck ( U/\ ) Hck ( U/\ )

Vanbpc m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Hck (0 + a) b Hck (0 + g/b)

06
 

V@U@U NP^AY@HNMVNU

V`s` ninetav` fn amtnrás V`s` mcbam`h fn amtnrás

nquav`hnmtn ` um` mcbam`h nquav`hnmtn ` um` ninetav`
b 0/b
a 2 ( 0 + g/b) - 0 g 2b (0+a) -0
(b)
Nm `hkumcs eàheuhcs `etu`ra`hns p`r` qun h` t`s` g, hhnkun ` snr schc bnmsu`h ` h` icrbuh` sn hn
suprabn ‘b‒  prnvac `h ecrejntn

V`s` fn amtnrás sabphn nqua- V`s` fn amtnrás ecbpunstc

v`hnmtn ` um` fn amtnrás ecb- nquav`hnmtn ` um` fn amtn-
punstc fur`mtn "m" `ðcs rás sabphn fur`mtn "m"`ðcs

m 0/m
(0 + ae) - 0 ae 2 (as m + 0) - 0
as 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
m

V`s` ninetav` nquav`hnmtn ` um` t`s` mcbam`h ecm amtnrnsns

amtnrnsns
`mtaeap`fcs

a` 2 ( 0 - g`/b )-b  -0

C oanm7
b 
0
a` 2 SSSSSSSSSSSS - 0
0 - (g`/b)

V`s` mcbam`h ecm amtnrnsns `mtaeap`fcs nquav`hnmtn

` um`
um` t`s` ninetav`

 g` 2 b ( 0 - ( a` + 0 ) -0/b  )

0>
 

@M^@HAF@FNU

E@UCU P^N UN \_NUNMV@M7

A ^m p`kc fn rnmt` nm nh `ðc y t`s` ninetav` fn amtnrás

AA ^m p`kc fn rnmt` nm nh `ðc y t`s` mcbam`h fn amtnrás
AAA Y`racs p`kcs fn rnmt` nm nh `ðc y t`s` ninetav` fn amtnrás
AY Y`racs p`kcs fn rnmt` nm nh `ðc y t`s` mcbam`h fn amtnrás

IC_B^H@U FNH BCMVC I@EVC_

E@UC YNMEAF@U FN @MVAEA\@EACM

m
(0+a)-0
A U 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a)
a

bm
( 0 +g/b) - 0 b
AA U 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b)
b
(0 + g/b) - 0

m
(0+a)-0 0/p
AAA U 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a)
0/p
( 0+ a) - 0

bm
( 0 +g/b) - 0 b/p
AY U 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b)
b/p
(0 + g/b) - 0

Nm h` oaohackr`iâ` fn B`tnbàtae`s Iam`meanr`s, sn hhnk` ` h` ecmehusaõm

qun mc ns mnens`rac utahaz`r tcfcs hcs e`scs. Nh e`sc AY punfn `phae`r
p`r` tcfcs, pcr hc qun sn h` hh`b` h` iõrbuh` knmnr`h.

09
 

IC_B^H@U FNH Y@HC_ @EV^@H I@EVC_NU FN

E@UC YNMEAF@U @MVAEA\@EACM FAIN_ABANMVC

-m
0-(0+a) -y
A @ 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a) (0+a)
a

-bm
0 - ( 0 +g/b) b -by
AA @ 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b) (0 +g/b)
b
( 0 + g/b) - 0

-m
0-(0+a) 0/p -y
AAA @ 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a) (0+a)
0/p
(0+a) -0

-bm
0 - ( 0 +g/b) b/p -by
AY @ 2 _ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 +g/b ) (0 +g/b)
b/p
( 0 +g/b) - 0

Nm h` oaohackr`iâ` fn B`tnbàtae`s Iam`meanr`s, sn hhnk` ` h` ecmehusaõm

qun mc ns mnens`rac utahaz`r tcfcs hcs e`scs. Nh e`sc AY punfn `phae`r
p`r` tcfcs, pcr hc qun sn h` hh`b` h` iõrbuh` knmnr`h.

0;
 

IC_B^H@U FN H@ _NMV@ NM I@EVC_

E@UC I^MEACM FNH BCMVC - YNMEAF@U - FN @MVAEA\@EACM

Ua -0
A _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a)
m
(0+a)-0

b
U (0+g/b) - 0
-b
AA _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b )
bm
( 0 +g/b) - 0

0/p
U (0 + a) - 0
-0/p
AAA _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a)
m
(0+a)-0

b/p
U (0+g/b) - 0
-b/p
AY _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b )
bm
( 0 +g/b) - 0

0:
 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IC_B^H@U FN H@ _NMV@ NM I^MEACM I@EVC_NU FN
E@UC FNH Y@HC_ @EV^@H, YNMEAF@U @MVAEA\@EACM FAIN_ABANMVC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

@a -0 y
A _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a) (0+a)
-m
0-(0+a)

b
@ ( 0 +g/b) - 0
-b by
AA _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b) (0 +g/b)
-bm
0 - ( 0 +g/b)

0/p
@ (0+a) -0
-0/p y
AAA _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a) (0+a)
-m
0-(0+a)

b/p
@ ( 0 +g/b) - 0
-b/p by
AY _ 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b) (0 +g/b)
-bm
0 - ( 0 +g/b)

01
 

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IC_B^H@U FNH VANB\C NM I@EVC_
E@UC I^MEACM FNH BCMVC - YNMEAF@U - FN @MVAEA\@EACM
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ua
Hck SSSSSSS+ 0
_*
A m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a)
Hck ( 0 + a )

b
U (0 +g/b) - 0
Hck SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + 0
_ * b
AA m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b)
b Hck ( 0 + g/b )

0/p
U (0 + a) - 0
Hck SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + 0
_ * 0/p
AAA m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a)
Hck ( 0 + a )

b/p
U (0 +g/b) - 0
Hck SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + 0
_ * b/p
AY m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b)
b Hck ( 0 + g/b )

* Hcs I`etcrns fn @mtaeap`eaõm, eu`mfc sn` mnens`rac utahaz`rhcs,

p`s`ràm buhtaphae`mfc ` h` _nmt`, snk÷m amfae` nh `stnrasec.

?<
 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IC_B^H@U FNH VANB\C NM I^MEACM I@EVC_NU FN
E@UC FNH Y@HC_ @EV^@H, YNMEAF@U @MVAEA\@EACM FAIN_ABANMVC
FAIN_AB ANMVC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
@a
Hck 0 - SSSSSSS
_** -y
A m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a) (0+a)
Hck ( 0 + a )

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
b
@ (0 +g/b) -0
-0
Hck 0 - SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
_ ** b -by
AA m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 +g/b) (0 +g/b)
b Hck ( 0 + g/b )

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
0/p
@ (0 + a) -0
Hck 0 - SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
_ * * 0/p -y
AAA m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 + a ) (0 + a )
Hck ( 0 + a )

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
b/p
@ (0+g/b) -0
Hck 0 - SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
_ * * b/p -by
AY m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+g/b ) (0+g/b)
b Hck ( 0 +g/b )

** Hcs I`etcrns fn @mtaeap`eaõm y/c fn Fainraban

Fainrabanmtc,
mtc, eu`mfc sn` mnens`rac utahaz`rhcs,
p`s`ràm buhtaphae`mfc ` h` _nmt`, snk÷m amfae`m hcs `stnrasecs

IC_B^H@U FN H@ V@U@7
Mc nxastnm icrbuh`s fn h` t`s` puns mc punfnm j`hh`rsn farnet`bnmtn. \`r` j`hh`rh` sn
sukanrn utahaz`r h`s icrbuh`s fnh bcmtc c v`hcr `etu`h snk÷m nh e`sc y fnspng`rh`, hunkc
j`enr t`mtncs n amtnrpch`
amtnrpch`eacmns.
eacmns.

?0
 

@M^@HAF@FNU \@K@FN_@U E@F@ "D" @ÐCU

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V@U@ NINEVAY@ FN AMVN_NU I@EVC_NU FN
YNMEAF@U @MVAEA\@EACM FAIN_ABANMVC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
m
(0+a)-0 d
BCMVC7 U 2 [ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a)
d
( 0+ a) - 0

d
_NMV@ NM (0+a) -0 -d
I^MEACM [ 2 U SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 + a )
FNH BCMVC m
( 0+ a) - 0

d
U ((0 + a) - 0)
Hck SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + 0
VANB\C NM [* d
I^MEACM m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a)
FNH BCMVC Hck ( 0 + a ) *

-m
Y@HC_ 0-(0+a) d -y
@EV^@H7 @ 2 [ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a) (0+a)
d
( 0+ a) - 0

d
_NMV@ NM (0+a) -0 -d y
I^MEACM [ 2 @ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0+a) (0+a)
Y@HC_ @EV^@H -m
0 - ( 0 +a )

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
d
VANB\C NM @ ((0 + a) -0)
I^MEACM Hck 0 - SSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
FNH Y@HC_ [ * * d -y
@EV^@H m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 + a ) (0 + a )
Hck ( 0 + a ) * *

** Nm h`s iõrbuh`s fnh tanbpc, hcs i`etcrns fn `mtaeap`eaõm y/c

fainrabanmtc, buhtaphae`m ` h` rnmt` "[" nm h` pcsaeaõm qun nst` ceup`
nm h` iõrbuh` ecrrnspcmfanmtn.

??
 

@M^@HAF@FNU \@K@FN_@U E@F@ "D" @ÐCU

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V@U@ MCBAM@H FN AMVN_NU I@EVC_NU FN
YNMEAF@U @MVAEA\@EACM FAIN_ABANMVC
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bm
( 0 +g/b) - 0 bd
BCMVC7 U 2 [ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b)
bd
( 0 +g/b) - 0

bd
_NMV@ NM ( 0 +g/b) - 0 -bd
I^MEACM [ 2 U SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b)
FNH BCMVC bm
( 0 +g/b) - 0

bd
U ((0+g/b) S 0))
Hck SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS + 0
VANB\C NM [* bd
I^MEACM m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b)
FNH BCMVC b Hck ( 0 +g/b) *

-bm
Y@HC_ 0 - ( 0 +g/b) bd -by
@EV^@H7 @ 2 [ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b) ( 0 +g/b)
bd
( 0 +g/b) - 0

bd
_NMV@ NM ( 0 +g/b) - 0 -bd by
I^MEACM [ 2 @ SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS ( 0 +g/b) ( 0 +g/b)
Y@HC_ @EV^@H -bm
0 - ( 0 +g/b)

0
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
bd
VANB\C NM @ ((0+g/b) -0)
I^MEACM Hck 0 - SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
FNH Y@HC_ [ * * bd -by
@EV^@H m 2 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS (0 +g/b) (0 +g/b)
b Hck ( 0 +g/b) * *

** Nm h`s iõrbuh`s fnh tanbpc, hcs i`etcrns fn `mtaeap`eaõm y/c

fainrabanmtc, buhtaphae`m ` h` rnmt` "[" nm h` pcsaeaõm qun ást` ceup`
nm h` iõrbuh` ecrrnspcmfanmtn.

?5