Kelompok 7

(Text-oriented Approach)
Member of the Group :
1. Febrian Maulana Santoso - 222003516007
2. Hajji ma' ageng - 222003516036
3. Krisna - 222003516043
4. Muhammad Jibril Sya'bana - 222003516008
5. Muhammad Rahman Dani - 222003516041
6. Vinore Deslar - 222003516034
What is Text-oriented approach?
Text-oriented approach has been applied in most of modern schools and methodologies in
literary criticism. It is applied primordial textual science of religion, legal practice, and
divination. All these traditions place the main emphasize on the internal textual aspects of a
literary works. Extra-textual factors concerning the author (his or her biography, other
works), audiences (races, class, gender, age, education) or larger contexts (historical, social or
political conditions) are deliberately excluded from the analysis.
It contains of Text-oriented approach are :

 Philology
 Rhetoric and stylistics
 Formalism and structuralism
 New criticism
 Semiotics and Deconstruction

a) Philology
Philology generally denotes approaches which focus on editorial problems and the
reconstruction of texts. the reliability of the generally The materiality of texts, a major concern
of traditional philology, is still relevant to today’s literary scholarship, as illustrated by the
debate concerning the reliability of the generally accepted edition of James Joyce’s Ulysses
(1922).

b) Rhetoric and stylistics

Today’s text-oriented schools focus on aspects of form (textual and narrative structure, point
of view, plot-patterns) and style (rhetorical figures, choice of words or diction, syntax and
meter), it remained the dominant textual discipline. Rhetoric introduced descriptive and
analytical elements. In the nineteenth century, rhetoric eventually lost its influence and
partially developed into stylistics, a field whose methodology was adopted by literary
criticism and art history as well.
c) Formalism and structuralism
Its main goals lies in the explication of the formal and structural patterns of literary texts. It
really attached with intrinsic value of literary criticism. Formalism tries to analyze
structurally such textual elements as characters in plot. It concern with the form of literary
itself. While Structuralism concern with the structure of the literary works. According to
Victor Shklovski (1893–1984) and a number of other formalists, these structural elements in
a literary text cause the effect called defamiliarization. This tendency inherent in literary
language counteracts the reader’s familiarity with everyday language and consequently offers
a tool to distinguish between literary and non- literary discourse.

d) New criticism
In its analyses, new criticism focuses on phenomena such as multiple meaning, paradox,
irony, word-play, puns, and rhetorical figures which – as the smallest distinguishable
elements of literary work – form interdependent links with the overall texts. A central term
usually used in new criticism is close reading. It denotes the meticulous analysis of these
elementary features, which mirror larger structures of a text.

e) Semiotics and Deconstruction

Semiotics and deconstruction regards a text as a system of signs. Semiotics and
deconstruction use the verbal sign or signifier as the starting point of the analyses, arguing
that nothing exist outside the texts, i.e, that our perception of the world is of a textual nature.
The Swiss linguist starts from the assumption that language functions through representation,
in which a mental image is verbally manifested or represented. Before a human being can, for
example, use the word “tree,” he or she has to envision a mental concept of a tree.