Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

~ ScienceDirect
JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH, INTERNATIONAL. 2011, 18(11) : 60-66

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Property of

Cr13 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel
LIU Y u-rong 1 , YE Dong 1 , YONG Qi-long 2 , SU Jie 2 , ZHAO Kun-yu 1 , JIANG Wen 1
( 1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093,
Yunnan, China; 2. Institute of Structural Materials, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China)

Abstract: The microstructures and mechanical properties of Cr13 super martensitic stainless steel afterdifferent heat
treatments were studied. The results show that the structures of the steel after queuehing are of lath martensite
mixed with a small amount of retained austenite. With the raising queuehing temperature, the original austenite grain
size increases and the lath martensite gradually becomes thicker. The structures of the tempered steel are mixtures of
tempered martensite and reversed austenite dispersed in the martensite matrix. The amount of reversed austenite is
from 7. 54% to 22. 49%. After different heat treatments, the tensile strength, the elongation and the HRC hardness
of the steel are in the range of 813-1070 MPa, 10. 1%-21. 2% and 21. 33-32. 37, respectively. The steel displays the
best comprehensive mechanical properties after the sample is quenched at 1 050 ·c followed by tempering at 650 ·c.
Key words: super martensitic stainless steel; quenching; tempering; structure; property; reversed austenite

Cr13 alloyed martensitic stainless steels have
been widely used in many applications owing to their
superior mechanical properties and corrosion resist-
ance[IJ. However, brittle chromium carbide precipi-
tation at the grain boundaries during welding has re-
stricted the use of high carbon martensitic stainless
steeJCZ- 3J. Recently, super martensitic stainless
steels have been developed to solve this prob-
lem[I-4]. In these steels, carbon content is reduced
to less than 0. 07% and the contents of nicke!
(3. 5%-4. 5%) and molybdenum ( 1. 5%-2. 5%)
are increased. Thus, the steel not only has high
strength, good plasticity and weldability, but also
has good corrosion resistance, processability and
lower economic costs, which are particularly attrac-
tive to the oil industry.
Several studies on the super martensitic stain-
less steel have indicated that heat treatments have a
significant effect on microstructures and properties
of steeJ[s-'l]. After quenching and tempering, reversed
austerrite is formed in super martensitic stainless
steel. The reversed austerrite is fine and dispersed in
martensite matrix. The existence of the reversed
austerrite improves the comprehensive properties of
the materials, and the amount of reversed austerrite
will vary with the raising of tempering tempera-
ture[s-Io]. In this work, the reversed austerrite in a
new type of Cr13 super martensitic stainless steel
has been studied and the effect of heat treatment on
microstructure and property is discussed.
1 Experimental
The material used in the study was low carbon
martensitic stainless steel which was produced in a
vacuum induction-melting furnace and the ingots
were forged into bars with air hammer. The bar was
cut to dimensions of ~15 mm X 10 mm and used for
the heat treatment specimens. The chemical compo-
sitions of the tested steels are shown in Table 1.
The phase transformation temperatures are also
shown in Table 1, which were measured by Formas-
ter-FII thermal dilatometer under a regime of heating
to 1100 ·c for 15 min at a rate of 0. 05 'C/s and then
cooling to room temperature at a rate of 100 'CIs. All
specimens were quenched at the temperature range
of 800- 1100 ·c for 0. 5 h and then oil quenched.
Tempering was carried out at the temperature range
of 550-750 ·c for 2 h. Microstructures were studied
by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope
(SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Biography,LIU Yu-rong0985-), Female, Master; E-mail: liuyurong0771@163. com; Received Date, October 31, 2010
Issue 11 Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Property of Crl3 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel • 61 •

Table 1 Chemical composition and phase transformation temperature of tested steels

Chemical composition/% Phase transformation temperature/ ·c
Sampie
c Mn Si Cr Ni Mo w Cu A, Ar M, Mr
0. 019 0.40 o. 16 11. 69 4. 94 2.04 585 730 310 170
2 0.022 0.41 0. 17 11. 86 5. 14 2. 17 1. 00 1. 39 650 775 255 125
Note: A,-Reversed austenite start tansformation temperature; Ar-Reversed austenitefinal tansformation temperature;
M,-Martensite start tansformation temperature; Mr-Martensite final tansformation temperature.

The volume fraction of austenite was determined
from peaks of X-ray diffraction patterns using CoKa
radiation from 30° to 120°. Hardness variations were
measured with a rockweil hardness tester with a Ioad
of 1500 N. Tensile strength and elongation were
carried out with an electric universal testing ma-
chine. Every HRC hardness is measured six times
and averaged, and the tensile strength and elonga-
tion are measured three times and averaged.
2 Results and Discussion
2. 1 Effect of heat treatment on microstructure
2. 1. 1 Quenching temperatures
The microstructures of the steel quenched at
800, 850, 900, 950, 1 000, 1 050 and 1100 show
quenched martensite. The carbon content in tested
steel is very low ( only 0. 02%) , so that the quenched
martensite is lath martensite. The typical martensite
rnicrostructures are shown in Fig. 1. The grain grades
of original austenite crystal are ranging from 5 to 9
CTable 2), which are increased from 16. 8 to 56. 88 J.Lm
with an increase in quenching temperatures. lt is
found that grains grow slowly when quenching tem-
peratures are 900- 1 000 ·c
and 1 050- 1100
whereas grain coarsens when quenching tempera-
tures are 1 000 - 1 050 ·c.
The elements in tested
steel, W, Mo and Cr, which have great affinity for
carbon and can combine carbon to form a few kinds
of carbides in austenite, can decrease the formation
rate of austenite dramatically. Simultaneously, the
insoluble carbide in austenite at a certain quenching
temperature can inhibit grain growth of austenite
and Iimit the growth rate of austenite effectively by
means of pinning the austenitic grain boundaries.
When quenching below 1 000 ·c , the carbide and
other second phase particles can effectively prevent
the grain growth of austenite. However, when the
quenching temperature is higher than 1 000 the ·c ,
effect of preventing grain growth of austenite will be
reduced gradually because of re-dissolution of the in-
soluble carbide in austenite. As a result, the austen-
itegrainwill grow remarkably when quenching tem-
perature is in the range of 1000-1050 ·c. However,
·c when the quenching temperature is 1050-1100 ·c, the
growth rate of austenite is slow, which indicates
that the carbide and other second phases in austenite
have been dissolved fully, demonstrating that the
quenching temperature of 1 050-1100 ·c
is benefi-
cial to refine the matrix microstructure and improve
the comprehensive properties of tested steel. The
size of martensite platelet increases with increasing
quenching temperatures. As known, lath martensite
·c, is formed in the original austenite grains and the
number of lath is certain in austenite grains. How-
ever, the width and distribution of lath are not af-
fected by austenite grains. Thus, the size of the
martensite platelet increases with increasing austen-
ite grain size[IIJ.

(a) Steel No.1; (b) Steel No. 2.

Fig. 1 Microstructure of tested steel quenched at 1 050 'C
 • 62 • Journal of lron and Steel Research, International Vol. 18

Table 2 Grain sizes of austenite crystal at different queuehing temperatures

Quenching temperature 9oo ·c 950 'C 1 ooo ·c 1 oso ·c 11oo ·c

Steel No. 1 Austenite grain grade 9 (8. 7) 8 (7. 5) 7 (7. 42) 6 (5. 54) 5 (5.43)
Austenite grain size/ ,_.m 17. 4 25. 9 27.04 51. 95 53. 78
Steel No. 2 Austenite grain grade 9 (8.8) 7 (7. 46) 7 (6. 93) 5 (5. 31) 5 (5. 27)
Austenite grain size/ ,_.m 16.8 26.65 32.08 56.03 56. 88

2. 1. 2 Tempering TEM after tempering. Thus, the microstructure of

After samples are tempered at 650 'C , the thick
lath martensites obtained after quenching at 900, 950,
1 000, 1 050 and 1100 'C become fine tempered mar-
tensites. The microstructures observed by optical
microscope are shown in Fig. 2 , and there are fine
M 23 C 6 carbides precipitation in the martensite ma-
trix. After tempering, the saturation Ievel of the su-
persaturated a-ferrite decreases continuously owing
to the precipitation of carbide. The small amount of
:retained austenite will also decompose, and the de-
composition products are a dual-phase structure of
supersaturated a-ferrite and M 23 C 6 carbide, which is
equivalent to the tempered martensite. There is also
the formation of reversed austenites observed by
tempered steel is fine tempered martensites combined
with reversed austenites. Grain sizes of austenite
crystal increase with increasing quenching tempera-
tures and grains grow up rapidly when quenching
temperatures are 1 000 - 1 050 'C, which has the
same grain growth tendency of the quenched steel.
Therefore, tempering temperature has little effect on
the austenite grain growth and the process of tempe-
ring is the process of microstructure refinement and
carbide precipitation. The detailed microstructures
of the samples observed by SEM are shown in
Fig. 3. Although the tempering temperatures are
high, the tempered martensite still retains the quenched
martensite, which indicates that the sample has high

Fig. 2 Microstructure of steel No. 1 (a) and No. 2 (b) quenched at 1050 "C followed by tempering at 650 "C

Fig. 3 SEM microstructure of steel No. 1 (a) and No. 2 (b) quenched at 1050 "C followed by tempering at 650 "C

thermal stability. tensile strength and elongation with quenching tem-

2. 2 Effect of heat treatment on mechanical property
2. 2. 1 Quenching temperature
Fig. 4 shows the variation of HRC hardness,
perature. With increased quenching temperature,
the tensile strength of steel decreases. According to
+
Hall-Petch formula R. = C1; KYD- 112 ( where, R. is
the yield strength of material; C1; is the resistance of
Issue 11 Effect of Heat Treatment an Microstructure and Property of Cr13 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel • 63 •

28 (a) • Steel No.1 (b)

fl40
"'StPel No.2
920 25

~~.
2ß ~
~ 900
,g~
..
~880
a.;

t; 860
20
~

E
.9:
fJ
~ 840 ~ ~ 15
820 ·~
800
20~------~----~------~----~ ~----~~----~----~------~10
900 950 1000 1050 1100 900 950 1000 1050 1100
Quenching tPmpPraturP/'t

Fig. 4 Effect of quenching temperature on HRC hardness (a) and tensile strength and elongation (b) of steel

disloeation slip; K is a eonstant; and D is the aver-
age grain diameter)[JzJ, it is shown that the smaller
the grain size is, the grea ter the effeet of strengthe-
ning and plastie deformation resistanee will be. This
is beeause the finer the grain size is, the bigger the
grain boundaries will be, thereby effeetively preven-
ting the movement of the disloeation. This is ealled
grain refining strengthening. When the grain and
lath expand, the strength of steels declines gradual-
lyl13J. The Hall-Peteh formula also applies to the
lath martensite, beeause there are large angle grain
boundaries between martensite laths. The modified
+
formula[Iz] is R. =cr; KYD;;; 1 , where Drn is the mar-
tensite lath bundle diameter and is determined by the
length (dP) and width (w) of martensite. Drn ean be
ealculated by
maximum value when the queuehing temperature ts
1 050 "C. This is beeause a large number of reversed
austenites form when the steel is tempered at 650 "C
after quenehed at 1050 "C (shown in Table 3). The
reversed austenite locates along the boundaries of o-
riginal austenite crystals and lath boundaries, which
displays good toughness and exeellent thermal sta-
bility, but very low mechanieal stabilityl 14 J. The re-
versed austenite will not transform into martensite
even at very low temperatures. However, once plas-
tic deformation oceurs, the reversed austenite will
absorb the deformation work and transform to mar-
tensite partially. Thereby, the plastieity and tough-
ness of material at low temperatures ean be en-
hanced. In addition, the tempered martensite con-
sists of lath martensite with a high dislocation density

Drn = !{ wln tan areeo; [ ~] + ~ + ; dP-

and the lath martensite is very fine with the width of
100-200 nm. This is the reason that the eompre-
hensive meehanical properties ean be improved after
tempering. Thus, the integrated analysis of me-
dPareeos [ ~] } (1)
chanieal properties shows that the strength of steel
Based on the modified formula, the tensile assorts well with toughness when samples are tem-
strength varies inversely to the martensite lath bun- pered at 650 "C after queuehing at 1 050 "C. Compa-
dle diameter. Therefore, the smaller martensite lath ring the mechanieal properties of steel No. 1 and
is, the greater the effeet of strengthening will be. No. 2 after the same heat treatment, the tensile
As shown in Fig. 4, the tensile strength of samples strength, hardness and elongation of steel No. 2 is
deereases strongly when queuehing temperatures are always better than those of steel No. 1, which indicates
900-1 050 "C , while the tensile strength of samples that the addition of W and Cu can significantly im-
deereases slightly when queuehing temperatures are
1 050-1 100 "C. The ehange of the tensile strength Table 3 Amount of austenite at-different heat treatments
is just the same as the tendeney of the grain growth Austenite content/%
Heat treatment
(shown in Table 2), whieh indieates that the miero- Steel No. 1 Steel No. 2
strueture and property of the tested steel have a 1 ooo ·c, 1h 0. 49 0.38
strong eorrelation. When queuehing temperatures 1 ooo ·c, 1 h+65o ·c, 2 h 7.54 22.49
are 900- 1100 "C, the elongation and hardness of 1 o5o ·c , o. 5 h 0.34 0.30
the steels ehange in a eertain range and display the 1o5o ·c, o.5 h+65o ·c, 4 h 8. 35 20. 70
 • 64 • Journal of Iran and Steel Research, International Vol. 18

prove the mechanical properties of the tested steel.
2. 2. 2 Tempering temperature
Fig. 5 shows the changes of the HRC hardness,
tensile strength and elongation with tempering tem-
perature for 2 h. The HRC hardness and tensile
strength decrease rapidly when tempering tempera-
ture is 550- 600 Oe. However, above 600 Oe , the
HRC hardness and tensile strength decrease slightly
as temperature is increased to 650 Oe, and then in-
creases with elevated temperature. The elongations
of steel No. 1 and steel No. 2 increase with raised
temperature and display the maximum values of
20. 2% and 21. 2%, respectively, at a temperature
of 650 Oe. Above 650 Oe , the elongation decreases
sharply, so it is not appropriate to temper a sample
above 650 Oe. In summary, it is observed that with
an increase in tempering temperature, the changes
of HRC hardness and tensile strength have a strong
positive correlation, and they have contrary correla-
tion with that of elongation length, which indicates
that the strength, hardness and elongation of tested
steel have a good correlation. As mentioned before,
reversed austenites are formed when the steel is tem-
pered. The amount of reversed austenite firstly in-
creases and then decreases with raised temperature
and displays a maximum value at the temperature of
600- 650 oec
9 15 19
' - J. The reversed austenite has good
plasticity and toughness, but its strength and HRC
hardness is low. That is why the tensile strength
and hardness of tested steels decrease firstly and
then escalate with the increase in tempering temper-
ature, while the plasticity has a quite opposite change.
34 (a) o Steel No.1
32
~
30
~
...:::
28
~ austenite is good because of the enrichment of auste-
:I:
26
24
1100
~
The change of mechanical properties matches with
the amount of reversed austenite, which indicates
the good correlation between microstructure and me-
chanical properties of tested steels.
As shown in Table 3, the amount of austenite
in steel No. 1 is much higher than that in steel No. 2
after quenching, while after tempering, the volume
fraction of the reversed austenite of steel No. 2 is al-
most triple compared with steel No. 1. The fine re-
versed austenite dispersed in martensite matrix can
improve the mechanical properties by means of ab-
sorbing deformation work when the plastic deforma-
tion of material occurs[JoJ. Thus, under the same
heat treatment conditions, the comprehensive me-
chanical properties of steel No. 2 are much better
than steel No. 1.
3 ~icrostructure
The austenite contents of specimens after dif-
ferent heat treatments tested by XRD are shown in
Table 3. The volume fraction of austenite in quenched
steels varies slightly from 0. 3% to 0. 49% , all of which
is retained austenite. Consequently, the microstruc-
tures of samples after quenching are quenched mar-
tensite and retained austenite. However, after tempe-
ring, the volume fraction of austenite rises rapidly up to
22. 49%, and these austenite are the reversed aus-
tenite. It is found that the reversed austenite can only
be generated when tempering temperature ranges
from A, to A 1 and the amount of reversed austenite in-
creases with raised temperature and displays a maximum
value at the temperature of 600- 650 oec9 15 19
' - J. The
increase in volume fraction of reversed austenite is
caused by the increase in driving force of martensite
(M) / austenite ( A) transformation with raised tem-
perature. Furthermore, when the tempering tem-
perature is low, the thermal stability of reversed
nitic elements in reversed austenite. Thus, it is dif-
ficult for the reversed austenite formed in the
22
process of tempering to transform to martensite again

i 1000 18 ~
.::;
during coolingl 15 J. Above the temperature of 650 Oe ,
the volume fraction of austenite decreases. This de-
i 14
ä
.§ crease has been attributed to the transformation of
=s::
~

UJ
~
900
r..l
the reversed austenite into martensite during cool-
E-<
800 mg. When tempering temperatures increase, the
10
550 600 650 700 750 volume fraction of austenite arises and the amount of
Tempering temperature/'C
the austenite forming elements in the reversed aus-
Fig.S Effect of tempering temperature on HRC tenite decreases. Thus, the martensitic transforma-
hardness ( a) and tensile strength and tion is easily induced owing to the decrease of ther-
elongation (b) of steel mal instability of austenite[ 17J. Ultimately, the amount
Issue 11 Effect of Heat Treatment an Microstructure and Property of Crl3 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel • 65

of reversed austenite in specimen at room tempera-
ture lowers.
Fig. 6 shows the TEM micrographs of specimen
tempered at 650 'C after quenching at 1 050 ·c. A
typical martensite microstructure observed by TEM
is shown in Fig. 6 ( a), which consists of lath mar-
tensite with a high dislocation density, and the cor-
responding selected area electron diffraction (SAED)
pattern and schematic diagram are shown in Fig. 6 ( b)
and (c), respectively. The lath martensite is fine with
the width of 100-200 nm. That is why the compre-
hensive mechanical properties can be improved after
tempering. The reversed austenites with a strip
shape are observed by TEM shown in Fig. 6 ( d).
Their length is measured about 10 2 -10 3 nm and the
width is about 100 ,nm. The corresponding SAED
pattern and schematic diagram for Fig. 6 ( d) are
shown in Fig. 6 ( e) and ( f) , respecti vely. The re-
versed austenite was formed firstly along the bound-
aries of original austenite crystals and lath bounda-
ries. These places present high defect density, which
can provide the energy of austenite nucleation and the
quick diffusion access for nicke! atom[Is.zo-ziJ, Accord-
ingly, the reversed austenite can easily form along
the martensite lath or grain boundaries, since they
are beneficial for the formation and growth of aus-
territe grain. The existence of the reverse austerrite
can not only prevent the crack propagation along the
martensite laths but also relieve the stress concen-
tration caused by dislocations along the martensite
laths. Thus, the toughness of material can be en-
hanced consequently.

(a) Lath martensite1 (b) SAED pattern for (a); (c) Schematic diagram for (b);
( d) Reversed austenite 1 ( e) SAED pattern for ( d) ; ( f) Schematic diagram of ( e).
Fig. 6 TEM images of sample tempered at 650 "C after quenching at 1 050 "C

similar to that of steel No. 2 after quenching at the

4 Conclusions
1) The microstructures of steel No. 1 and No. 2
after quenching at 900-1100 ·c
consist of quenched
martensite and retained austenite with the volume
fraction of retained austenite from 0. 3% to 0. 49%.
2) Martensite platelet coarsens and the size of
original austerrite grains increases from 16. 8 to
56. 88 p.m with the rising quenching temperature.
The size of original austenite grains of steel No. 1 is
same temperature.
3) The microstructures of steel No. 1 and No. 2
after tempering at 650 ·c are fine tempered martens-
ite with the width of 100- 200 nm. After tempe-
ring, the grain size of austenite crystal increases
with increasing quenching temperatures and the
growth tendency of austerrite crystal is the same to
that of the quenched samples.
4) After different heat treatments, the tensile
 • 66 • Journal of Iran and Steel Research, International
strength, elongation and hardness of steel are 813-
1070 MPa, 10.1%-21.2% and 21.33-32.37, re-
spectively. The steel displays the best comprehen-
sive mechanical properties when samples are tem-
pered at 650 ·c after queuehing at 1 050 ·c.
5) Reversed austenites with strip shape are ob-
served along the boundaries of original austenite
crystals and lath boundaries after tempering, and
the volume fraction of the reversed austenite is from
7. 54% to 22. 49%. After the same heat treatment,
the volume fraction of the reversed austenite of steel
No. 2 is always bigger than that of steel No. 1.
Thus, the mechanical properties of steel No. 2 is al-
ways better than those. of steel No. 1 in the same
heat treatment condition.
References:
[1] BAI He, WANG Bo-jian. Progress in Chemical Composition,
Process and Corrosion Resistance of Martensite Stainless Steel
[J]. Special Steel. 2009, 30(2): 30 (in Chinese).
[2] XU Zeng-hua. Corrosion Resistant Meta! Materials: V Mar-
tensi tic Stainless Steels [JJ. Corrosion and Protection, 2001 ,
22(5): 229 (in Chinese).
[3] MA Ming-lang, YANG Jin-ying, WU Xiu-ju. Welding of Mar-
tensite Stainless Steel [J]. Water Conservancy and Electric
Power Machinery, 2004, 26 ( 3) : 29 (in Chinese).
[ 4] ZHANG Xiao-fu. Super Martensitic Stainless Steel [J].
Taigang Translation, 1999(4): 66 (in Chinese).
[5] LUO Su-juan. Study on Reserved Austenite in 00Cr15Ni6Mo-
2A!Nb [J]. Aerospace Materialsand Technology, 1982(6):
34 (in Chinese).
[6] FANG Xu-dong, ZHANG Shou-lu, YANG Chang-chun, et al.
Structure and Properties of TGOG13Cr-1 Super Martensitic
Stainless Steel [J]. Iran and Steel, 2007, 42(8): 74 (in Chinese).
[7] CHEN Cheng-da, LIU Zheng. Improvement of Structure and
Property on ZGOCrl3Ni4-6 Martensitic Stainless Steels [J].
Heavy Castingsand Forgings, 1987(2): 40 (in Chinese).
[8] YI Bang-wang, QIAN Xue-jun, LANG Wen-yun, et al. The
Influence of the Ni-Content on Properties of 13Cr-Series Low
Carbon Martensitic Stainless Steel [J]. Metallic Functional
Materials, 1997(2): 75 (in Chinese).
[9] MA Xun. Effect of Heat Treatment on Structure and Proper-
ties of Martensite Stainless Steel 0Cr13Ni4Mo [J]. Special
Steel, 1995, 16(5): 19 (in Chinese).
Vol. 18
[10] LI Xiao-yu, WANG Ya, DU Bing, et al. Effect of Retained
Austenite Formed During Postweid Heat Treatment on Frac-
ture Toughness of Deposited Meta! of 0Crl3Ni5Mo [J].
Welding and Joining, 2007(10): 47 (in Chinese).
[11] LU Shi-ying, ZHANG Ting-kai, KANG Xi-fan, et al. Stain-
less Steel [M]. Beijing: Atomic Energy Press, 1995 (in Chi-
nese).
[12] ]lANG Yue. Alloying Design and Microstructure and Proper-
ty of Maraging Stainless Steel [M]. Harbin: Harbin Institute
of Technology Press, 2007 (in Chinese).
[13] YONG Qi-long. Secondary Phases in Steels [M]. Beijing:
Metallurgical Industry Press, 2006 (in Chinese).
[14] ZHOU Qian-qing, YONG Xing-ping, LI Xiu-yan, et al.
Study on Cryogenic Tensile Properties of Precipitation Hard-
ened FV520B Steel [J]. Corrosion Science and Protection
Technology, 2009, 21(3): 299 (ir Chinese).
[15] WANG Pei, LU Shan-ping, LI Dian-zhong, et al. Investiga-
tion on Phase Transformation of Low Carbon Martensitic
Stainless Steel ZG06Crl3Ni4Mo in Tempering Process With
Low Heating Rates [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2008, 44
(6): 681 (in Chinese).
[16] WEN He. Formation Mechanism of Reversed Austenite in
Low Carbon Martensitic Stainless Steel [J]. Steel Pipe.
2004, 33(6): 66.
[17] Eun Seo Park, Dae Kyoung Yoo, Jee Hyun Sung, et al. For-
mation of Reversed Austenite During Tempering of 14Cr-7Ni-
O. 3Nb-O. 7Mo-O. 03C Super Martensitic Stainless Steel [J].
Metals and Materials International, 2004, 10(6): 521.
[18] Leem Dong-seok, Lee Yong-deuk, Jun Joong-hwan, et al.
Amount of Retained Austenite at Room Temperature After
Reverse Transformation of Martensite to Austenite in An
Fe-13%Cr-7%Ni-3%Si Martensitic Stainless Steel [J].
Scripta Materialia, 2001, 45(7): 767.
[19] Roznovskci G, Vodcirek V, Kor&ik A, et al. The Effect of Heat
Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of a 13Cr6Ni2. 5Mo
Supermartensitic Steel [1]. Sbornik Vedeckych Praci Vysoke
Skoly Bciiiske-Technicke Univerzity Ostrava, 2005, 48 (1):
225 (in Czech).
[20] LIU Zhen-bao, YANG Zhi-yong, LIANG Jian-xiong, et al.
Growth Behavior and Precipitation of Reverted Austenite in
Ultra-High Strength Marageing Stainless Steel [1]. Heat
Treatment of Metals, 2010, 35(2): 11 (in Chinese).
[21] LIU Zhen-bao, YANG Zhi-yong, LIANG Jian-xiong, et al.
Precipitation Behavior and Transformation Kinetics of Rever-
ted Austenite in High-Strength Stainless Steel [J]. Transac-
tions of Materialsand Heat Treatment, .2010, 31(6): 39 (in
Chinese).