DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION (2ND QUARTER)

QUARTER 2 MODULE 2 (WEEK 2)

Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

● Interpret geological maps (DRR11/12-IIa-b-30); and
● Apply mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and properties
(DRR11/12-IIa-b-31)

EFFECTS OF OTHER GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Objective: Identify the different effects of ground subsidence, landslide,

erosion and bolide impact.

Introduction
The world has witnessed devastating effects of geological hazards that injured and
killed thousands of people, destroyed both residential and business establishments, and
damaged the environment permanently. Due to our country’s location along the Pacific Ring
of Fire, we are prone to geological disasters. The Philippines, being an archipelago, has vast
coastlines which makes the effects of coastal erosion another interesting topic to talk about.

Let’s Understand
EFFECTS OF GROUND SUBSIDENCE AND LANDSLIDES

Fig 2.1 San Guillermo Parish Church pictured here with the bottom half buried under six meters of lahar.
Source: https://verafiles.org/articles/eruption-lahar-and-resilience.
The picture above shows the San Guillermo Parish Church. What you can see is only
the top half of the entire church. Half of it was buried in 1995 six meters under due to lahar
flow. As mentioned in the previous module, lahar is a type of landslide. Can you imagine
how this disaster affects the community and the environment?
The effects of ground subsidence and landslides are almost the same. Both can
cause property damage, injury, and death and adversely affect a variety of resources. Here
are some specific effects:
● Farm lands, irrigation systems, groundwater wells, and infrastructures may be
damaged or totally destroyed
● Mining areas tunnels and surrounding areas may collapse
● Sudden subsidence and landslides may cause injuries and fatalities
● Water supplies, fisheries, sewage disposal systems, forests, dams, and roadways
may be affected for a long period of time
● Properties lose its value
● Costly damage repairs

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 ● Repair of structures can be dangerous to people

EFFECTS OF COASTAL EROSION

At present, coastal erosion is very common (Ye
Yincan, 2017). Coastal villages and houses are forced to
move inland as coastal land is being swallowed by the
seawater. In the long run, it can lead to people
squeezing living space away from the coast. Coastal
erosion also destroys the beach biodiversity and
ecological balance, and has direct or indirect harm on
human life and natural environment. With this, scientists
have concluded that coastal erosion has changed from a
natural environment change to a serious hazard.

Fig 2.3 80-100 meter section of beach collapse near a resort

Source: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/regions/314186/portion-of-zambales-beach-collapses/story/

EFFECTS OF BOLIDE IMPACT

The University of California Museum of Paleontology enumerated three (3) variables
which the effects of bolide impact could depend to:

1. Location. Where did it hit? Land or sea? If it hit on land, where? - Desert, mountains,
areas of high or low population?
2. Size, as well as speed, angle. If an impact is small then the season that it hits,
might also be of importance.
3. Composition of the asteroid

If the asteroid hits on land, there would be a huge amount of dust thrown up into the
atmosphere. If it hits in water, then there would be an increase in water vapor in the
atmosphere. This would result in an increase in rain resulting in landslides and mudslides
(University of California Museum of Paleontology,n.d.).
Regionally there might be earthquakes, hurricanes and tsunamis due to the increase
in kinetic energy. If the asteroid is large enough, these could be global in impact.

Geological Hazard Maps

Objective: Interpret geological hazard maps.

Introduction
A geological hazard map indicates the areas that are vulnerable to earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, landslides and other geological hazards. Interpreting a geological hazard
map is an important skill to develop because it may help the public be informed and
prepared for the geological hazard. As a senior high school student, it is good to start a
young age and make wise decisions for the future.

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 Let’s Understand
Geophysical Hazard Map of the Philippines

Fig 2.4 Geophysical Disaster Risk Map of the Philippines

Source: http://vm.observatory.ph/geophys_maps.html

The image above is a hazard map. It specifically shows the combined risk to
geophysical disasters in our country. There are different kinds of geohazard maps that exist
but for this module, you are going to focus on this combined risk map.
The Geophysical Disaster Risk Map represents the sum of the normalized,
provincialized risks to earthquakes, earthquake-induced shallow landslides, tsunamis and
volcanoes. From this map, you can see that the top ten provinces include: Sulu, Camiguin,
Ifugao, Davao Oriental, Sarangani, Benguet, Surigao del Sur, La Union, Lanao del Sur, and
Zambales. In general, Central Luzon and Eastern Mindanao are the high-ranking areas.
In interpreting hazard maps, be mindful of the following:
1. Read the labels
2. Focus on highlighted areas
3. Use the legend usually located beside the map of an area in interpreting data

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 MITIGATION TO GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Objectives
● Analyze a given text on geological hazards; and
● Name mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and properties.

Let’s Analyze
(Source: Quipper School, 2018) After a week of consecutive thunderstorms,
a landslide occurred along a mountain road in Barangay Sto. Domingo. The
mountain road is a critical route in the farm-to-market transfer of the
community’s products. Several weeks after the landslide incident, efforts to
clear the road are still not enough to make it passable. Aside from safety and
other concerns, members of the community are already raising issues that
concern their economic well-being.
Pretend that you are an investigative journalist assigned to write about the factors that
influenced the landslide incident and mitigation strategies for the future. Use the format
below for your answers. Copy and answer this table on your answer sheet.
What do you want to What questions will Who are you going to What mitigation
know or investigate? you ask? ask? How are you strategies can be
going to find out the done for possible
answer? geological disasters
that may happen in
the future?

GEOLOGICAL DISASTER DEVELOPMENT

Objective: Design an infographic or a poster that shows geological
disaster development and what should the community do to avoid loss of life
and properties.

Let’s Create

Step 1: Choose one geological hazard discussed in Modules 1 and 2 and pick a factor that
causes it to happen.
Example:
Geological Hazard: Ground Subsidence
Cause: Mining

Step 2: Create a digital infographic if you have access to a mobile device or a poster on a
clean sheet of bond paper to show how the factor that you chose influences disaster
development and what should the community do to avoid loss of life and properties. Label
your drawings properly and provide a short explanation for your output in a paragraph form.

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Standards Rubric:

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

Content Student Student is able to Student is able to Student does Student has
demonstrates show researched demonstrate not have grasp not put any
knowledge with and elaborated basic concepts, of information. information on
extended knowledge. but lacks the poster.
information. elaboration.

Neatness Presentation has Product is neat, Product has one Product has Presentation is
been done with legibly written, area that is not more than one messy, very
great care and proportionally legibly written, area that is not difficult to read.
consideration. It is displayed. proportionally legibly written, Rushed work.
eye-catching and displayed. proportionally
set out effectively. displayed.

Output Student has gone Students have All parts are Few parts are Student has
above and beyond completed all that complete with complete with not completed
Guidelines what was asked is required to a guidelines guidelines any aspect of
for the very high correctly followed. correctly the
presentation. standard. followed. presentation.

Grammar Presentation has Presentation has Presentation has Presentation Presentation

no spelling or no spelling or few errors. has no more has over five
and grammatical grammatical than four errors. spelling errors.
Spelling errors. An attempt errors.
has been made to
use a varied
vocabulary.

Rubrics: TOTAL: 20 POINTS

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

I. Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the best answer on your

answer sheet. Use capital letters only.

1. Where does ground subsidence usually occur?

A. in rural settlements C. in coastal areas
B. in small towns D. in urban settlements
2. Which of the following geological phenomena refers to surface shrinking that creates a
massive, deep circular hole in a particular ground surface?
A. Landslide C. Erosion
B. Sinkhole D. Bolide impact
3. Which from the following plans of action is *not *true about avoiding ground subsidence in
populated areas?
A. Encourage developers to avoid fissure-prone area
B. Make fissure areas as tourist attractions.
C. Prohibit residential zones in fissure areas.
D. Require a minimum setback for buildings/infrastructure in fissure areas.
4. Why is there always a danger of near earth objects to collide with our planet?
A. Celestial bodies such as planets and space rocks repel each other.
B. Disturbance upon the asteroid belt could push these materials to inner areas of the
solar system.

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 C. Celestial bodies are large materials made of mixtures of solids and gases.
D. Celestial bodies move away from each other and push toward other areas.
5. Which would best help prepare citizens of the world on bolide hazards
A. Each country should have its own space exploration to monitor possible NEO
hazards in all parts of the world.
B. Countries with space programs can coordinate with other countries regarding
monitoring and preparedness plans.
C. LASER technology can be created by each country so that the NEO can be
neutralized using as many tools as possible.
D. Countries can coordinate to create warning, hiding, and evacuation plans in case of
massive collision with a NEO

II. Study the hazard map on the next page and answer the following questions on your
answer sheet. (2 points for every correct answer)
1. What kind of hazard map is shown?
2. How do you identify areas that are more prone to this geological disaster?
3. Can you name at least two (2) areas that are more prone to this disaster?
4. Can you identify at least two (2) areas that are less prone to this disaster?
5. Why do you think some areas are more susceptible than others in this kind of disaster?