ENSCI 1100

THE SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
LEA S. CAGUIAT

INSTRUCTOR

INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AND

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Emergence of modern science during

the early modern period, when
developments in mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology (including human
anatomy), and chemistry transformed
societal views about nature.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Began toward the end of the

Renaissance period, and continued
through the late 18th century,
influencing the intellectual social
movement known as the Age of
Enlightenment.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

While its dates are disputed, the

discoveries of Copernicus and
Galileo marked the beginning of
scientific revolution and the
development new approach to
science called the scientific
method.
FRANCIS BACON
AND RENÉ
DESCARTES
The work of
Bacon and
Descartes helped
to advance the
new approach of
scientific method
Empiricist Rationalist
EMPICIRISM VS. RATIONALISM

Empiricism is the knowledge that Rationalism is the knowledge

is derived from experience and that is derived from reason and
experimentation logic
FRANCIS BACON

 English statesman and writer, had a

passionate interest in science.
 In his writings, Bacon attacked medieval
scholars for relying too heavily on the
conclusions of Aristotle and other ancient
thinkers. Instead of reasoning from abstract
theories, he urged scientists to experiment
and then draw conclusions. This approach is
called empiricism, or the Baconian method.
RENÉ DESCARTES

 Developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and

geometry.
 Descartes believed that scientists needed to reject old
assumptions and teachings
 Rather than using experimentation, Descartes relied on
mathematics and logic. He believed that everything should
be doubted until proved by reason.
 The only thing he knew for certain was that he existed—
because, as he wrote, “I think, therefore I am.” From this
starting point, he followed a train of strict reasoning to arrive
at other basic truths
ISAAC NEWTON
 Great English scientist who brought together the
breakthroughs of fellow scientists, such as
Copernicus and Galileo, under a single theory of
motion
 In 1687, he published his theories in
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
The centerpiece of this monumental work was the
universal law of gravitation , which demonstrated
that the same force holding an object to the Earth
also holds the planets in their orbits
NEWTON’S LAWS OF
MOTION
Newton’s First Law: Inertia
Newton’s 1st law states that a body at rest or
uniform motion will continue to be at rest or uniform
motion until and unless a net external force acts on
it.
 Examples of inertia involving aerodynamics:
• The motion of an airplane when a pilot
changes the throttle setting of an engine.
• The motion of a ball falling down through the
atmosphere.
• A model rocket being launched up into the
atmosphere.
• The motion of a kite when the wind changes.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF
MOTION

Newton’s Second Law: Force

Newton’s 2nd law states that the
acceleration of an object as produced by a
net force is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the net force, in the same
direction as the net force, and inversely
proportional to the object’s mass.
Example of force involving
aerodynamics:
• An aircraft’s motion resulting
from aerodynamic forces,
aircraft weight, and thrust.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF
MOTION
Newton’s Third Law: Action & Reaction

Newton’s 3rd law states that there is an equal

and opposite reaction for every action.
Examples of action and reaction involving
aerodynamics:
• The motion of lift from an airfoil, the air
is deflected downward by the airfoil’s
action, and in reaction, the wing is pushed
upward.
• The motion of a spinning ball, the air is
deflected to one side, and the ball reacts
by moving in the opposite
• The motion of a jet
engine produces thrust and hot exhaust
gases flow out the back of the engine, and
a thrusting force is produced in the
opposite direction.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION SPREADS
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
1. MICROSCOPE
• The first microscope was invented by a Dutch maker of
eyeglasses, Zacharias Janssen, in 1590.
• In the 1670s, a Dutch drapery merchant and amateur
scientist named Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a
microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth
scrapings. He also examined red blood cells for the first
time.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION SPREADS

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
2. BAROMETER
In 1643, one of Galileo’s students, Evangelista
Torricelli, developed the first mercury
barometer, a tool for measuring atmospheric
pressure and predicting weather.

Torricelli conducted his first barometric experiments using a

tube of water.
 PRESSURE - EXAMPLE

Astronomy

Meteorology

Geology

14,000 feet 9,000 feet 1,000 feet

Pressure inside = pressure outside Water bottle from high to Pressure inside < pressure outside
low altitudes
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION SPREADS

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
2. BAROMETER
In 1643, one of Galileo’s students, Evangelista
Torricelli, developed the first mercury
barometer, a tool for measuring atmospheric
pressure and predicting weather.

Torricelli conducted his first barometric experiments using a

tube of water.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION SPREADS

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
2. BAROMETER
In 1643, one of Galileo’s students, Evangelista
Torricelli, developed the first mercury
barometer, a tool for measuring atmospheric
pressure and predicting weather.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION SPREADS

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
3. THERMOMETER
▪ In 1714, the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit
made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass.
▪ A Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius, created
another scale for the mercury thermometer in
1742.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION SPREADS

MEDICINE AND THE HUMAN BODY

▪ During the Middle Ages, Galen assumed that human anatomy
was much the same as the anatomy of pigs and other animals
▪ A Flemish physician named Andreas Vesalius proved Galen’s
assumptions wrong. Vesalius dissected human corpses and
published his observations. His book, On the Structure of the
Human Body, was filled with detailed drawings of human
organs, bones, and muscle.
THE SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
SPREADS

MEDICINE AND THE HUMAN BODY

▪ In the late 1700s, British
physician Edward Jenner
introduced a vaccine to prevent
smallpox. Jenner used cowpox
to produce the world’s first
vaccination.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
SPREADS

DISCOVERIES IN CHEMISTRY
▪ Robert Boyle pioneered the use of the
scientific method in chemistry.
▪ Boyle’s most famous contribution to
chemistry is Boyle’s law. This law
explains how the volume, temperature,
and pressure of gas affect each other.
  Discovering and studying magnetism and electricity,
and thus, electric properties of various materials.
 Modernization of disciplines (making them more as
what they are today), including dentistry, physiology,
THE SCIENTIFIC chemistry, or optics.
REVOLUTION
 Invention of tools that deepened the understating of
SPREADS sciences, including mechanical calculator, steam
digester (the forerunner of the steam engine),
refracting and reflecting telescopes, vacuum pump,
or mercury barometer.