Grade 10:

Euclidean Geometry
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Contents

✔ Lesson 1:
Lines, angles, triangles
✔ Lesson 2:
Similarity and congruency
✔ Lesson 3:
Quadrilaterals
✔ Lesson 4:
Midpoint theorem

This booklet is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0

International License.
Grade 10 Euclidean Geometry Page | 2

Some of the questions are adapted from:

https://m.everythingmaths.co.za/read/maths/grade-10/euclidean-geometry/07-euclidean-geometry-05

http://www.mindset.co.za/creativecommons

Lesson 1
1. True or false:
a) Parallel lines never meet.
b) Perpendicular lines cross at 180°.
c) A right-angled triangle can have an obtuse angle.
d) A right-angled triangle can be isosceles.
e) A scalene triangle can be right-angled.
f) An obtuse-angled triangle can have more than one obtuse angle.
g) Adjacent angles on a straight line are complementary.

2. What kind of triangle has:

a) three sides equal
b) three sides of different lengths
c) all angles different
d) two equal angles only
e) three equal angles
f) two equal sides only

3. Name the type of angle at 𝐸𝐴̂𝐵, 𝐴𝐵̂ 𝐶 and 𝐶𝐵̂ 𝐷.

A
C
B
E

4. Find all pairs of parallel lines in the following figures, giving reasons in each case.
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a) b)

c)

5. Find angles a, b, c and d and state reasons:

a) b)
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c)

6. Calculate the values of x and y. Give reasons for your answers.

a) b)

x
y
125

7. Solve for the unknown angles at x and y. Give reasons for your answers.

8. a) Find each of the unknown

angles marked in the
figure.

b) Based on the results,

is 𝐸𝐹// 𝐶𝐺?
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Lesson 2:
1. Which diagram correctly gives a pair of similar triangles?
Diagram A Diagram B

2. Which diagram correctly gives a pair of similar triangles?

Diagram A Diagram B

3. Have a look at the following triangles, which are drawn to scale:

Are the triangles congruent? If so, state the reason and use correct notation to state
that they are congruent.
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4. Say which of the following pairs of triangles are congruent with reasons.
a) b)

c)
d)

5. Given similar triangles ∆ABC and ∆PQR, determine x and y.

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6. ∆ABC is similar to ∆DEF. Calculate x and y.

7. Prove that triangle ABC is congruent to triangle DCB.

8. Prove that ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷 ≡ ∆𝐶𝐵𝐸.

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9. Using the theorem of Pythagoras, calculate the length of x:

a) b) c)

10. Calculate the length of AD.

11. Calculate x and y in the diagrams below:

a) b)

15 c)

2x

d) e)
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12. Calculate x and y in the diagram 13. Consider the diagram below. Is
below. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹? Give reasons for your answer.

14. Explain why ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 is similar to ∆𝑇𝑆𝑅 and calculate the values of x and y.

Lesson 3:

1. Assess whether the following statements are true or false.

If the statement is false, explain why:

a) A trapezium is a quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite sides that are parallel.
b) Both diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
c) A rectangle is a parallelogram that has all interior angles equal to 90.
d) Two adjacent sides of a rhombus have different lengths.
e) The diagonals of a kite intersect at right angles.
f) All squares are parallelograms.
g) A rhombus is a kite with a pair of equal, opposite sides.
h) The diagonals of a parallelogram are axes of symmetry.
i) The diagonals of a rhombus are equal in length.
j) Both diagonals of a kite bisect the interior angles.
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2. Use the properties of this shape to identify the most specific name
for the shape. Explain your reasoning.

3. List the all the possible names for this shape.

What general groups of shapes does it belong to?
What more specific groups of shapes does it belong to?
The shape is drawn to scale.
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4. FGHI is a rhombus. 𝐹̂1 = 3𝑥 + 20° and 𝐺̂1 = 𝑥 + 10°. Determine the value of x.

5. In the diagram below, AB = BC = CD = DE = EF = FA = BE.

Name the following shapes in the diagram:

● 3 rectangles
● 4 parallelograms
● 2 trapeziums
● 2 rhombi

6. ∆PQR and ∆PSR are equilateral triangles. Prove

that PQRS is a rhombus.

7. LMNO is a quadrilateral with LM = LO and diagonals that

intersect at S such that MS = SO.
a) Prove that 𝑀𝐿̂𝑆 = 𝑂𝐿̂𝑆.
b) Prove that MO ⊥ LN
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8. Use the diagram below to show that the sum of the three angles in a triangle is 180°.
DE ⎢⎢BC.

9. ∆PQR is an isosceles triangle with PR = QR. S is the

mid-point of PQ, T is the mid-point of PR and U is the
mid-point of RQ.
a) Prove ∆STU is also isosceles.
b) What type of quadrilateral is STRU? Motivate
your answer.
c) If 𝑅𝑇̂𝑈 = 68°, calculate, with reasons, the size
of 𝑇𝑆̂𝑈.

10. ABCD is a parallelogram and BE = BC. Prove that 𝐴𝐵̂ 𝐸 = 𝐵𝐶̂ 𝐷.

11. Prove that quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.

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Lesson 4:

1. Points R and P are the mid-points on lines QS and QT.

a) Identify the third side of ∆TQS, using the
information as shown, together with what you
know about the mid-point theorem.
b) What do we know about PR and the third side?

2. In ∆YZW, points X and V are given on the segments WY

and WZ. Identify and name the parallel line segments.

3. The diagram shows a large triangle with vertices at A, B and D, and a smaller
triangle with vertices at C, D and E. C is the mid-point of BD and E is the mid-point of AD.
The angles 𝐴̂ = 39° and 𝐵̂ = 55° are given.
a) Determine the value of 𝐷𝐸̂ 𝐶.
b) The two triangles in this question are similar
triangles. Complete the statement correctly by
giving the three vertices in the correct order.

∆DEC ⎢⎢⎢∆______
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4. The diagram shows a large triangle with vertices M, N and Q

and a smaller triangle with vertices at P, Q and R. Point P is the
mid-point of NQ and point R is the mid-point of MQ.
𝑄̂ = 22° and 𝑄𝑅̂ 𝑃 = 98°.

a) Determine the value of 𝑀 ̂.

b) The two triangles in this question are similar
triangles. Complete the statement correctly by giving
the three vertices in the correct order.
∆ QMN ⎢⎢⎢∆______

5. Consider the triangle in the diagram below. There is a line segment crossing through a
large triangle. Notice that some segments in the figure are marked as equal to each
other. One side of the triangle has a given length of 10. Some information is also given
about the lengths of other segments along the edges of the triangle. Calculate x.

6. In the diagram, HG ⎢⎢JL, and GH = 10, JL = 5, HJ = 9, KL = 8 and 𝐺̂ = 84°. The diagram is

drawn to scale. Calculate the length of JK.

7. The figure below shows ∆GHK with the

smaller ∆ JKL inside of it.
GH = 12; LJ = 7; HJ = 8; LG = 11 and
̂ = 33°. The figure is drawn to scale.
𝐾
Can we determine the length of KL?
Explain.
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8. In the diagram, P is the mid-point of

NQ and R is the mid-point of MQ. One
side of the triangle has a given length
𝑧
of − 2.
2
a) Determine the value of PR in
terms of z.
b) If PR = 2, calculate z.

9. The figure shows ∆MNQ crossed by RP. Points

P and R bisect their respective sides of the
triangle.
𝑀̂ = 8𝑏 and 𝑁𝑃̂𝑅 = 119°.
a) Determine the value of 𝑄̂ in terms of
b.
b) ̂ is 76°, calculate the value of 𝑏.
If 𝑀

10. The diagram shows triangle MNQ.

P and R bisect NQ and MQ
respectively. The angles 𝑄̂ = 15𝑑
and 𝑅𝑃̂ 𝑄 = 9𝑑 are given.
a) Determine the value of 𝑀 ̂ in
terms of d.
b) If 𝑅𝑃̂𝑄 = 60°, calculate the value of 𝑄̂ .

11. Calculate a and b:

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12. In the diagram, D, E and G are the mid-points

of AC, AB and BC respectively.
EC ⎢⎢ FG.

a) Prove that FECG is a parallelogram.

b) Prove that FE = ED.

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Checkpoint
Questions taken from Gauteng DOE Grade 10 Mathematics Paper 2, November 2016.

1. Complete the following statement:

If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal, then the quadrilateral …..

2. Use the sketch below to prove that the opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal.

3. ̂ 𝑀 and OM bisects N𝑀
In the sketch below, KPMN is a parallelogram. ON bisects 𝐾𝑁 ̂ 𝑃.

Prove that O is the midpoint of KP.

4. a) Complete the following statement:

The line through the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to and …. the
third side.
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b) In ∆PQR, A and B are the midpoints of PQ and PR respectively. AR and BQ

intersect at W. D and E are points on WQ and WR respectively such that
WD = DQ and WE = ER.

Prove that ADEB is a parallelogram.