Solutions to Data Collection – Test A Fundamentals Challenge Expert

1. A population is the entire set of items which are of interest. A1 [1 Mark]

2. Carrying out non-random sampling from the population which is separated into groups according to some characteristics. A1
Sample sizes within the quota should be in proportion to sizes of the quota in the population. A1 [2 Marks]

3. a) Take an (alphabetical) list of all staff as a sampling frame. A1

Assign numbers from 1 to 200 to the staff. A1
Use a random number generator (calculator or table of random numbers) or a lottery method to select 40 different
numbers from the numbers from 1 to 200. A1
Use the staff who are assigned these numbers for the sample. A1
b) Advantages (two required): Easy to carry out
OR inexpensive to carry out
OR no bias
OR each person has an equal chance of selection A2
Disadvantage: List of all staff required
OR potentially time-consuming A1 [7 Marks]

4. a) There are 30 days in September so use every 30 10  3 days. A1

Using a random number generator (calculator or table of random numbers) or a lottery method, randomly select one
of the first three days in September. A1
Take the selected day for the sample and every third day after it. A1
b) The daily maximum gust may not be available for every day in September 1987 in Camborne. A1 [4 Marks]

5. a) Advantage: Accurate A1
Disadvantage: Time-consuming to carry out
OR difficult to carry out
OR expensive to carry out A1
b) Advantage: Quick to carry out
OR easy to carry out
OR inexpensive to carry out
OR easy to process the data A1
Disadvantage: Less accurate
OR potential bias
OR unrepresentative sample A1 [4 Marks]

6. Data associated with non-numerical observations A1 [1 Mark]

7. A variable that can only take specific values in a given range A1 [1 Mark]

TOTAL 20 MARKS

Solutions to Test 1.2a – Data Collection – version 1.2 Page 1 of 1 © ZigZag Education, 2018
Solutions to Measures of Location and Spread – Test A Fundamentals Challenge Expert

Technique: Put the numbers in

35  38  29  37  44  34  19  41  38 order. The middle number will be
1. a) Mean = M1 the median. The mode is the
9 number which appears the most
315 times. The range is the difference
  35 A1 between the largest and smallest
9 numbers.
Median = 37 A1 Alternative Technique: You could
Mode = 38 A1 also calculate the new mean and
Range = 44  19  25 A1 compare its value to the original
mean.
b) Mean increases since 36 is greater than the original mean of 35. A1
Median decreases since the new median now occurs between the 5th and 6th values, at 36.5. A1
Mode stays the same since there are still two 38s and only one of every other number. A1
Range stays the same since 36 is between the largest and smallest numbers on the list. A1 [9 Marks]

2. a) There are 14 + 16 + 10 + 6 + 3 + 1 = 50 data points in the frequency table. M1

The 10th percentile is the 50  10  5th smallest value and the 90th percentile is the 9   50  10   45th smallest value. M1
The 5th smallest value is 0 so the 10th percentile is 0. A1
The 45th smallest value is 3 so the 90th percentile is 3. A1
b) Interpercentile range  3  0  3 A1
c)  fx  14  0  16 1  10  2  6  3  3  4  1 5  16  20  18  12  5  71 M1
 fx
2
 14  02  16 12  10  22  6  32  3  42  1 52  16  40  54  48  25  183 M1

 fx   fx 
2 2
Technique: n =∑f which is the

 n 
Standard Deviation = total number of houses.
n  
2
183  71 
     3.66  1.422  1.28202...  1.28 (3 s.f.) M1A1
50  50 
d) Mean number of pets per house in Long Road is 71  50  1.42 M1
This is less than 1.5 so, on average, there are more pets per house in Short Road than in Long Road. A1
The standard deviation of pets per house is smaller in Short Road than in Long Road and so the number of pets per
house is less varied in Short Road than in Long Road. A1 [12 Marks]

3. a) Mean =
 x  4974  165.8  166 grams (3 s.f.) M1A1
n 30

x x
2 2


 n 
Standard Deviation =
n  
832422
  165.82  257.76  16.0549...  16.1 grams (3 s.f.) M1A1
30
b) Now, n  32,  x  4974  166  171  5311 M1 Technique: Use the exact value of
 x  832422  166  171  889219
2 2 2
M1 the mean, 5311/32, rather than a
rounded version, to get an
So mean  5311  32  165.968...  166 grams (3 s.f.) A1 accurate value for the standard
2
deviation.
889219  5311 
Standard Deviation     15.5713...  15.6 grams (3 s.f.) M1A1 [9 Marks]
32  32 

4. Mean = coded mean 10  11.0 10  1.10 mm (3 s.f.) A1

Standard Deviation = coded standard deviation 10  18.2 10  1.82 mm (3 s.f.) A1 [2 Marks]

5. Median is 8 so third smallest number is 8. M1

Mode is 10 so the two largest numbers are 10s. M1
Mean is 8.2 so total is 8.2  5  41 so the two smallest numbers add up to 41  8 10 10  13
Two smallest numbers must both be smaller than 8 (and different from each other) and so they are 6 and 7. A1 [3 Marks]

TOTAL 35 MARKS

Solutions to Test 2.2a – Measures of Location and Spread – ver 1.2 Page 1 of 1 © ZigZag Education, 2018
Solutions to Representations of Data and Correlation – Test A Fundamentals Challenge Expert

1. a) Median = 53 A1
b) Lower quartile = 48, Upper quartile = 58 M1
Interquartile range = 58 – 48 = 10 A1
c) Maximum = 76, minimum = 35 M1
Range = 76 – 35 = 41 A1 [5 Marks]

2. Interquartile range = 61 – 48 = 13 g M1
1.25 × Interquartile range = 1.25 × 13 = 16.25 g
Outliers are either: greater than 61 + 16.25 = 77.25 g
OR less than 48 – 16.25 = 31.75 g M1
So the only outlier is 30 g A1 Tip: Wind speed is the [3 Marks]
independent variable, so it goes
3. a) Wind speed on the horizontal axis, max gust on the vertical axis M1 on the horizontal axis.
At least 5 points plotted correctly M1
Completely correct graph with data points marked with crosses and axes labelled (see below) A1
40

35

30
Max gust, G (kn)

25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Wind speed, s (kn)

b) There is strong, positive correlation. A1

c) Line with gradient 1.9 A1
Line that intercepts the vertical axis at 7 (see below)
(also accept a correct intercept for a line that extends for at least 5 ≤ s ≤ 16) A1
40

35

30
Max gust, G (kn)

25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
Wind speed, s (kn)

d) If the wind speed is 10 knots faster on a certain day then the max gust will be approximately 19 knots faster (or any
other appropriate ratio of maximum gust to wind speed). A1 [7 Marks]

Solutions to Test 3.2a – Representations of Data and Correlation – ver 1.2 Page 1 of 2 © ZigZag Education, 2018
 Technique: Frequency is
4. a) Area of first bar is 2 × 2 = 4, so frequency of class is equal to area of bar M1 proportional to
Frequency density × Class width
5 × (3 – 2) = 5 insects between 2 cm and 3 cm A1
b) Number of insects between 5 cm and 8 cm is approximately the area under the graph between 5 and 8 M1
Area = 7 × (6 – 5) + 3 × (7 – 6) + 1 × (8 – 7) = 7 + 3 + 1 = 11 insects A1
c) The actual lengths of the insects in the interval 7 cm – 9 cm are unknown so it has been assumed that the insects’
lengths are evenly distributed in this interval A1 [5 Marks]

TOTAL 20 MARKS

Solutions to Test 3.2a – Representations of Data and Correlation – ver 1.2 Page 2 of 2 © ZigZag Education, 2018
Solutions to Probability – Test A Fundamentals Challenge Expert

1. For mutually exclusive events X and Y, P(X or Y) = P(X) + P(Y)

number of wins
Probability of winning is P(W ) 
number of matches
10 10 1
    0.5
10  8  2 20 2
number of losses
Probability of losing is P( L) 
number of matches
8 8
   0.4 M1
10  8  2 20
 P(W )  P(L)  0.5  0.4  0.9 M1
Given in the question that P(W or L)  0.9
 P(W or L)  P(W )  P(L) , so the events are mutually exclusive A1 [3 Marks]

1
2. Each piece of toast can either land butter-side up or butter-side down, each with probability
2
5
1 1
Probability of all five pieces landing butter-side up is P(all butter-side up)    
2 32
5
1 1
Probability of all five pieces landing butter-side down is P(all butter-side down)     M1
2 32
Probability of all pieces landing the same way up is P(all same)  P(all butter-side up)  P(all butter-side down)
1 1 1
   (or 0.0625) A1 [2 Marks]
32 32 16

3. a) x  P(W )  0.35  0.5  0.35  0.15

y  P(B)  x  0.3  0.15  0.15 M1

W B

0.35 0.15 0.15

A1
0.35

b) For independent events X and Y, P( X and Y )  P( X )  P(Y )

In this case, P(W )  P( B)  0.5  0.3  0.15 M1
From the Venn diagram, we can see that P(W and B)  0.15
P(W and B)  P(W )  P( B), so W and B are independent A1 [4 Marks]

Solutions to Test 4.2a – Probability – version 1.2 Page 1 of 3 © ZigZag Education, 2018
 number of that item
Probability of picking a particular item 
4. a) total number of items
Total number of items when first item is picked is 2 + 3 = 5
Zlatan does not replace the first item, so the total number of items when the second item is picked is 5 – 1 = 4
If he picks a pen first, the total number of pens is reduced to 2 – 1 = 1 when the second item is picked
If he picks a ruler first, the total number of rulers is reduced to 3 – 1 = 2 when the second item is picked M1

Tip: Leaving fractions unsimplified

P makes it easier to see how many
of each item are left when Zlatan
picks the second item.
P

R Technique: Check that the

probabilities on each pair of
branches sum to 1, i.e.

R A1

b) P(two of the same item)  P(P, P)  P(R, R) M1

2 1 3 2
     
5 4 5 4
2 6 8 2
     0.4 A1 [4 Marks]
20 20 20 5

5. Frequency  Frequency density  Class width

Number of badgers greater than 15 kg = 5 × (20 − 15) = 5 × 5 = 25 M1
number of badgers greater than 15 kg
P(m  15) 
total number of badgers
25 1
  (or 0.125) A1 [2 Marks]
200 8 Alternative Technique: Draw a
sample space diagram to visualise all
6. There are five ways that the numbers on two dice can add up to 6: outcomes.
1st dice 2nd dice 2nd dice
1 5 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 1
1 ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘
2 ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘
1st dice

2 4
M1 3 ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘
4 2
3 3 4 ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘
5 ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘
Number of possible outcomes on one dice is 6, so total number of possible 6 ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘
outcomes on 2 dice is 6 × 6 = 36
total number of ways dice can add to 6 Tip: It is better to state a
P(dice add to 6)  M1 probability as a fraction if the
total number of possible outcomes
decimal equivalent is not exact.
5
 (or 0.138888...  0.139 (3 s.f.)) A1 [3 Marks]
36

Solutions to Test 4.2a – Probability – version 1.2 Page 2 of 3 © ZigZag Education, 2018
 (number in range 17  l  18)  (number in range 18  l  19)
7. a) P(l  19)  M1
total number of bananas
12  18 30 3
 P(l  19)     0.3 A1
100 100 10

(number in range 18  l  19)  (number in range 19  l  20)

b) P(18  l  20)  M1
total number of bananas
18  33 51
 P(18  l  20)    0.51 A1
100 100
(number in range 20.5  l  21)  (number in range 21  l  22)
c) P(l  20.5)  M1
total number of bananas
20.5 cm lies halfway through the 20  l  21 class, so need to use interpolation to estimate how many bananas lie in
the range 20.5  l  21
1
There are 24 bananas in the range 20  l  21 , so we estimate that there are  24  12 bananas in
2
the range 20.5  l  21 M1
There are 13 bananas in the range 21  l  22
12  13
So P(l  20.5) 
100
25 1
   0.25 A1 [7 Marks]
100 4

8. a) Number that sell cows only = number that sell cows – cows and sheep – cows and pigs – all three
= 30 – 8 – 10 – 3 = 9
Number that sell pigs only = number that sell pigs – cows and pigs – sheep and pigs – all three
= 26 – 10 – 6 – 3 = 7
Number that sell sheep only = number that sell sheep – cows and sheep – sheep and pigs – all three
= 28 – 8 – 6 – 3 = 11 M1

8 10
3
11 6 7
A1
S P

number that sell cows only

b) P(cows only)  M1
total number of farmers
9 1
 P(cows only)   (or 0.166666...  0.167 (3 s.f.)) A1
54 6
c) P(only one type of animal)  P(cows only)  P(pigs only)  P(sheep only) M1
9 7 11
  
54 54 54
27 1
  (or 0.5) A1 [6 Marks]
54 2
TOTAL 31 MARKS

Solutions to Test 4.2a – Probability – version 1.2 Page 3 of 3 © ZigZag Education, 2018
Solutions to Statistical Distributions – Test A Fundamentals Challenge Expert

Technique: The probability

2 1 1 distribution represents all outcomes
1.    y  y  1 M1 in the sample space, so the
10 10 10
probabilities must add up to 1.
4
 2y 1
10
4 6
2 y  1 
10 10
3
y or 0.3 A1 [2 Marks]
10

2. Dice must be fair, i.e. the probability of each result must be the same B1 [1 Mark]

1
3. a) P( X  x)  B1
8
x  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 B1
b) x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P( X  x)
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 B1 [3 Marks]

5 1
4. a) P( X  6)   or 0.5 B1 Technique: Count the number of
10 2
values that satisfy the inequality.
4 2
b) P(3  X  6)   or 0.4 B1 [2 Marks]
10 5

5. a) Method 1: using binomial probability function on calculator

x = 7, n = 25, p = 0.17 M1
P( X  7)  0.0689322...  0.0689 (3 s.f.) A1
n
Method 2: using binomial probability formula P( X  r )    p r 1  p 
nr

r
r = 7, n = 25, p = 0.17
 25 
P( X  7)     0.17 7 1  0.17 
25  7
M1
7
 0.0689322...  0.0689 (3 s.f.) A1
b) x = 6, n = 25, p = 0.17 M1
P( X  6)  0.881523...  0.882 (3 s.f.) [using binomial cumulative probability function on calculator] A1
c) P( X  5)  1  P( X  5) M1
x = 5, n = 25, p = 0.17
P( X  5)  0.757530... [using binomial cumulative probability function on calculator] M1
 P( X  5)  1  0.757530...  0.242469...  0.242 (3 s.f.) A1 Alternative Technique: You could
also use the formula
d) n = 25, p = 0.17

x P(X ≤ x)
3 but it is far easier to use the
0 9.48314...  10 cumulative probability function on
1 0.0580414… your calculator. It’s important that
you get to know your calculator –
2 0.177389… it will save you a lot of time!
3 0.364799… M1 Technique: Use the ‘list’ option on
your calculator to calculate the
0.177389… < 0.3 < 0.364799… cumulative probabilities of several
outcomes in a table.
 k  2 A1 [9 Marks]

Solutions to Test 5.2a – Statistical Distributions – version 1.2 Page 1 of 2 © ZigZag Education, 2018
6. a) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 B1 Alternative Technique: Use the
‘list’ option on the binomial
n
Using binomial probability formula P( R  r )    p r 1  p 
nr
b) probability function on your
r calculator to calculate all these
probabilities at once in table form:
number of red sweets 5 5 x P(X = x)
n = 4, p     0.625 M1
total number of sweets 5  3 8 0 0.0197753…
 4
P( R  0)     0.6250  1  0.625   0.0197753...  0.0198 (3 s.f.)
40 1 0.131835…
0 2 0.329589…
 4
P( R  1)     0.6251  1  0.625   0.131835...  0.132 (3 s.f.)
4 1
3 0.366210…
1 4 0.152587…
 4
P( R  2)     0.6252  1  0.625   0.329589...  0.330 (3 s.f.)
42

 2
 4
P( R  3)     0.6253  1  0.625   0.366210...  0.366 (3 s.f.)
4 3

 3
 4
P( R  4)     0.6254  1  0.625   0.152587...  0.153 (3 s.f.) M1
44

 4
r 0 1 2 3 4
Technique: Check that the
P( R  r ) 0.0198 0.132 0.330 0.366 0.153 A1 probabilities sum to 1, since the [4 Marks]
table shows all the possible
outcomes (although in this case
there is a small rounding error).
7. a) a  2a  3a  4a  5a  1 M1
1
15a  1  a  A1
15 Technique: The probability
b) P( X  3)  P( X  4)  P( X  5) M1 distribution represents all outcomes
in the sample space, so the
4 5 9 3 probabilities must add up to 1.
 4a  5a     (or 0.6) A1 [4 Marks]
15 15 15 5

8. a) Binomial distribution B1
The probability of each bike in the sample being faulty can reasonably be assumed to be independent

There is a fixed probability of a bicycle being faulty  

1
or 0.01 
 100 
There are a fixed number of bicycles being tested (50)
There are only two possible outcomes (faulty / not faulty) B1B1 (for at least two of these)
b) Model number of faulty bicycles as X ~ B(50, 0.01) M1
P( X  3)  1  P( X  2) M1
x = 2, n = 50, p = 0.01
P( X  2)  0.986182... [using binomial cumulative probability function on calculator]
 P( X  3)  1  0.986182...  0.0138172...  0.0138 (3 s.f.) A1
c) P(1  X  5)  P ( X  4)  P( X  1) M1
x = 4, n = 50, p = 0.01
P( X  4)  0.999854... [using binomial cumulative probability function on calculator]
x = 1, n = 50, p = 0.01
P( X  1)  0.910564... [using binomial cumulative probability function on calculator] M1
 P(1  X  5)  0.999854...  0.910564...  0.0892896...  0.0893 (3 s.f.) A1 [9 Marks]

TOTAL 34 MARKS

Solutions to Test 5.2a – Statistical Distributions – version 1.2 Page 2 of 2 © ZigZag Education, 2018
Solutions to Hypothesis Testing – Test A Fundamentals Challenge Expert

1. a) One-tailed
b) One-tailed
c) Two-tailed A3 (3 marks if all correct; 0 otherwise) [3 Marks]
2. The actual significance level of a hypothesis test is the probability… A1
… of incorrectly rejecting H0 A1
[OR the probability… (A1)
… that the test statistic falls within the critical region when H0 is true (A1)] [2 Marks]
3. Assume H0 is true, then X ~ B(30, 0.4) A1
P  X  16   1  P  X  15   1  0.9029  0.0971 M1 Technique: Use tables or your
calculator to find the value of x for
P  X  17   1  P  X  16   1  0.9519  0.0481 M1 which P(X ≥ x) < 0.05.
As 0.0481 < 0.05, the critical region is 17 ≤ X ≤ 30 A1 [4 Marks]
4. Method 1: Technique: Assume the null
Assume H0 is true, then X ~ B(40, 0.4) M1 hypothesis is true, and calculate
P  X  11  0.0709 A1 the probability of 11 or less being
observed.
The test is two-tailed; therefore, we test at significance level 0.05
0.0709 > 0.05 M1 Technique: Compare the
There is insufficient evidence to reject H0. A1 probability to the significance
level of your test.
Method 2: We use 0.05 because the test is
Let c1 and c2 be the two critical values. two-tailed with 10% significance
P  X  c1   0.05 and P  X  c2   0.05 (M1) level.
For the lower tail: Technique: Work out the critical
P  X  10   0.0352  0.05 region and see if 11 lies within it.

P  X  11  0.0709  0.05 Technique: Use tables or your

calculator to find the values of x
So c1 = 10 (A1) and y for which P(X ≤ x) < 0.05
For the upper tail: and P(X ≥ y) < 0.05.
P  X  21  1  P  X  20   1  0.9256  0.0744  0.05
P  X  22   1  P  X  21  1  0.9608  0.0392  0.05
So c2 = 22 (A1)
The critical regions are 0 ≤ X ≤ 10 and 22 ≤ X ≤ 40.
The observed value of 11 does not lie in a critical region so H0 is not rejected. (A1) [4 Marks]
5. a) The test statistic is the number of drivers who drive a blue car. A1
b) H0: p = 0.3 A1
H1: p < 0.3 A1
c) The null hypothesis will be rejected if, assuming that p = 0.3, the probability of 10 or fewer people saying they drive
a blue car is less than 5%. A1 [4 Marks]
6. a) Let X be the number of customers who choose sourdough.
Let p be the probability a customer chooses sourdough.
X ~ B(30, p) A1
H0 : p = 0.2, H1 : p ≠ 0.2 A1
b) Assume H0 is true, then X ~ B(30, 0.2) M1
Let c1 and c2 be the two critical values.
Hint: We use 0.025 because the
P  X  c1   0.025 and P  X  c2   0.025 M1 test is two-tailed at the 5%
For the lower tail: significance level.
P  X  1  0.0105  0.025
P  X  2   0.0442  0.025 Technique: Use tables or your
So c1 = 1 A1 calculator to find the values of x
For the upper tail: and y for which P(X ≤ x) < 0.025
and P(X ≥ y) < 0.025.
P  X  11  1  P  X  10   1  0.9744  0.0256  0.025
P  X  12   1  P  X  11  1  0.9905  0.0095  0.025
So c2 = 12 A1
So the critical regions for the test are 0 ≤ X ≤ 1 and 12 ≤ X ≤ 30. A1
c) P  incorrectly reject null hypothesis   P  X  1  P  X  12   0.0105  0.0095  0.02  2% M1A1 [9 Marks]

Solutions to Test 6.2a – Hypothesis Testing – version 1.2 Page 1 of 2 © ZigZag Education, 2018
7. X ~ B(12, p) where p is the probability of rolling a 1 A1
H 0 : p  16 and H1 : p  16 A1
If H0 is true, P  X  1  P  X  0   P  X  1 M1
12 11
5 5 1
    12    
 
6 6 6
 0.112156...  0.2691759...
 0.381 (3 s.f.) M1 A1
0.381 > 0.1 so there is insufficient evidence to reject H0 at a 10% level of significance A1
1
There is no evidence that the probability of rolling a 1 is less than 6 A1 [7 Marks]

8. Test statistic: X, the number of daffodils taller than 35 cm A1

H0 : p = 0.45, H1 : p ≠ 0.45 A1
X ~ B(20, 0.45) A1
P  X  14   1  P  X  13  1  0.9786  0.0214  2.14% M1
The test is two-tailed; therefore, we test at significance level 2.5%
2.14% < 2.5% so there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis A1
The probability of a daffodil being taller than 35 cm has increased A1 [6 Marks]

TOTAL 39 MARKS

Solutions to Test 6.2a – Hypothesis Testing – version 1.2 Page 2 of 2 © ZigZag Education, 2018
Solutions to Constant Acceleration – Test A Fundamentals Challenge Expert

1. a) 12 m A1
Displacement from starting position 8 m
b) Average velocity = = = 2 m s1 A1 [2 Marks]
Time taken 4s

2. a) 0 m A1 Hint: After 4 seconds, the car has

travelled 8 m. It then travels in the
b) 8 + 8 = 16 m A1 opposite direction for another 8 m.
Displacement from starting position 0 m
c) Average velocity = = = 0 m s1 A1
Time taken 8s
Total distance travelled 16 m
d) Average speed = = = 2 m s1 A1 [4 Marks]
Time taken 8s

3. a) Straight line connecting points (0, 0) and (8, 3) A1

Horizontal line connecting points (8, 3) and (20, 3) A1
Straight line connecting points (20, 3) and (30, 0) A1
Correctly labelled axes A1
Velocity (m s1)

Technique: Identify the different

3 stages of motion given in the
question, and draw one straight
line for each stage.

0 Technique: Distance travelled is

0 8 20 30
Time (s) represented by the area under
the graph, so work out and sum
1 1 the areas for each stage of
b) ×8× 3 + (20  8)× 3 + × (30  20)× 3 M1 motion to find the total.
2 2
= 12 + 36 + 15 = 63 m A1 [6 Marks]

4. u = 0 m s1, a = 4 m s2, s = 800 m, v = ?

v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 = 02 + 2 × 4 × 800 = 6400 M1
v = 6400 M1
= 80 m s 1 A1 [3 Marks]

5. s = 80 m, u = 0 m s1, a = 9.8 m s2, t = ?

1
s  ut  at 2
2
1
80 = 0× t + × 9.8× t 2 M1
2
80
80  4.9t  t 2 
2
M1
4 .9
t = ± 4.04061… s, but since time can only be positive in this model, t = 4.04 s (3 s.f.) A1 [3 Marks]
Technique: Distance travelled is
Change in velocity 20 m s 1 represented by the area under
6. a) Acceleration = = the graph, so work out and sum
Time 2s the areas for each stage of
= 10 m s2 (or deceleration = 10 m s2) A1 motion to find the total.
1  20+30  1
b) ×8×30 +   ×(18  8) + ×(20  18)× 20 M1
2  2  2
= 120 + 250 + 20 = 390 m A1 [3 Marks]
Alternative Technique: You could
also split the second stage into a
rectangle and a triangle to
calculate the area.

Solutions to Test 7.2a – Constant Acceleration – version 1.2 Page 1 of 2 © ZigZag Education, 2018
7. a) v = 20 m s1, a = 4 m s2, t = 3 s, u = ?
v = u + at Alternative Method: You could
20 = u + 4 × 3 M1 also use the formula
u = 20  12 = 8 m s1 A1 or
1
b) s  vt  at 2
2 and the value of u from part a) to
1 find the distance travelled, s.
s = 20× 3  × 4× 32 M1
2
s = 60  18 = 42 m A1 [4 Marks]

8. a) v = 0 m s1, u = 10 m s1, a = 9.8 m s2, t = ?

Technique: The time it takes to
v = u + at
reach the greatest height can be
0 = 10 + (9.8) × t M1 found by setting v = 0 m s1 since
10 the marble is instantaneously at
9.8t  10  t   1.02040... = 1.02 s (3 s.f.) A1 rest before it starts to fall back
9.8
down.
b) u = 10 m s1, a = 9.8 m s2, s = 2 m, v = ?
v2 = u2 + 2as
Technique: Use s = 2 because
v2 = 102 + 2 × (9.8) × (2) = 100 + 39.2 M1 the ground is 2 m below the point
v =  139.2 = 11.7983... m s1 = 11.8 m s1 (3 s.f.) M1 of projection.

Since the marble is moving downwards when it hits the ground, v = 11.8 m s1 (3 s.f.)
So the speed of the marble is 11.8 m s1 (3 s.f.) A1 [5 Marks]

9. a) v = 0 m s1, u = 12 m s1, a = 1.5 m s2, s = ? Tip: If a deceleration is given in

v2 = u2 + 2as the question, then acceleration will
be negative.
02 = 122 + 2 × (1.5) × s = 144  3s M1
144 Alternative Method: This is the
3s  144  s   48 m A1 easiest formula to use but you
3 could instead use the value of s
b) v = u + at from part a) in an alternative
0 = 12 + (1.5) × t = 12  1.5t M1 formula to find t.
1.5t = 12  t = 8 s A1 [4 Marks]

vu
10. Rearrange v = u + at to get t  M1
a

Substitute the rearranged equation into s  

uv
t :
 2 
 u  v  v  u  v  u
2 2
s   
 2  a  2a
2as  v  u  v2 = u2 + 2as A1
2 2
[2 Marks]

TOTAL 36 MARKS

Solutions to Test 7.2a – Constant Acceleration – version 1.2 Page 2 of 2 © ZigZag Education, 2018
Solutions to Modelling in Mechanics & Forces and Motion – Test A Fundamentals Challenge Expert

1. Horizontal forces are balanced so no resultant force horizontally

Resolving vertically (↓)
32 – F = 10 M1
 F = 32 – 10 = 22 N A1 [2 Marks]

 3   4   1 
2. Resultant force          N M1
 7   1  6 
 magnitude of resultant force is
1
   1  6  1  36  37  6.08276...  6.08 N (3 s.f.) A1
2 2
[2 Marks]
 
6

3. By Newton’s first law, an object in equilibrium has no resultant force

(ai + bj) + (5ai – 9bj) + (6i − 16j) = 0 Technique: If there is no resultant
 (6a + 6)i + (−8b − 16)j = 0 M1 force, both the i and j components
of the force are equal to zero.
 6a + 6 = 0  6a = −6  a = −1 A1
 −8b – 16 = 0  −16 = 8b  b = −2 A1 [3 Marks]
Technique: Use Newton’s second
4. a) F = ma law with the magnitude of the
Magnitude of force F is force.

 6i  8 j   6 2  (8) 2  36  64  10 N M1
F = 10, a = 4
10
10  m  4  m   2.5 kg A1
4
b)
N

x Technique: Use trigonometry for a

right-angled triangle. Remember
8 that bearings are measured
clockwise from north.
F
6
6 3 3
tan x    x  arctan  36.8698...  36.9 (3 s.f.) M1
8 4 4
Bearings are measured clockwise from north, so
bearing of F = 180 − 36.8698... = 143.130... = 143° (3 s.f.) A1 [4 Marks]

5. a)
Tip: Draw a diagram of the
a m s−2 particles and label it with all the
R1 R2 forces before starting any
calculations.
T T
P Q 35 N

4N 6N
2g 3g Technique: Resolve the forces for
the whole system, then use
F = ma (→) Newton’s second law for the whole
F = 35 – 6 – 4 = 25 system with right positive.
m = 2 + 3 = 5 M1
25
25  5a  a   5 A1
5

Solutions to Test 8.2a – Modelling in Mechanics & Forces and Motion – ver 1.2 Page 1 of 3 © ZigZag Education, 2018
 Technique: Resolve the forces
b) F = ma for P (→) acting on particle P, then use
F = T – 4, a = 5, m = 2 M1 Newton’s second law for P only
T – 4 = 2  5 M1 with right positive.
T – 4 = 10 Alternatively: You could resolve
 T = 14 N A1 forces for Q instead.
c) The tension in the string is the same at P as at Q A1
The string does not have any mass A1 [7 Marks]

6.
R R Technique: The only forces acting
on the beam are its weight and
the normal reaction forces from
each leg. The weight acts in the
centre of the beam and the normal
reactions are the same since the
beam is uniform.
W (or mg) A1A1 [2 Marks]

7. Particle is moving at a constant speed so resultant force is equal to zero M1

Resolving horizontally (→): 2F + 2G – 22 = 0  F + G = 11 (1)
Resolving vertically (↑): 3F – G – 13 = 0  3F – G = 13 (2) M1 Technique: By Newton’s first law,
(1) + (2): F + G + 3F – G = 11 + 13 if the object is moving at a
constant speed then the resultant
 4F = 24  F = 6 N A1 force is equal to zero.
Substitute F = 6 into (1):
6 + G = 11  G = 11 – 6 = 5 N A1 [4 Marks]

8. a) Alternative Method: You could

N also substitute F = 6 into (2) to
find G.

135°
Technique: Draw a diagram of
45° the force, then use trigonometry
x for a right-angled triangle to find
the value of x.
F
Tip: Remember bearings are
8 always measured clockwise from
8 north.
tan 45  M1
x
8 8
x    8 A1
tan 45 1
But F acts on a bearing of 135°, so x must be negative
 x = −8 A1
b) F = (8i – 8j) N
F   8i  8 j  82  82  8 2  11.3 N (3 s.f.) A1
Technique: Use Newton’s second
c) F = ma law with the magnitude of the
force.
F  8 2, m  4
8 2
8 2  4a  a   2 2  2.82842...  2.83 ms 2 (3 s.f.) A1
4
d) v = u + at Technique: Use formulae for
u = 0, t = 5, a  2 2 constant acceleration as a is
constant.
v  0  2 2  5 M1
 v  10 2  14.1421...  14.1 ms 1 (3 s.f.) A1 [7 Marks]

Solutions to Test 8.2a – Modelling in Mechanics & Forces and Motion – ver 1.2 Page 2 of 3 © ZigZag Education, 2018
9. a)
Tip: Draw a diagram of the
particles and label it with all the
forces before starting any
T T calculations.
T T

P Q
m s−2
m s−2
4g mg
Technique: Resolve the forces
F = ma for P (↑) acting on P, then use Newton’s
g second law for P only with
T  4 g  4   T  4 g  g M1 upwards positive.
4
 T  5 g N A1
Technique: Resolve the forces
b) F = ma for Q (↓) acting on Q, then use Newton’s
g mg second law on Q only with
mg  T  m   mg  5 g  M1 downwards positive.
4 4
m 3m
m  5    5 M1
4 4
5  4 20
m    6.66666...  6.67 kg (3 s.f.) A1
3 3
c) The force exerted on the pulley by the string is 2T N M1
force  2T  2  5g  10g N A1
d) s  ut  12 at 2
Technique: Use formulae for
g constant acceleration as a is
u  0, t  1.6, a  constant.
4
1 g
 s  0    1.62 M1
2 4
8g
s   3.136  3.14 m (3 s.f.) A1 [9 Marks]
25

TOTAL 40 MARKS

Solutions to Test 8.2a – Modelling in Mechanics & Forces and Motion – ver 1.2 Page 3 of 3 © ZigZag Education, 2018
Solutions to Variable Acceleration – Test A Fundamentals Challenge Expert

1. a) When t = 0, v  02  6  0  8  8 ms1 A1
b) Need to solve t 2  6t  8  0 in the range 0  t  10 M1
t 2  6t  8  0
 (t  2)(t  4)  0
So t = 2 or t = 4 M1
Both of these satisfy 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 so solutions are t = 2 seconds and t = 4 seconds A1
c) Need to solve t 2  6t  8  15 in the range 0  t  10 M1
t 2  6t  8  15
 t 2  6t  7  01
 (t  7)(t  1)  01
So t = 7 or t = –1 M1
Since 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 the solution is t = 7 seconds A1 [7 Marks]

2. Total distance travelled is the area under the velocity–time graph M1 Technique: If the velocity is given
The velocity is positive between t = 0 and t = 1 by v and this is never negative
1
then the total distance travelled

  4t  24t 2  20t  dt
3 b
So the area under the graph between t = 0 and t = 1 is
0
between times a and b is  v dt.
a
If
1 v is sometimes negative then you
  4t  24t 2  20t  dt  t 4  8t 3  10t 2 
3 1
M1 will need to add up these sections
0
0 separately.
 1  8  10    0  0  0  M1
3m
So the total distance travelled is 3 m A1 [4 Marks]

ds
3. Need to solve  0 to find stationary points M1 Technique: A function has a
dt stationary point when its derivative
ds is zero.
 20  10t M1
dt
This is zero when 20 – 10t = 0, so t = 2 M1
d2 s
To check this is a maximum, confirm 0 Technique: A stationary point is a
dt 2 maximum if the second derivative
d2 s is negative at that point.
 10  0 so this is a maximum M1
dt 2
When t = 2, s = 20 × 2 – 5 × 22 = 20 m A1 [5 Marks]

dv
4. a) a M1
dt
dv
 6t  3 A1
dt
3t 2
b) s   v dt    3t 2  3t  36 dt  t 3 
 36t  c M1
2
3  22
When t = 2, s = 84, so 84  23   36  2  c  74  c
2
So c = 84 – 74 = 10 M1
3t 2
So s  t 3   36t  10 A1 [5 Marks]
2

Solutions to Test 9.2a – Variable Acceleration – version 1.2 Page 1 of 2 © ZigZag Education, 2018
5. a) v   a dt    2t  7  dt  t 2  7t  c M1 Technique: Velocity is equal to the
integral of acceleration. You
When t = 0, v = 10, so 10 = 0 – 7 × 0 + c = c
2
should use this in question 6 as
So c = 10 M1 well.
So at time t, v  t 2  7t  10 A1
b) Need to solve t 2  7t  10  0 M1
t 2  7t  10  0
 (t  2)(t  5)  0
So t = 2 or t = 5 M1
Both of these satisfy t ≥ 0, so the solutions are t = 2 and t = 5 seconds A1 [6 Marks]

6. v   a dt  at  c M1 Tip: Don’t forget the constant of

integration!
When t = 0, v = u, so u  a  0  c  c
So c = u M1
So at time t, v = at + u A1 [3 Marks]

7. a) v   a dt   3.75t 1 2 dt
3.75t1 2
  c1  7.5t1 2  c1 M1
12
When t = 1, v = 7.5, so 7.5  7.5 11 2  c1  7.5  c1
So c1 = 0 M1
v  7.5t1 2 A1
b) s   v dt   7.5t1 2 dt
7.5t 3 2
  c2  5t 3 2  c2 M1
32
When t = 1, s = 5, so s  5 13 2  c2  5  c2
So c2 = 0 and s  5t 3 2 M1
Need to solve s = 4 × 1013
5t 3 2  4  1013
t 3 2  0.8  1013
t 3 2  8  1012 Technique: There are 60 seconds
t 8 23
 10 
12 2 3 in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour,
and 24 hours in a day, so there
t  4  10 s M1 8
are 60 × 60 × 24 = 86,400
To convert this to days, divide by 60 × 60 × 24 = 86400 seconds in a day.
4  108
So probe takes  4629.62...  4630 days (to nearest day) A1 [7 Marks]
86 400

dv
8. a) a M1
dt
 6t  14 A1
b) s   v dt    3t 2  14t  7  dt  t 3  7t 2  7t  c M1
When t = 0, s = 15, so 15  03  7  02  7  0  c  c
So c = 15
So s  t 3  7t 2  7t  15 M1
When t = 3, s = 33 – 7 × 32 + 7 × 3 + 15 = 0 m
Displacement is measured from hive so bee is at hive when t = 3 s A1
c) Need to solve t 3  7t 2  7t  15  0
t 3  7t 2  7t  15  (t  3)(t 2  4t  5)
 (t  3)(t  5)(t  1) M1
So s = 0 when t = –1, t = 3, t = 5
Need 0 ≤ t ≤ 8 and t ≠ 3, so solution is t = 5 s A1 [7 Marks]

TOTAL 44 MARKS

Solutions to Test 9.2a – Variable Acceleration – version 1.2 Page 2 of 2 © ZigZag Education, 2018