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INITIAL PHASE PROJECT WORK REPORT

COURSE:
“TRANSMISSION LINES & WAVE GUIDES”

SUBMITTED BY:
Salama Nauman 200701003
Ayesha Saddiqa 200701027
Hadia Faisal 200701037
M. Shehryar 200701030
M. Shayan 200701031
Ch M. Husnain 200701020

BATCH: AVI -06

DEPARTMENT OF AVIONICS ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO:
“Respected Sir Prof Dr M. Amin”

DATED: December 18,2022

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Institute of
Space Technology

Preliminary Project report

Project initial phase Description:
Designed a microstrip Dipole antenna on PCB at 1.2 GHz in CST and obtained simulation results
for input impedance, S-parameters, EM fields, far fields, bandwidth and antenna performance
parameters, the Gerber file of the design is submitted for fabrication.

Objectives:
• In the initial phase the simulated results for the input impedance are achieved along with other
performance parameters.
• After getting the fabricated design, we will measure the antenna input impedance.
• The VNA port extension will enable us to measure the input impedance at the antenna
terminals, along with the other parameters on hardware.
• Then we will carry out smith chart calculations and place the open circuit stubs to match the
impedance at desired frequency and fabricate the final design in the final phase.

Scope:
after accomplishing the project, we will be able to design the micro strip lines and match the
impedance in the RF networks wit the load impedances of antenna using impedance matching
techniques like single and double stub impedance matching and we will have insight of practical
PCB designing of efficient micro strip transmission lines and impedance matching with the load
such as micro strip antennas.

Timeframe:
Description of Work Submission Dates
Initial phase Simulation results and input impedance for
the microstrip transmission line and antenna December 19,2022
(1.2 GHz)
Final phase VNA port extension measurement of the
fabricated design and then fabricating final January 9, 2023
design with single stub impedance matching.
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PROJECT INITIAL PHASE WORK

SIMULATION OF MICROSTRIP DIPOLE ANNTENA IN CST:

The design consists of three components:
• Substrate
• Micro strip transmission line
• Dipole antenna terminals

• SUBSTRATE:

➢ The substrate material used is FR-4 with permittivity of 4.3 F/m

➢ The substrate thickness is kept 1.6mm as the purchased PCB has standard thickness of
1.4 mm with the double-sided copper layer of thickness of 0.035 mm.
➢ The dimensions of substrate are set so that it accommodates the whole design of micro
strip line and the antenna terminals on upper and rare surface.
➢ The dimensions along the respective axis are:
LENGTH (y) WIDTH (x) THICKNESS (z)
210 mm 130 mm 1.6 mm
T.L length (190 mm) + Dipole length (96 mm) + As per purchased Standard
fabrication edge gap (20 mm) fabrication edge gap (34 mm) PCB Thickness
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• Micro strip transmission line:

• The width of microstrip transmission line is kept in such a way that characteristic
impedance is 50 ohms approximately.
• The micro strip line is designed in such way that is should not radiate but only
transmit the power to the antenna and should have negligible magnitude of
reflection coefficient which is depicted by S11 parameter at 1.2 GHz.

To match the micro strip transmission line at 1.2 GHz the length is set 190 mm which 1.5 λ
(using effective permittivity εeff =3.6 F/m) at 1.2 GHz the reactive impedance of line is zero.

• The copper thickness on the purchased PCB is 0.035 mm so, the thickness is set
0.035mm.
• The micro strip transmission line is designed upper and rare surface of substrate
with equal dimensions.
• The dimensions for micro strip transmission line along respective axis:

LENGTH (y) WIDTH (x) THICKNESS (z)

190 mm 3.15 mm 0.035 mm
1.6 λ as line should not radiate Calculated to set the Standard copper thickness of
and only transmit power at characteristic impedance to 50 the purchased PCB.
matching frequency 1.2 GHz. ohms.
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S11 parameter:

The reflection coefficient of port 1 (input port) has magnitude of -34 dB’s which is 0.02 so the
line efficiently transmits the power to the antenna.

Characteristic Impedance Zo:

As Z= R+ j X from the results R ≈ 50 ± 2 Ω & X ≈ 0 at 1.2 GHz, so the characteristic impedance ZO

is, Zo = 50 ± 2 Ω at 1.2 GHz.

The CST simulation results for the impedance:

• Resistance (real part)

The real part R is approximately 50 ± 2 Ω at 1.2 GHz.

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• Reactance (imaginary part)

The imaginary part is approximately 0 at 1.2 GHz as line is perfectly matched at 1.2GHz.

• Dipole antenna terminals:

➢ The length of one terminal of dipole antenna is set quarter of the Wavelength at 1.2
GHz which is 33mm (λ/4 for εeff =3.6 for which velocity factor= 0.482 ) but in
the design it is set to be 48 mm, because approximately 50% of the wavelength is
radiated out of the antenna in the free space and velocity factor changes for that
part so, the actual match at 1.2GHz was obtained by hit and trail by setting the
length of one dipole terminal to 48 mm and similarly the length of the other dipole
terminal was set 48 mm oriented at 180 degrees angle to each other in opposite
directions, one terminal on the upper and the other terminal at the rare surface of
substrate attached to the microstrip transmission line making collective approximate
length of λ/2 ≈ 96mm.
➢ The width of microstrip dipole antenna terminal is kept in such a way that its
resistance (real part of load impedance) approximately 50 ohms, so in the design
width is set to 5mm for each terminal.
➢ The copper thickness on the purchased PCB is 0.035 mm so, the thickness is set
0.035mm.
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• The dimensions for micro strip dipole antenna along respective axis:

LENGTH (x) WIDTH (y) THICKNESS (z)

96 mm
48mm≈ λ/4 for each terminal
at matching frequency 1.2
GHz, at both upper and lower
surface of substrate.
5 mm
For each terminal Calculated to
set the resistance (real part of
load impedance)
approximately 50 ohms.
0.035 mm
Standard copper thickness of
the purchased PCB.

S11 parameter:

The reflection coefficient of port 1 (input port) dip has magnitude of -27 dB’s which is 0.05 so,
the micro strip dipole antenna is matched at 1.2 GHz.
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Antenna impedance ZL:

As ZL = RL+ j XL from the results of the impedance between antenna terminals RL ≈ 50 ± 5 Ω & XL
≈ 0 at 1.2 GHz, so the load impedance ZL is, ZL = 50 ± 5 Ω at 1.2 GHz micro strip dipole antenna is
matched at 1.2 GHz (resonance frequency)

The CST simulation results for the load impedance of antenna between the antenna
terminals:

• Resistance (real part) RL

• Reactance (imaginary part) XL

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Complete model:

• Front view:

• Back view:

Both terminals oriented at 180 degrees in opposite direction to each other.

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• Centered view:

• CST Model:
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SIMULATION ANALYSIS
• E-FIELD at 1.2 GHz:

• H-FIELD at 1.2 GHz:

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• POWER FLOW at 1.2 GHz:

• FAR-FIELD (Absolute 3D) at 1.2 GHz:

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FAR-FIELD (Absolute) results at 1.2 GHz:

Fixing one of the axis and the variation of far field magnitude along the other axis:

• At Phi=0o (magnitude variation along theta axis)

• At Phi=90o (magnitude variation along theta axis)

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• At theta=90o (magnitude variation along phi axis)

• PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF MICRO STRIP DIPOLE ANNTENA:

➢ total efficiency = power radiated/ input power ≈ 75% (-1.287 dB) with 25% loss

➢ Power Gain = output power/input power = 1.31 (1.182 dB)

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PROJECT HARDWARE:

Double sided PCB 1, Connectors for PCB and VNA

DESIGN IS BEING SUBMITTED FOR FABRICATION: