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Lecture 4 Mutations
Lecture 4 Mutations
1. Frameshift Mutation
Gene Mutations – changes in the gene level, more
o Insertion and deletion of nucleotide – tendency
encompassing (highly affects all genetic components including
to move the sequence to the left or right.
chromosomes)
o Its occurrence changes the “frame” to be
Chromosomal Mutations – changes in number and/or location translated – change how tRNA reads the mRNA.
of chromosomes o Change in genes – change in proteins
2. Point Mutation
o Change in one of the nucleotide bases –
Mutations and Evolution substitution (change in a single base)
o Example: Sickle Cell Anemia – change in one
- Speciation – formation of new species, due to base, changed the translated protein, resulting to
development of new organism where their genomes are mutant β-globin (sickle-shaped hemoglobin).
different.
o Types of Point Mutation: 2. Gain-of-Function – possible switch from non-coding to a
a. Missense – change of one base, changes the coding region. Introduction of new function and also
amino acid product. enhance an existing function.
b. Nonsense – change of one base, it encodes a 3. Suppressor Mutation – reverse mutation, lose of
stop codon, terminates translation (premature function (first mutation) then gain of function (second
gene – protein can be changed). mutation)
c. Silent – change of one base, but encoded to o Example: IRGM gene
same amino acid.
d. Neutral – nothing to do with amino acid
sequence. Changes in non-coding regions of the
gene (ex. introns)
e. Transition – change a purine with another purine
(A to G or G to A), also applies with pyrimidines
(T to C or C to T)
f. Transversion – changes from purine to
pyrimidines and vice versa (A to T / G to C)
Research Applications
Green tea extract inhibits biofilm formation in acyl homoserine
lactone-producing, antibiotic-resistant Morganella morganii
isolated from Pasig River, Philippines (Guzman, et.al)
- Looked for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms
- Made use of mutant strains – expressed the violet
pigments.
o It may be autoinducers are shared.
o Horizontal gene transfer.
Clinically relevant mutations in core metabolic genes confer
antibiotic resistance (Lopatkin, et.al)
- Interactions between two different genes. They can
affect one another despite having different functions and
away from each other.
- Mutation in metabolic genes develops resistance.
Improvement of Bacillus strains by mutation for overproduction
of exopolygalacturonases (Muzzamal & Latif, 2015)
- Mutation of genes (induced or targeted) changes
production of compounds.