17.

6
 Berapakah kelarutan perak klorida dalam g/L?

AgCl (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) Ksp = 1,6 x 10-10

Awal (M) 0,00 0,00 Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]
Perubahan (M) +s +s Ksp = s2
Akhir (M) s s s = Ksp
s = 1,3 x 10-5
[Ag+] = 1,3 x 10-5 M [Cl-] = 1,3 x 10-5 M

1,3 x 10-5 mol AgCl 143,35 g AgCl

kelarutan AgCl = x = 1,9 x 10-3 g/L
1 L larutan 1 mol AgCl

17.6
 What is the pH of a 0.122 M monoprotic acid whose
Ka is 5.7 x 10-4?
HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)
Initial (M) 0.122 0.00 0.00
Change (M) -x +x +x
Equilibrium (M) 0.122 - x x x
x2
Ka = = 5.7 x 10-4 Ka << 1 0.122 – x  0.122
0.122 - x
x2
Ka  = 5.7 x 10-4 x2 = 6.95 x 10-5 x = 0.0083 M
0.122

0.0083 M More than 5%

x 100% = 6.8%
0.122 M Approximation not ok.

15.5
 x2
Ka = = 5.7 x 10-4 x2 + 0.00057x – 6.95 x 10-5 = 0
0.122 - x
-b ± b2 – 4ac
ax2 + bx + c =0 x=
2a
x = 0.0081 x = - 0.0081

HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

Initial (M) 0.122 0.00 0.00
Change (M) -x +x +x
Equilibrium (M) 0.122 - x x x

[H+] = x = 0.0081 M pH = -log[H+] = 2.09

15.5
 Calculate the pH of the 0.30 M NH3/0.36 M NH4Cl buffer
system. What is the pH after the addition of 20.0 mL of
0.050 M NaOH to 80.0 mL of the buffer solution?

NH4+ (aq) H+ (aq) + NH3 (aq)

[NH3] [0.30]
pH = pKa + log pKa = 9.25 pH = 9.25 + log = 9.17
[NH4+] [0.36]

start (moles) 0.029 0.001 (0,05M*0,02) 0.024 (0,3 mol/L* 0,08L)

NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l) + NH3 (aq)
end (moles) 0.028 0.0 0.025

final volume = 80.0 mL + 20.0 mL = 100 mL=0,1L

0.028 0.025 [0.25]

[NH4+] = [NH3] = pH = 9.25 + log = 9.20
0.10 0.10 [0.28]
16.3
POTENTIAL
TABLE
 Will the following reaction occur spontaneously at 25 0C if
[Fe2+] = 0.60 M and [Cd2+] = 0.010 M?
Fe2+ (aq) + Cd (s) Fe (s) + Cd2+ (aq)

Oxidation: Cd Cd2+ + 2e-

n=2
Reduction: 2e- + Fe2+ 2Fe
2+/Fe – ECd2+/Cd
0
E0 = EFe 0

E0 = -0.44 – (-0.40) 0.0257 V ln [ion anod]

E= - E0
n [ion katod]
E0 = -0.04 V
0.0257 V 0.010
E = -0.04 V - ln
2 0.60
E = 0.013

E>0 Spontaneous
19.5
Penentuan Orde Reaksi dari Percobaan
Nilai orde reaksi hanya dapat ditentukan melalui percobaan.
Sebagai contoh, untuk reaksi hipotetik berikut:

Data percobaan ditunjukkan melalui Tabel berikut.

Data konsentrasi dan laju reaksi hipoterik untuk reaksi
A + B → produk
Cara penyelesaian dapat dilakukan sebagai berikut:
Konsentrasi Larutan

• Persentase massa:

• Part per million (ppm): gram terlarut dalam 106 gram larutan; 1 mg terlarut dalam 1 L
larutan

• Parts per billion (ppb): gram terlarut dalam 109 gram larutan; 1 g terlarut dalam 1 L
larutan
Konsentrasi Larutan

• Fraksi mol (X): rasio mol suatu komponen larutan terhadap mol
total semua komponen larutan

• Molaritas (M): rasio mol terlarut terhadap volume larutan (liter)

• Molalitas (m): rasio mol terlarut terhadap berat pelarut (kg)

 pH – A Measure of Acidity

pH = -log [H+]

Solution Is At 250C
neutral [H+] = [OH-] [H+] = 1 x 10-7 pH = 7
acidic [H+] > [OH-] [H+] > 1 x 10-7 pH < 7
basic [H+] < [OH-] [H+] < 1 x 10-7 pH > 7

pH [H+]

15.3
Weak Acids (HA) and Acid Ionization Constants

HA (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

[H+][A-]
Ka =
[HA]

Ka is the acid ionization constant

weak acid
Ka
strength

15.5
 What is the pH of a 0.5 M HF solution (at 250C)?
[H+][F-]
HF (aq) H+ (aq) + F- (aq) Ka = = 7.1 x 10-4
[HF]
HF (aq) H+ (aq) + F- (aq)
Initial (M) 0.50 0.00 0.00
Change (M) -x +x +x
Equilibrium (M) 0.50 - x x x
x2
Ka = = 7.1 x 10-4 Ka << 1 0.50 – x  0.50
0.50 - x
x2
Ka  = 7.1 x 10-4 x2 = 3.55 x 10-4 x = 0.019 M
0.50
[H+] = [F-] = 0.019 M pH = -log [H+] = 1.72
[HF] = 0.50 – x = 0.48 M
15.5
 When can I use the approximation?
Ka << 1 0.50 – x  0.50

When x is less than 5% of the value from which it is subtracted.

0.019 M Less than 5%
x = 0.019 x 100% = 3.8%
0.50 M Approximation ok.

What is the pH of a 0.05 M HF solution (at 250C)?

x2
Ka  = 7.1 x 10-4 x = 0.006 M
0.05
0.006 M More than 5%
x 100% = 12%
0.05 M Approximation not ok.

Must solve for x exactly using quadratic equation or method of

successive approximation. 15.5
 What is the pH of a solution containing 0.30 M HCOOH
and 0.52 M HCOOK? HCOOH pKa = 3.77

Mixture of weak acid and conjugate base!

HCOOH (aq) H+ (aq) + HCOO- (aq)

Initial (M) 0.30 0.00 0.52
Change (M) -x +x +x
Equilibrium (M) 0.30 - x x 0.52 + x
[HCOO-]
Common ion effect pH = pKa + log
[HCOOH]
0.30 – x  0.30
[0.52]
0.52 + x  0.52 pH = 3.77 + log = 4.01
[0.30]
HCOOH pKa = 3.77
16.2
The Ion Product of Water/Tetapan kesetimbangan Air (Kw)

[H+][OH-]
H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Kc = [H2O] = constant
[H2O]

Kc[H2O] = Kw = [H+][OH-]

The ion-product constant (Kw) is the product of the molar

concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at a particular temperature.

Solution Is
[H+] = [OH-] neutral
At 250C [H+] > [OH-] acidic
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
[H+] < [OH-] basic

15.2
What is the concentration of OH- ions in a HCl solution
whose hydrogen ion concentration is 1.3 M?

Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

[H+] = 1.3 M

K 1 x 10 -14
w -15 M
[OH-] = = = 7.7 x 10
[H+] 1.3

15.2
The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of the
northeastern United States on a particular day was 4.82.
What is the H+ ion concentration of the rainwater?

pH = -log [H+]
[H+] = 10-pH = 10-4.82 = 1.5 x 10-5 M

The OH- ion concentration of a blood sample is 2.5 x 10-7 M.

What is the pH of the blood?
pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH = -log [OH-] = -log (2.5 x 10-7) = 6.60

pH = 14.00 – pOH = 14.00 – 6.60 = 7.40

15.3
 Strong Electrolyte – 100% dissociation
H2O
NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Weak Electrolyte – not completely dissociated

CH3COOH CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

Strong Acids are strong electrolytes

HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
HClO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq)
H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq)
15.4
Weak Acids are weak electrolytes
HF (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + F- (aq)
HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO2- (aq)
HSO4- (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)
H2O (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Strong Bases are strong electrolytes

H2O
NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
H2O
KOH (s) K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
H2O
Ba(OH)2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)

15.4
 What is the pH of a 2 x 10-3 M HNO3 solution?
HNO3 is a strong acid – 100% dissociation.
Start 0.002 M 0.0 M 0.0 M
HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
End 0.0 M 0.002 M 0.002 M

pH = -log [H+] = -log [H3O+] = -log(0.002) = 2.7

What is the pH of a 1.8 x 10-2 M Ba(OH)2 solution?

Ba(OH)2 is a strong base – 100% dissociation.
Start 0.018 M 0.0 M 0.0 M
Ba(OH)2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
End 0.0 M 0.018 M 0.036 M
pH = 14.00 – pOH = 14.00 + log(0.036) = 12.6
15.4
Jika garam AxBy dilarutkan dalam air, maka hasil kali kelarutan (Ksp)
garam ini didefinisikan sebagai:

A B (s)  xAy (aq) yBx (aq) Ksp [Ay ]x [Bx ]y

x y

Contoh:

Ag SO (s)  2 Ag (aq)  SO 2(aq) Ksp[Ag  ]2[SO42]

2 4 4
Contoh:
Jika kelarutan garam perak sulfat dalam air murni adalah
1,5  10 5 M, tentukan hasil kali kelarutan garam tersebut!

Jawab

Ag2 SO4(s)  2Ag(aq)  SO 42 (aq)

3  10-5 1,5  10-5

2
K sp   Ag  SO 2-4 
+


 3 10 5  1,5 10 
2 5

 1,35 10 14

 Untuk reaksi kesetimbangan :

A x B y (s)  x A y  (aq)  y B x  (aq)

Ksp = x x X y y (s) x  y

dengan s = kelarutan A x B y (s) dalam satuan Molar (M)

Dari rumus tersebut dapat ditentukan harga kelarutan sebagai

berikut

m
n) Ksp
s= x x X yy

Besarnya Ksp suatu zat bersifat tetap pada suhu tetap. Bila terjadi
perubahan suhu maka harga Ksp zat tersebut akan mengalami
perubahan.
Soal:
Jika Ksp garam Fe 3(PO ) adalah 1  10-36, tentukan kelarutan garam
42

tersebut dalam air murni!

Jawab: Fe3(PO 4 )2  3Fe2   2(PO 4 )3

3 x 1036 2 x 10 36

dengan menggunakan rumus Ksp AxBy (s) = xx Xyy (s)x  y

Ksp Fe3(PO4 )2 = 33 x 22(1 x1036 )32

= 36 1 x 10180)

= 36 x 1 0  1 8 0
 Perhitungan Kelarutan
Ksp tetap (pada suhu tertentu), kelarutan bisa
berubah, bergantung pada ion-ion yang hadir
dalam larutan.

Contoh
2 Cu + O2 - > 2 Cu O (r edok s )
2Cu -> 2Cu2 + + 4e (oksidasi )
O2 + 4e -> 2O2 - (reduksi )

Cu + Cl 2 - > Cu Cl 2 (r edok s )
Cu -> Cu2 + + 2e (oksidasi)
Cl2 + 2e -> 2Cl - (reduksi ).
A TU R A N P E N E N TU A N B ILO K S

1.Bilangan o k s i d a s i unsur bebas adalah 0 2. B i l o k s l o g a m d a l a m s e ny a w a

mo no ato mik = Na,Cu,dll Diatomik =

O2, H2, d l l Poliatomik = O3, P4, S8, d l l

• gol. IA = +1 g o l.
3. B i l o k s N o n l o g a m d a l a m s e ny a w a IIA = +2 g o l IIIA =
+3

• 4. Biloks O
gol. IVA = -4 s.d. +4
gol. VA = -3 s.d. +5 • d alam senyawa/oksida = -2 d alam
gol. VIA = -2 s.d. +6 peroksida = -1
g o l VIIA = - 1s.d . +7 kecuali • EX : H2O2
F = -1
• d alam superoksida = -1/2 EX : KO2,
LiO2
5 . Biloks H 7 . Jumlah biloks
dalam senyawa = +1 senyaw a netral = 0
dalamm hidridalogam = -1
ex : NaH , MgH2 ex : H3PO4 H2CO3
+3 +5 - 8 = 0 +2 + 4 - 6 = 0
6 . Jumlah biloks ion =
muatannya
ex : Cl ^- = - 1 , S^ 2- = - 2 , Fe ^ 3+ = + 3

SO4 ^ 2 - = - 2 ; Cr2O7 ^ 2 - = - 2
+
 2A g + Cl2 2A g C l
0 0 2{(+1)+(-1)}=0
+2-2 = 0

S nC l2 + I2 + 2 H C l S n C l4 + 2H I

CuO + 2H C l CuCl2 + H2
O
H2 + Cl2
Using Henry’s Law

•If the solubility of a gas in water is 0.77 g/L at 3.5 2 Calculate Solve for the unknowns.
atm of pressure, what is its solubility (in g/L) at 1.0
atm of pressure? (The temperature is held constant • State the equation for Henry’s law.
at 25°C.)
S1 S2
Isolate S2 by multiplying
1 Analyze List the knowns and the unknown. =
P1 P2 both sides by P2:
Use Henry’s law to solve for the unknown solubility. S1 S
P2  = 2  P2
P1 P2
KNOWNS UNKNOWN
• Solve Henry’s law for S2. Substitute the known
P1 = 3.5 atm S2 = ? g/L
values and calculate.
S1 = 0.77 g/L
P2 = 1.0 atm
S1  P 2 0.77 g/L  1.0 atm
S2 = = = 0.22 g/L
P1 3.5 atm