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Artigo 34
Artigo 34
Artigo 34
Study on the Operation Region of Induction Traction Motor for Electric Vehicle
Abstract—The mechanical property curve, efficiency and and rotor circuit is not linked to any resistance or reactance
speed operation regions of induction traction motor for is known as the mechanical properties of the natural
electric vehicle are introduced here. According to the vehicle's mechanical properties. Figure 1 shows the inherent
driving characteristic, the motor mechanical property curve is mechanical properties (the first quadrant). A, B, C, D points
determined. Within the scope of mechanical property region on the curve determine the operated scope of the motor, the
of the motor, the method of regulating motor efficiency region four points are:
is presented. Within the speed region, the relation between 1ˊ A point: T=0 ˈn=n0, the motor run without any
constant torque and constant power region are derived. A
method of confirming optimum base speed ratio is proposed.
load.
2ˊ B point: T=Te, n=ne, the motor run with rated
Keywords-Electric vehicle, Induction motor, Mechanical load.
property, Efficiency region, Speed region 3ˊ C point: T=Tstˈn=0, the start point.
I. INTRODUCTION
With the development of the machinery manufacturing
technology and automation control technology, direct
current motor, induction motor, permanent magnet motor
and switch reluctance motor, can be as the electric vehicle
traction motor. As a key component for electric vehicle, the
selection of the structure, dynamics characteristics and
parameters of matching for motor directly affect the vehicle
design objectives. Compared to the industrial motor, the
motor for vehicles must have a wide speed range and wide
range torque range, and be expected to run the whole region
in high efficiency. As a result, researching the operation Figure 1. The inherent mechanical properties of motor
region of traction motor on electric vehicle can provide a
reference for improving the electric vehicle’s performance 4ˊ D point: T=Tmax ˈ n=nm, the motor run with
[1] [2].
maximum load.
On the base of traction motor of electric vehicle, this
In the figure, the motor speed is limited in a smaller
article mainly takes induction motor as example, studying
range, at the same time torque can not meet the driving
on the speed –torque profile range of motor, the efficiency
requirements at the lower speed. Therefore the inherent
region and the speed region. A method of regulating the
mechanical properties can not satisfy the requirement of
high efficiency region of motor is presented. Combined with
vehicle driving.
the experience formulation of motor design, a method of
calculating optimum base speed ratio is proposed by an B. Man-made mechanical property
example. In order to meet the electric vehicle driving demand,
II. THE MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF TRACTION MOTOR variable frequency and voltage or vector control are used to
control motor speed or torque. As is shown in the figure 2,
As an important source of Electric vehicle, the traction the mechanical characteristics curve by motor controller has
motor mechanical characteristics determine the range of the the vehicle ideal traction profile.
operation points. The mechanical properties include natural This typical man-made motor drive characteristic can be
mechanical properties and man-made mechanical properties divided into two distinct sections: constant torque region
[3]. and constant power region. The constant power region and
A. Natural mechanical properties constant torque region means that the capacity of motor can
get maximum output torque and maximum output power at
Under rated voltage and rated frequency, with the a certain speed.
provisions of the connection mode, the situation when stator
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Figure 2. The mechanical characteristics curve the motor
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the operation points with high efficiency, it is necessary for
recalibration the motor efficiency map graphics. On the
condition of meeting the vehicle dynamics requirements, by
regulating the motor rated torque and rated speed to change
the high efficiency region, so the utilization of high
efficiency region is improved. In figure 5, the high
efficiency region 1 moves up and down to the high
efficiency region 2 by regulating the rated load. In figure6,
the high efficiency region 1 moves left and right to the high-
efficiency region 2 by regulating the rated speed.
(N..m)
Tmax1
Figure 7. An ideal vehicle drive characteristics
dv F
= ˄1˅
dt m
1
on
Tmax2
gi
re
701
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mvrv2 v2 f e = (1/(1 − s ))nR /(60 / P) ˄9˅
Pm = (1 + 2max2 ) (6)
2t f ∂ vrv
In the formula (8) (9): P is number of pole pairs ˗ f e is
In the formula (5) (6): Pm is the motor maximum power rated frequency of power supply˗ s is slip.
After calculating the power factor for the two motors,
nmax is the motor maximum speed˗ ne is the motor rated
the relation for two motors is the following expression:
speed.
According to the equation (5) and (6), the motor 1
maximum speed is a fixed value while motor rated speed is W2 = W1 ˄10˅
variable. The motor base speed ratio will be changed, so the K3
motor power will gradually reduce. In the formula (10): W1 is the base motor weightˈ W2 is
When the value of vrm is zero, the base speed ratio will the scaled motor weight.
be Ğ and the whole speed region will be constant power With the changing of induction motor rated speed, while
other parameters remain the base values, the curve between
region. In this case, the motor power required is minimum.
the base peed ratio and maximum power , base peed ratio
On the other hand, the motor power will be the twice of the
smallest power of motor if the vehicle runs in the constant and weight are concluded according to the equation ˄6˅
torque region at all the time. Of course, it is impossible for ˄7˅˄10˅as is shown in the figure 8 and figure 9.
motor to always run in the constant torque region. So we can The above figure make evident the gain in motor weight
draw the conclusion: Extending the motor constant power when designing the motor drive for a base speed ratio of 5
region can reduce peak power of the motor under some as opposed to ratio of 3, the weight is increased by 26.7ˁ,
vehicle operation constraints. while the peak power is only reduced by 14.3%. It was
founded that when the optimum base speed ratio is 3, the
B. The traction motor optimum base speed ratio power density for motor, weight and power ratio is
Reference [8] showed that peak power decreases as the effectively improved.
speed ratio above 5 does not lead to any substantial
reduction in the peak power. Considering that such high
ratios are achieved with great design difficulties,
recommended using a ratio of 5 for all motor drives.
Reference [9] considered the relation between weigh and
torque of motor, recommended using a base speed ratio of 5
for all motor drives.
From the basic analysis presented in this section, it is
clear that the comprehensive performance of motor may be
not good with the increase of constant-power region.
According to the design experience formula, take induction
motor for example, the relation for base speed ratio and
weight can be concluded. The scaling factor K as follows [8]
˖
Figure 8. The base speed ratio Vs motor power
1
ª§ n · § P · § cos(σ ) 2 ·º 3
K = «¨ R 2 ¸ ¨ e1 ¸ ¨ ¸» ˄7 ˅
«¬© nR1 ¹ © Pe 2 ¹ © cos(σ )1 ¹ »¼
V. CONCLUSIONS
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ķThe paper shows the induction motor performance by [2] Zhao Shuo, Zhang Huang-huang,Wang qing-nian.”The research on
the constant power of motor for hybrid electric
three operation regions which are motor mechanism external vehicle”.[J]Micromachine. 2005,38(3):72-75.
characteristic, motor efficiency and motor speed. Three [3] Xu.jian-gu. “Motor and the fundament of driving” [M]Beijing㧦
regions for induction motor will be the theory guide for the High education publish company㧘2004.
motor parameters matching of electric vehicle. [4] C.C.Chan. “Academician, Prof. C.C.Chan’s Selected Works”,
ĸ According to the basic requirements of vehicle mechanical industry publish company, 2005.
driving, a way of regulating motor high efficiency is [5] Song Ling-feng㧘Cui Shu-mei Study on Losses of Induction Motor
presented within the region for motor speed-force profile. of Efficiency Optimization Control in Electric Vehicles [J]Small &
Special Electrical Machines2001 ,28 (3):16-20.
Ĺ The relation of motor constant power region and
motor constant torque region are derived based on the [6] Wang.Shuang-hong. Research of Switched Reluctance Machine
Controller for Hybrid Electric Vehicle.[D] Huazhong University of
vehicle running dynamics formula; A method for calculating Science and Technology 㧘2005.
the optimum base speed ratio is proposed, and then an [7] M.Ehsani, K.M.Rahman,H.A.Toliyat. “Propulsion system Design of
example is given to prove. electric and hybrid vehicles”.[J]IEEE rans.On lnd
Electronics,1997,44(1):19-27.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT [8] E.Hall,M.S.S Ramamaurthy, J.C.Balda, ̌Optimum Speed Ratio of
The paper is supported by the National Natural Science Induction Motor Drivers for Electric Vehicle Propulsion “,
Proceedings of the 2001 Applied Power Electric conference”,
Foundation of China (Grant No.50705037). pp.371-377.
[9] Z.Rahamn, K.LbulterandM.Ehsani “Effective of Extended-speed,
REFERENCES Constant-Power Operation of Electric Drivers on the Design and
performance of EV-HEV Propulsion System”. SAE 2000-01-1557.
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control system simulation[D]. Chong Qing University 2003.
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