politika

didi britaneTis da SeerTebuli Statebis

gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi giorgi badriZe
msoflioSi iSviaTad Tu moiZebneba ori eri, romelsac imdeni akavSirebs, ramdenic did bri-
taneTsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs. esaa saerTo istoriuli da kulturuli fesvebi, saer-
To ena da politikuri tradiciebis didi nawili. 1776 wlis 4 ivliss damoukidebloba da axali
saxelmwifos – aSS-is Seqmna umetesad britaneTidan gadmosaxlebuli adamianebis STamomavleb-
ma gamoacxades, riTac axali eris dabadeba daiwyo. 1783 wels, damoukideblobisTvis Svidwlia-
ni revoluciuri omis Semdeg, britaneTma aRiara Tavisi yofili koloniis saxelmwifoebrioba
da am droidan or saxelmwifos Soris ormxrivi urTierTobebis istoriac daiwyo. maT urTier-
Tobebs, sul mcire, meore msoflio omis droidan „gansakuTrebuls“ uwodeben. ori qveynis Ta-
namSromloba, gansakuTrebiT, Tavdacvis da usafrTxoebis sferoSi, imdenad Rrmaa, rom marT-
lac gansakuTrebulia, oRond es urTierTobebi arc yovelTvis uproblemo yofila da arc
dResaa moklebuli winaaRmdegobebs.

dasawyisisTvis xazi unda gavusvaT, rom gaerTianebul samefos da SeerTebul Statebs So-
ris mokavSireoba sulac ar iyo gardauvali da ar emyareba mxolod naTesaur kavSirs britane-
lebsa da amerikelebs Soris. bolos da bolos, miuxedavad XVIII saukunis amerikelebis upirate-
sad britanuli fesvebisa, ori qveynis urTierTobebi mtrobiT daiwyo, rac jer 1776-1783 wlebis
damoukideblobisTvis revoluciur omSi gamoixata, romelsac XIX saukuneSi kidev ramdenime
konfliqti mohyva: 1812-1815 wlebis omi, romlis drosac britanelebma vaSingtoni da TeTri
saxli gadawves, 1838-1839 wlebis sasazRvro konfliqti Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi da oregonis sa-
sazRvro dava 1844-1846 wlebSi. qveynebi axlos iyvnen omTan 1861 welsac, rodesac SeerTebul
StatebSi axali dawyebuli iyo samoqalaqo omi, romelSic britaneTi samxreTis, anu konfedera-
tebis mxardaWeras ganixilavda.

4
 didi britaneTi da aSS

damoukideblobis deklaraciis miReba, 1776 wlis 4 ivlisi

marTalia, britanul-amerikul mokavSi-

reobas manamdec hqonda epizoduri xasiaTi,
magram pirveli namdvili partnioroba or
qveyanas Soris pirveli msoflio omis bo-
los Sedga, rodesac 1917 wels aSS omSi ger-
maniis winaaRmdeg CaerTo da amiT omis bedic
gadawyvita. maSinve gamoikveTa, rom SeerTe-
buli Statebi ar iyo tipuri Zlieri saxelm-
wifo, romelic saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebSi sxvebis xarjze mxolod sakuTari ego-
isturi interesebis xorcSesxmas cdilob-
da da Sesabamisad, masTan mokavSireobac gan-
sxvavdeboda imisgan, rasac evropuli impe-
riebi iyvnen Cveuli.
maSin SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma amerikis revoluciuri omi, 1776-1783
vudro uilsonma Tavis mokavSireebs – bri-
taneTs da safrangeTs – warudgina sakuTari
xedva, Tu ra unda yofiliyo omis miznebi da,
gansakuTrebiT, rogori unda yofiliyo om- britanelebis mier TeTri saxlis gadawva
isSemdgomi msoflios mowyoba. e.w. „14 punq-
tSi“, rac, praqtikulad, aSS-is omSi monawi-
leobis winapirobas warmoadgenda, uilson-
ma revoluciuri ideebi Camoayaliba, ro-
melTa didi nawili evropuli saxelmwifo-
ebisTvis sruliad ucxo da, zog SemTxvevaSi,
miuRebeli iyo. mizezi, ris gamoc frangebma
da britanelebma am pirobebs winaaRmdegoba
ar gauwies is iyo, rom kargad esmodaT, Zle-
vamosili amerikis mxardaWeris gareSe msof-
lio omi kidev didxans gagrZeldeboda da ar
iyo garantia, rom saboloo jamSi gamarj-
vebulebi swored Tavad gamovidodnen.

„14 punqts“ Soris iyo moTxovna Ria dip-

lomatiis da Ria saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebe-
bis Sesaxeb. evropuli saxelmwifoebi ki mo-

5
 politika

laparakebebs umetesad saidumlod awar-

moebdnen da xSirad saidumlo xelSekru-
lebebs debdnen, romelTa Sesaxeb zogjer
maTive sazogadoebam araferi icoda. uil-
soni aseve moiTxovda wesebze dafuZnebuli
msoflio wesrigis Seqmnas da saxelmwifoTa
Soris davebis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyve-
tas, rac dRes sruliad bunebrivad migvaC-
nia, magram maSin es ideac revoluciurad
JRerda. kidev erTi siaxle erTa TviTgamor-
kvevas Seexeboda, rac niSnavda, rom Tavis-
ufleba unda mieRo evropis mraval xalxs,
romlebic am dros ramdenime evropul impe-
rias Soris iyvnen ganawilebuli, germanias
unda CamorTmeoda misi afrikuli kolonie-
bi, rac aseve gzas uxsnida msoflios sxvada-
sxva kuTxeSi britaneTis da safrangeTis mi-
er sakuTari koloniebisTvis damoukideb-
lobis miniWebas. „14 punqtSi“ kidev mraval
mniSvnelovan sakiTxze iyo saubari, magram
mTavari is iyo, rom britaneTi pirvelad aR-
moCnda axali realobis winaSe, rodesac mas
Tavisze Zlieri mokavSire gamouCnda da Tan
iseTi, romelTan TanamSromloba misTvis sa-
sicocxlo mniSvnelobis iyo da am urTier- vudro uilsoni (1856-1924)
TobaSi sakuTari pirobebiT modioda.
pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebas axali msoflio wesrigis Seqmnis mcdeloba mohyva, rom-
lis lideroba Tavdapirvelad amerikam ikisra. magram maleve aRmoCnda, rom SeerTebuli State-
bis kongresisTvis, romelic qveynis sakmaod konservatiulad ganwyobili mosaxleobis intere-
sebs gamoxatavda, es axali roli miuRebeli iyo. prezidentma uilsonma maSin ver daajera kong-
resSi Tavisi oponentebi, rom amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebis tradiciis – saerTaSoriso poli-
tikaSi izolacionizmis – dasruleba gardauvali iyo da rom es SeerTebuli Statebis da msof-
lio mSvidobis interesebs Tanabrad esaWiroeboda. samwuxarod, amaSi mTeli msoflio maleve
darwmunda, rodesac amerikis liderobis gareSe darCenilma erTa ligam
1920-ian da 1930-ian wlebSi ver SeZlo Tavisi umTavresi
daniSnulebis – mSvidobis SenarCunebis uzrunvel-
yofa da axali, kidev ufro didi da sisxliani omi
SesaZlebeli gaxada.

6
 didi britaneTi da aSS

molotov-ribentropis paqtze
`14 punqti~ Seqmnili karikatura

II msoflio omi 1939 wlis agvistoSi nacistur germaniasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris dadebul e.w. mo-
lotov-ribentropis paqts mohyva, romlis mixedviTac, orma agresorma saxelmwifom erTmaneTs Soris
gaiyo aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi. germaniis mier manamde, Cexoslovakiis mitacebis Semdeg, brita-
neTs da safrangeTs poloneTisTvis usafrTxoebis garantiebi hqondaT micemuli da mas Semdeg, rac
1 seqtembers nacistebi poloneTSi SeiWrnen, orive qveyanam germanias omi gamoucxada. pirveli ramde-
nime Tvis ganmavlobaSi mas „ucnaur oms“ uwodebdnen, radgan omis gamocxadebis miuxedavad, dasavlel
mokavSireebs germaniis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebebi ar dauwyiaT. poloneTis dapyrobis Semdeg
germaniam Tavad mimarTa „blickrigi“ (swrafi omi) dasavleTisken. yvelasTvis moulodnelad safran-
geTis kargad SeiaraRebulma da mravalricxovanma armiam germanuli jaris elvis siswrafiT moqmed
meqanizebul qvedanayofebs Rirseuli winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia, ris Sedegadac 1940 wlis ivnisSi pari-
zi daeca.
britaneTisTvis, romelic marto aRmoCnda nacisturi germaniis winaSe, sasicocxlod
aucilebeli gaxda mZlavri mokavSiris povna. premier-ministrma uinston CerCilma mTe-
li Tavisi diplomatiuri da politikuri niWi SeerTebuli Statebisgan samxedro
da ekonomikuri daxmarebis miRebisken mimarTa, magram im etapze es sakmaod
rTuli amocana gamodga. miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-is prezident frank-
lin delano ruzvelts kargad esmoda, Tu ra saSiSroebas warmoad-
genda nacizmi mTeli kacobriobisTvis da ra Sedegebs moitan-
da misTvis britaneTis marcxi, misi unari, realuri dax-
mareba gaewia britaneTisTvis, mniSvnelovnad iyo

„blickrigi“

7
 politika

nacistebis jari parizSi ruzvelti xels awers `lend-lizis~ aqts, 1942

SezRuduli kongresis mier gamocxadebuli neitralitetis aqtis gamo. Tumca ruzveltis da Cer-
Cilis TanamSromlobam mainc gaxada SesaZlebeli daewyoT britaneTisTvis aucilebeli samxedro
SeiaraRebisa da aRWurvilobis, aseve ekonomikuri daxmarebis miwodeba, rac „lend-lizis“ aqtSi
gamoixata. am meqanizmiT britaneTs SeeZlo esesxa amerikuli saqoneli da aRWurviloba momavalSi
gadaxdis pirobiT. SemTxveviTi araa, rom 2022 wels aSS-m ukrainisTvis samxedro da ekonomikuri
daxmarebis programas swored „lend-lizis“ saxeli daarqva.
yvelaferi gamartivda mas Semdeg, rac 1941 wlis 7 dekembers SeerTebul Statebs jer iaponia
daesxa Tavs da ramdenime dReSi misma mokavSire germaniam omi gamoucxada. omi, romelsac aSS rac
SeeZlo Tavs aridebda, misTvisac gardauvali aRmoCnda da samxedro-politikuri aliansi did bri-
taneTTan ki – sruliad aucilebeli. am momentidan iwyeba ori qveynis uprecedento aliansi sam-
xedro, sadazvervo, politikur da ekonomikur sferoebSi.
II msoflio omis dros britaneTis da aSS-is jarebi praqtikulad erTian samxedro Zalad iqca,
saerTo sardlobiT, romelsac erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTobaSi myofi politikuri liderebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen. britaneTma aSS-s Tavis teritoriaze (da koloniebSi) samxedro bazebis Seqm-
nis nebarTva misca, britanul-amerikuli jarebi erTad ibrZodnen aziasa da wynar okeaneTSi, aseve
CrdiloeT afrikaSi, sanam 1943 wels jer germaniis mokavSire italiaSi ar gadasxdnen, xolo 1944
wlis 6 ivniss safrangeTis atlantikur sanapiroze masiuri desantiT e.w. „meore fronti“ gaxsnes.
britaneli da amerikeli mecnierebi da specsamsaxurebi aqtiurad TanamS-
romlobdnen birTvuli iaraRis SeqmnaSi. mokavSireebma erToblivi Za-
lebiT daamarcxes nacistebi dasavleT evropaSi da mravali eri gaa-

franklin delano
ruzvelti (1882-1945)

uinston CerCili
(1874-1965)

8
 didi britaneTi da aSS

jo baideni xels awers iaponelebis Tavdasxma perl-harboris

`lend-lizis~ aqts, 2022 bazaze, 1941 wlis 7 dekemberi

Tavisufles germanuli okupaciisgan. amave dros, germanelebi aRmosavleT evropaSi sabWoTa

jarebmac daamarcxes, oRond amas aRmosavleTevropeli xalxebisTvis namdvili Tavisufleba
ar moutania, radgan nacisti dampyroblebi aq sabWoTa kavSiris mier Tavs moxveulma komunis-
turma reJimebma Caanacvles.

miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelebma da britanelebma yvelaferi gaakeTes imisTvis, rom omis
dasrulebas evropisTvis mSvidoba da Tavisufleba moetana, maleve aRmoCnda, rom sabWoTa xe-
lisuflebas sul sxva gegmebi hqonda. 1946 wels uinston CerCilma, romelic am dros ukve brita-
nuli opoziciis lideri iyo, aSS-is misuris Statis qalaq fultonSi istoriuli sityva warmoT-
qva, romelSic iwinaswarmetyvela axali dapirispireba sabWoTa kavSirTan da ganacxada, rom ev-
ropis erebis Tavisuflebis dacva mxolod demokratiuli qveynebis TanamSromlobiT iqneboda
SesaZlebeli, rasac safuZvlad aSS-is da britaneTis partniorobis gagrZeleba da gaRrmaveba
unda dasdeboda. marTlac, ori qveynis aliansi axla ukve civi omis pirobebSi gagrZelda. maTi
liderobiT Seiqmna evropis usafrTxoebis qvakuTxedi – Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis
organizacia – nato da or qveyanas Soris samxedro, sadazvervo, ekonomikuri da politikuri
TanamSromlobis mravali meqanizmi. ori saxelmwifo koordinirebulad moqmedebda, rodesac
sabWoTa kavSirma ramdenjerme scada maT kontrolqveS myofi dasavleT berlinis blokadaSi
moqceva Tu komunisturi ajanyebebis mowyoba im qveynebSi, romlebSic sabWoTa jari ar iyo gan-
lagebuli.

amerikeli da britaneli jariskacebis

Sexvedra mdinare elbaze, 1945

9
 politika

amerikis desantis gadasvla safrangeTSi britaneTis armia quveiTis omSi

1950 wels dapirispireba komunistur da demokratiul Zalebs Soris evropis kontinents

gascda, rodesac sabWoTa gavlenis sferoSi myofi CrdiloeTi korea Tavs daesxa samxreT kore-
as da komunisturi mmarTvelobis gavrceleba mTel naxevarkunZulze scada. britanul-ameri-
kuli TanamSromloba komunisturi eqspansiis mogeriebaSic gadamwyveti aRmoCnda da is, rom
dRes samxreTi korea msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli saxelmwifoa, maTi didi damsa-
xurebacaa. or qveyanas kidev ramdenime did samxedro konfliqtSi mouwia mxardamxar brZola –
es iyo quveiTis ganTavisufleba erayis okupaciisgan, avRaneTis da erayis omebi da bevri sxva.
gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli Seasrula aSS-is da britaneTis
ramdenime Taobis liderebis piradma urTierTobamac. zogjer es urTierTobebi marTlac gan-
sakuTrebuli iyo, rogorc prezident ronald reiganis da premier-ministr margaret tetCeris
SemTxvevaSi, zogjer ki sakmaod rTuli – maTi pirovnuli Tu politikuri gansxvavebebis gamo.
ramdenadac ucnauri ar unda iyos, gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebis fuZemdeblebs – uinston
CerCils da franklin ruzvelts – piradi simpaTiebi saerTod ar akavSirebdaT. metic, zog SemT-
xvevaSi ruzveltis damokidebuleba CerCilis mimarT sakmaod antagonisturic ki iyo – amerikis
prezidenti mas imperialistad miiCnevda da bevr sakiTxSi ar endoboda. Tan es imis miuxedavad,
rom CerCili britanul-amerikul siaxloves ganasaxierebda – bolos da bolos is dediT ameri-
keli iyo.

uinston CerCilis gamosvla

qalaq fultonSi

10
 didi britaneTi da aSS

duait eizenhaueri (1890-1969) da egviptis britanelebis da frangebis mmarTvelobaSi

diqtatori gamal abdel naseri (1918-1970) arsebuli suecis arxi

gansakuTrebulobis miuxedavad, ormxriv urTierTobebSi bevrjer ara mxolod sirTule,

aramed namdvili krizisic ki yofila. ormxrivi urTierTobebis yvelaze seriozuli gauareseba
1956 wlis suecis kriziss mohyva. rodesac egviptis samxedro diqtatorma britanelebis da
frangebis mmarTvelobaSi myofi strategiuli mniSvnelobis suecis arxis nacionalizacia ga-
moacxada, aSS-is prezidentma duait eizenhauerma Tavis mokavSires, mxardaWeris nacvlad, praq-
tikulad ultimatumi wauyena, rom sabWoTa kavSiris moTxovnas damorCileboda da egviptidan
sakuTari jari gaeyvana. am incidentma britaneTs TvalnaTliv aCvena, rom is aRar iyo Zlevamo-
sili imperia da rom aSS-sTan aliansSi mxolod umcrosi partniori iyo. suecis krizisma ormx-
riv urTierTobebs didi xniT daasva daRi da Sedegad isic moitana, rom vietnamis omSi (romlis
mizezebi da miznebi koreis omis msgavsi iyo) aSS britaneTis mxardaWeris gareSe darCa.
ormxriv urTierTobebSi kidev yofila araerTi garTuleba, magaliTad, prezident obamas
da prezident trampis mmarTvelobebis dros. barak obamam, garda im arasaxarbielo simboluri
Jestebisa, rac britaneTis mimarT gaake-
Ta – TeTri saxlis ovaluri kabineti-
dan uinston CerCilis biusti gaa-
tanina da arasakmarisi pativisce-
miT daxvda premier-ministr gor-
don brauns aSS-Si stumrobisas,
naTlad aCvena, rom gansakuTre-
bul urTierTobas did mniSvne-
lobas ar aniWebda da evropaSi
germanias ufro faseul partni-
orad miiCnevda, vidre brita-
neTs. misi prezidentobis
dros aSS-is sagareo politi-
kis prioritetad aziis da ok-
eaneTis qveynebTan kavSire-
bis gaRrmaveba gamocxadda,

ronald reigani (1911-2004) da

margaret tetCeri (1925-2013)

11
 politika
barak obama da gordon brauni
boris jonsoni da donald trampi
12
oRond amas didi warmateba ar moutania. gan-
sakuTrebuli urTierTobebis morigi ga-
mocda prezident trampis dros iyo, romel-
sac sruliad Taviseburi midgoma hqonda
aSS-is praqtikulad yvela partniorTan ar-
sebuli tradiciuli aliansis da savaWro
urTierTobis mimarT. man kiTxvis niSnis qveS
daayena aSS-is globaluri liderobis auci-
lebloba, maT Soris, natos farglebSi. is aq-
tiurad uWerda mxars breqsitis process,
magram amave dros sxva qveynebTan erTad
britaneTidan importirebul garkveul sa-
qonelzec daawesa tarifebi.
yvela garTulebis miuxedavad, rogorc
wesi, gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi yo-
velTvis ubrundeboda Cveul kalapots,
radgan liderebis politikuri Sexedulebe-
bis Tu pirovnuli xasiaTis Taviseburebebze
maRla ufro xSirad ori xalxis faseulobe-
bis da erovnuli interesebis Tanxvedra id-
ga. amis bolodroindeli gamoxatulebaa
britaneTis da aSS-is mier avstraliasTan
erTad axali usafrTxoebis paqtis – aukusis
dafuZneba da ukrainisTvis samxedro da
ekonomikuri daxmarebis erToblivad gawe-
va.
rogorc dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, ameri-
kas da britaneTs marTlac bevri aqvT saer-
To, Tumca msoflioSi araerTia iseTi eri,
romlebsac monaTesave warmoSobis, enebisa
da religiis miuxedavad, araTu amgvari
mWidro partnioroba ar gaaCniaT, aramed
erTmaneTs xSirad mtroben kidec. albaT, am-
 didi britaneTi da aSS

is yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia dRes ruseTis da ukrainis urTierToba. or ers Soris TiT-
qosda mravali saerTo arsebobs – monaTesave eTnikuri warmomavloba, sakmaod msgavsi enebi, ru-
seTis aRiareba, rom kievis ruseTis memkvidrea da bevri sxva (yovel SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis pozi-
ciidan), magram am yvelafris miuxedavad, rusebi da ukrainelebi sruliad gansxvavebuli faseu-
lobebis da kulturuli miswrafebebis erebia.

britanelebisa da amerikelebis gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebis mTavari safuZveli ki is

aris, rom maT saerTo enaze, warmoSobasa da religiaze metad faseulobebis da politikuri
tradiciebis siaxlove aerTianebT. maSinac ki, rodesac amerikelebi TavianT axal saxelmwifos
britaneTTan omSi qmnidnen da londonis mmarTvelobisgan Tavis daxsnas cdilobdnen, maT mier
Seqmnili axali politikuri da samarTlebrivi sistema, mTeli Tavisi revoluciurobis miuxe-
davad, inglisur-britanul fesvebs efuZneboda. am fesvebs pirdapir ukavSirdeba warmomadgen-
lobiTi demokratia Tavisi saarCevno sistemiT, precedentuli samarTali Tavisi nafic msa-
julTa sasamarTloTi, adamianis uflebebi da kanonis uzenaesoba, romlebic aSS-is damfuZne-
belma mamebma metad daxvewes da amerikuli saxelmwifos qvakuTxedad aqcies.
amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom britaneTis da SeerTebuli Statebis urTierTobebSi araerT-
xel Seqmnila sirTuleebi, romlebic dResac arsebobs da albaT momavalSic iqneba, or qveyanas
Soris umWidroesi TanamSromloba arasdros Sewydeba, radgan is efuZneba erebis urTierTo-
bebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan kavSirs – saerTo faseulobebs da grZelvadiani erovnuli intere-
sebis Tanxvedras.

13