Summary chap 9

Concept of the Niche

- The niche is factors that influence growth, survival and reproduction of a species or all factors
necessary for its existence.
- There two type of niche which is fundamental niche and realized niche.
- Fundamental niche is a full range of environmental conditions (biological and physical) under
which an organism can exist or hypervolume.
- Realized niche is a interactions such as competition that may restrict environments where a
species may live.

Summary chap 10

Mutualism

- is a positive, reciprocal relationship at the individual or population level between 2 different

species. Both species enhance their survival, growth and fitness
- Five types of mutualism are obligatory, facultative, trophic, dispersive and defensive.
- Obligatory mutualism is the relationship between two species, in which both are completely
dependent on each other. For example, Yucca plant and the moth.
- Facultative mutualism is the partners may coexist without a depending on each other and form
a diffuse relationship involving a varying mixture of species. For example, honeybees and plants.
- Trophic mutualism is the partners are specialized in complementary ways to obtain energy and
nutrients from each other. For example, the cows and the bacteria.
- Dispersive mutualism is one partner receives food in return for helping flower in transferring
their pollen. For example, honeybees and the plants.
- Defensive mutualism is one partner receives food and shelter and in return, it helps the partner
by defending against the herbivores or predators or parasites. For example, the aphids and the
ants.

To use in slide

- Obligatory mutualism is one or both of the symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival.
Yucca plant and the moth.
- Facultative mutualism is encounters between organisms that benefit at least one of the
participants and cause harm to neither. For example, honeybees and plants.
- Trophic mutualism is both species involved benefit in the form of resources. For example, the
cows and the bacteria.
- Dispersive mutualism is the relationship, where one partner gets food as a return after helping
the flowers to relocate their pollens. For example, honeybees and plants.
- Defensive mutualism is a type of service-resource relationship where one of the species
provides nutrients whereas the other provides protection against predators or parasites. For
example, the aphids and the ants.
- Two types of obligatory are symbiotic and non symbiotic
- Example obligatory symbiotic is
- Obligatory non symbiotic is the species do not live together, both members benefit each other
and relationship is either facultative or opportunistic. There are two types of obligatory non
symbiotic which is dispersive mutualism and defensive mutualism.
- Example obligatory non symbiotic is