Simplified Plumbing Design NPC Philippines PDF

SIMPLIFIED PLUMBING DESIGN

(NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)
BY
ROGELIO C DE DIOS JR, PME, RMP & GERRY GAMBOA, PME
August 21, 2015
Simplified Plumbing Design (NPC Philippines) 1
Table of Contents
1.0 General Description
2.0 Sewerage System
3.0 Waste Pipe
4.0 Soil Pipe
5.0 House Drain
6.0 Sewer Sewer
7.0 Storm Drain
8.0 Traps for Plumbing Fixtures
9.0 Plumbing Ventilation
10.0 Cold Water Supply & Hot Water Supply
1.0 General Description
1.1 What is Plumbing
1.2 Objectives of Plumbing
1.3 Plumbing Design Unlimited
1.4 Drainage System
1.5 Plumbing Materials
1.6 Plumbing Fixture
1.1 What is Plumbing
Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, valves, and fixtures

installed for the distribution of potable water for drinking, heating and
washing, and waterborne waste removal.
"Plumbing" also refers to the skilled trade which installs and maintains it.
The word derives from the Latin plumbum for lead, as the first effective
pipes used in Roman era were lead pipes.
"Plumbing" often denotes the supply and waste system of an individual

building, distinguishing it from water supply and sewage systems.
History of Plumbing Practice in the Philippines
• 17th Century during the Spaniards European Standard
• In1902 Century and during the arrival of Americans, Master Plumber John F.
Hass became the first Chief of Division of Plumbing Construction & Inspection.
•A building code was established based on the Plumbing Code of United States of
America.
•In 1935 (NAMPAP) National Master Plumber Association of The Philippines has
been registered in SEC
•Initiated by NAMPAP city ordinance 2411 known as Plumbing code in Manila was
enacted in consultation with NAMPAP
•NAMPAP spearheaded the enactment of law regulating the practice of master

plumbing in the Philippines
•In1954 The R.A 1378 known as Plumbing Law in the Philippines was signed by
Pres Ramon Magsaysay
•In1959 The National Plumbing Code of the Philippines was promulgated and
approved by Malacanang .
•In1966-1969 The board of Examiners for Master Plumber prepared a curriculum

for Plumbing engineering and approved by DOE, and was first introduced to Feati
University.
• In 1996 spearheaded the updating of the revised Plumbing code and in 1999 PRC
Chairman Hermogenes Pobre adopted the revised Plumbing Code signed by Joseph
Estrada Dec 21, 1999 pursuant to section 4 of R.A 1378.
1.2 Objectives of Plumbing
Plumbing has two main objectives.
• To supply water to different parts of the building.

• To remove and discharge human wastes and other substances out of
building into the public sewer or septic tank.
Condition for an Effective Water Supply
• To provide sufficient amount of water to supply each fixture.

• To prevent back flow of used water into the water supply system.
Drainage System should Accomplished the following:
• Fast removal of the waste with min. probability of leakage and stoppage
of drains.
• To prevent the entry of house pest and unwanted gases into the house
from the piping system.
Mandatory requirements for Drainage System
• All pipe joints must be well fitted and tightly connected with each other
to prevent leakage of gas and liquid
• The drainage pipe should be graded or inclined properly for a downward

gravity flow of water towards the main sewer line or to the septic tank
• The drainage pipe should be provided with adequate clean out, accessible
for repair incase of stoppage
• The drainage system must be provided with ventilation pipe that will
convey gases to the atmosphere
• Except for water closet, each fixture shall be provided with suitable trap
that will prevent back flow of gases.
• That the drainage system must be vented, to avoid siphonage or back flow
of the water seal.
1.3 Plumbing Design Unlimited
The design and layout of plumbing system is governed by set of rules. The
code however , does not impose a fixed standard design of the piping lay
out, more particularly , the placing and location of the various plumbing
fixtures , goes with it the different types of plumbing system design.
1.4 Drainage System
Waste is classified in to two types
• Solid waste that is being discharge by water closet and conveyed and
disposed in the soil pipe and
• Liquid waste that are coming fro various fixtures and conveyed and
disposed in the waste pipe .
Unlike the waste pipe, that is exclusively to receive discharge coming from
the fixtures only, the soil pipe can accept both wastes from the water closet
and the fixtures.
The drainage installation is sometimes referred to as DWV which means

D – For drainage solid waste, W- for waste coming from various fixtures
other the water closet, V- Refers to the ventilation of the piping system.
1.5 Plumbing Materials
Considering a materials depends upon the following considerations
• Application and usage
• Quality and durability
• Ease of installation (others require special jointing machine, such as fusion
weld, butt weld, threading machine, gas weld etc.)
• Resistance
• Cost of material and labor
• Suitable
Sample of Plumbing materials as follows:

• Galvanized Steel Pipe
• PPR Pipe
• HDPE Pipe
• copper pipe
• stainless steel Pipe
• cast iron pipe
• ductile iron pipe
The Plastic pipes or synthetic pipes
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
• Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
• Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
• Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
• Polypropylene (PP)
• Styrene rubber plastic(SR)
• Polyethylene (PE)
• Polybutylene (PB)
In 1972, approximately 4500 states, country and city codes permitted to use
the plastic pipes for all the portion of the plumbing system.
“Model Code” promulgated by the Association of Plumbing Officials and the

Plumbing Contractors
The Model Codes that Approved the use of Plastic Pipe for Plumbing System
are:
• The National Standard Plumbing Code

• Building Officials and the Code Administrations International
• National Associations of Plumbing, Heating, Cooling, Contractors
• Southern Standard Plumbing Code
• Southern Building Code Congress
• Uniform Standard Plumbing Code
• International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
1.6 Plumbing Fixtures
A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which can be connected to a
plumbing system to deliver and drain water
The Sanitary Fixtures:

1. Water Closet
2. Urinal
3. Lavatories
4. Sinks, Pantry Sinks
5. Service Sinks
6. Bath tubs
7. Shower
8. Drinking Fountains
9. Bidets
2.0 Sewage Disposal System
2.1 The Sewage and its Disposal
2.2 Types of Sewage Disposal (Cesspool, Privy, Septic Tank & Public Sewer)
2.3 Construction and Sizing of Septic Tank
2.4 Disposal Fields
2.1 The Sewage and its Disposal
The collection and safe disposal of human wastes are among the most
critical problems of environmental health. It is the most cause of diseases
such as dysentery, typhoid, diarrhea and other intestinal disorders where
there is no proper and scientific Sewage Disposal System.
It is therefore important not only to know the different types of sewerage

disposal system, but also to understand the scientific value of the system.
2.2 Type of Sewage Disposal System
• Cesspool
• Privy
• Septic tank
• Public sewer line
Cesspool
It is an underground holding tank (sealed at the bottom) or a soak pit (not
sealed at the bottom).It can be used for the temporary collection and
storage of feces, excreta or faecal sludge as part of an on-site sanitation
system.
Privy
It is a concrete sealed vault with wooden shelter constructed for the
collection of raw sewage. Same as cesspool, it is objectionable because of
the danger of contaminating the source of water supply. (It is often use in
the Philippines, popular in 80’s & 90’s)
Septic Tank
It is a watertight box, usually made of concrete or fiberglass, with an inlet
and outlet pipe. Wastewater flows from the home to the septic tank
through the sewer pipe. The septic tank treats the wastewater naturally
by holding it in the tank long enough for solids and liquids to separate.
Public Sewer Line
It is a Public sewerage system operated and maintained by the
government consisting of sewage treatment plant that conveys the raw
sewage from buildings and houses to a disposal system. (advance country
like Qatar used vacuum foul sewer system, alternative to gravity)
2.3 Construction of Septic Tank
Construction of Septic tank should considered the general conditions:

• Septic tank can be constructed in a materials such as concrete, hollow
blocks, asbestos, thin metal or plastic
• Minimum inside dimension of 900mm wide x 1500mm long
• Minimum depth of 600mm and maximum of 1800mm from pipe to the

tank bottom, depth should not be deeper than the natural water tables
(depends on location)
• The inlet and outlet of tank should be long turn sanitary tee. Tee should be
extended not more than 30mm below the scum line / surface of the liquid.
• The digestion chamber should be slope to one low point.
• Septic Tank should be provided by manhole extended above the ground.

• Septic Tank for a large plumbing installation are provided by
compartment, each compartment should be provided by manhole.
• Septic Tank should be constructed near the surface of the ground due to
the correction of waste depends upon the extent of oxidation and the
existence of anaerobic bacteria and aerobic bacteria( for decomposition)
Rev National Plumbing Code Philippines Appendix B5.4, page 181
• Septic Tank should not be located near the doors or windows
• Septic Tank should be at least 15 meters away from any source of water
supply.
Sizing & Capacity of Septic tank :
• Minimum inside dimension of 900mm wide x 1500mm long, minimum

depth of 600mm and maximum of 1800mm from pipe to the
tank bottom, depth should not be deeper than the natural water tables
• 1st compartment should not be less than 2.0 m2 and 2nd compartment
1.0 m2 (even the calculation result is lower, code must prevail)
• Size of tank should be proportion based on nos. expected of person. A very

large tank is not advisable as it was disturbing and retard the bacterial
activities.
1st compartment
should not be less
than 2m2 and 2nd
compartment 1m2 as
per code Appendix
B5.4
Exercises:
1. Determine the size of septic tank in multiple dwelling / apartments units
with 8 bedrooms
Step 1. refer to data table B-2 for single family dwelling with 8 bedrooms,
the min septic tank capacity is 3000 gallons (11.35m3)
Step 2. assume a width of 2.4m and depth of 1.5m
Step 3., calculate for the L1.
Volume = L1 x width x depth, L1 = volume/ width x depth
L1 = 11.35m3/2.4m x1.5m, L1 = 3.15 meter (1st compartment)
Step 4, calculate the length of the 2nd compartment L2
L=L1+L2
L= 2/3(L) + 1/3 (L)
L= 3.15m +1/3 (L)
L-1/3L=3.15m ,
L= 4.72
L2= 4.72-3.15
L2= 1.57m
or applying L2 = ½(L1)
L2=3.15/2
L2 = 1.57meter (2nd compartment)
The over all length is 3.15+1.57 = 4.72m
Therefore the size of the septic tank is 2.40m wide x 4.72m long x 1.5m
deep.
2. A motel with kitchen facilities will serve a maximum of 80 bed space.

Determine the capacity and dimensions of the septic tank.
Step 1. refer to table B-3 under motel toilet with kitchen, use the value of
227.1 liter per bed space. Thus 80 bed space x 227.1 liter/per bed space =
18,168 liters,
Step 2. , using he formula V=1.125+0.75Q as per table B-3 (a)(2)

V=1.125+0.75(18,168 liters), V=13,627 liters or 13.627m3
Step 3. assume a width of 3.0m and maximum depth of 1.5m
Step 4., calculate for the L1
Volume = L1 x width x depth, L1 = volume/ width x depth
L1 = 13.627m3/3.0m+1.5m, L1 = 3.0 meter (1st compartment)
Step 5, calculate the length of the 2nd compartment L2 applying L2 = ½(L1)
L2=3.0/2, L2 = 1.5 meter 2nd compartment
The over all length is 3.0+1.5 = 4.5m

Therefore the size of septic tank is 3.0m wide x 4.50m long x 1.5m deep.
2.4 Disposal Fields
Disposal fields, are used to remove contaminants and impurities from the
liquid that emerges from the septic tank. The drain field typically consists of
an arrangement of trenches containing perforated pipes and porous material
(often gravel) covered by a layer of soil to prevent animals and surface runoff
from reaching the wastewater distributed within those trenches
The most important aspects of

drain fields are the
permeability of the soil and the
system design.
Testing of the ground with a

percolation test, commonly
called a “perc” test.
The perc test determines the absorption rate of the soil. The regulatory
agency will also review other factors, such as system capacity, the ground
slope and the depth of bedrock, before establishing the size and location of
septic system drain fields (also called leach fields, disposal fields, or the soil
absorption system).
Generally speaking, the larger a septic system drain field, the more capacity it
has. A larger system provides a measure of safety against errors as well as a
margin for future increased use.
The drain field in a
conventional system is a
construction of trenches with
piping. The drain field
trenches, which usually are not
longer than 100 feet, should
run in a straight line
The trenches are placed in land that “perced” properly, The drain field
should not be constructed in areas known for standing water, nor should
it should be near drinking water wells, streams, lakes, property lines,
roads, water-carrying ditches, etc.
Trenches are generally about 18 inches wide, with a flat bottom. Piping in
septic system drain fields should be placed one foot or more below the
surface, but this is often determined by the local regulatory agency.
It will fill the trenches with gravel, up to about six inches from the top.
Over this, the installer will place a layer of tarpaper or other fabric
barrier. This keeps the soil out of the gravel. The fabric will be covered
with soil, which is mounded. The earth eventually will compact and the
mounds will not be visible.
Drain Pipe Velocity
Flow velocity can be increased by either increasing the slope of the pipe or
by using a smaller diameter. Modifying either slope or pipe size requires
careful consideration of site factors and flow needs. However, by using a
pipe with a lower Manning’s “n” a smaller diameter pipe may be selected
without adversely affecting capacities and without modifying the slope of
the line.
An optimum self-cleansing velocity for drain is usually accepted to be 3 fps

(0.9m/s).

Uniform Flow:
1.486
V = ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
x R2/3 x S1/2 
(Robert Manning Formula)
n
Where:
V = velocity in fps
n = coefficient representing roughness of pipe surface, degree of fouling
R = Hydraulic radius (hydraulic mean depth of flow) in ft.
S = Hydraulic slope of surface in ft/ft ( sample 0.02ft/ft for 2% slope)
Quantity of Flow, Q = AV
Where: Q = cfs
A = cross sectional area of flow in ft2
3.0 Waste Pipe
3.1 Waste Pipe Definition
3.2 General condition for Waste Pipe Installation
3. 3 Pipe Sizing
3.1 Waste Pipe
Waste Pipe is exclusively receive discharge coming from the fixtures only.
• Liquid waste that are coming fro various fixtures and conveyed and
disposed in the waste pipe .
Waste Pipe – receives the discharge of any fixture except for water closet
and conveys to the soil branch, soil pipe or house drain.
Fixture – refers to slop sink, lavatory,
urinals, bathtub etc. but not water
closet. (NPC application)
Figure:
Sample of Plumbing System Layout.
3.2 General Conditions for Waste Pipe Installation
• Right materials – The properties of the waste to be discharge dictates the

materials necessary to use.
• Use of fittings – The correct selection of the right kind of fittings for a
particular change of direction, turns or offsets (for smooth flow and avoid
clogged and damaged)
1. Do not use short radius on vertical to horizontal direction
2. The Y and 45 fittings is the most appropriate for vertical to horizontal
3. The T fittings was designed for vertical run with lateral branch only.
• Cleanout location- clean out location must be indicated in the plan, it size
should be equal to the diameter of the waste pipe and readily accessible
in case of repair and maintenance.
• Slope or gradient of pipe line – 2% slope should be maintain in horizontal
waste pipe (to avoid trap seal loss or loss of water inside the P-Trap)
• Pipe joining - improper connection should not permitted in
plumbing installation
Pipe size and flow
• It will not guarantee effective scouring action or self cleaning ability of the
pipe by increasing the size of the drainage pipe. Self cleaning ability is
present, when the liquid and waste inside the pipe flow smoothly and
simultaneously together.
• Water flow inside a larger pipe is relatively shallow. The solid waste does
not flow on shallow water but tend to remain at the bottom of the pipe.
• Drainage pipe must be of the right size to have a liquid flow of about 50% of
the pipe diameter to attain scouring action. This is where 2% slope becomes
more effective.
• Too small pipeline diameter is subject to overloading of flow. The tendency

is to create back-pressure, siphonage, and floor flooding.
3.3 Pipe Sizing
The size of drain pipe can determined by calculating the equivalent fixture
unit. 1 FU is representing 1ft3/min or 30l/min or 7.5gpm.
Elaboration of table 7-5 footnote
As per table 7-5, the notes

indicated on the FU.
Sample is the (A)(2)
Vertical & Horizontal
under 76mm pipe it is
indicated 48⁴ & 35⁴.
It means 76mm pipe can

serve only 4 w.c. & the no.
of fixtures can connect
should not be more than 6
FU (vertical) and only 3
w.c. & the no. of fixtures
can connect should not be
more than 6 FU
(horizontal)
Exercises:
1. Determine the size of horizontal waste pipe to serve 5 urinals, 3
lavatories, 8 showers, and 2 sinks
a. Refer to table 7.2 for the fixture unit
5 urinal x 6 units =30 units
3 lavatories x 1 unit = 3 units
8 showers x 2 units = 16 units
2 sinks x 3 units = 6 units
Total = 55 units
b. Refer to table 7.5, under (A) (2) horizontal use 100mm pipe size as
formulated by the code. You can use small sizes of pipe and then enlarge to
100mm (as an option) as long as it never violates the code. (economical)
2. Determine the size of vertical waste stack to serve the following

1st flr (2 lav.), 2nd flr(6 Sh), 3rd flr(4 lav.),4th flr(2 lav.) and 5th flr(1 Sh & 2lav.)

1st floor (2 lav.) x 1 units = 2 units
1st floor (2 lav.) x 1 units = 2 units
2nd floor (6 Sh.) x 2 units = 12 units
3rd floor (4 lav.) x 1 units = 4 units
4th floor (2 lav.) x 1 units = 2 units
5th floor (2 lav.) x 1 units = 2 units
(1 Sh.) x 2 units = 2 units
Total = 24 units
b. Refer to table 7.5, under (A) (1) vertical use 65mm(2 1/2) pipe size as
formulated by the code. Refer to figure below.
Branch waste pipe can be sized on the same table.
4.0 Soil Pipe
4.1 Soil Pipe Description
4.2 General Description for Soil Pipe Installation
4. 3 Soil Pipe Sizing
4. 4 General Description for Soil branch Pipe Installation
4. 5 Soil Branch Pipe Sizing
4.1 Soil Pipe
Soil Pipe that receives and conveys discharge coming from water closet,
with or without the discharge coming from other fixtures.
4.2 Soil Pipe Installation

• The soil pipe shall be properly concealed or embedded in columns, walls
or partitions.
• The entire installation in bldg. shall be considered in the pre planning
stages prior to the rough-in work.
• The soil branch that will be directly receive waste from water closet shall
be short and direct as practicable.
• Soil pipe joints shall be tight and free from liquid or gas leak, installation
workmanship shall be strictly in accordance with the standard practice
of the trade involve.
• Soil pipe not embedded in concrete wall, columns or partitions shall be
anchored rigidly by means of metal hangers.
• Changes from vertical to horizontal direction shall be done using
1. ¼ bend (45 degree), Long sweep ¼ bend (45 degree), two 1/8 bend or
combination of Y and 1/8 bend.
4.3 Soil Pipe Sizing

The size of the soil pipe can be determined by calculating the equivalent
fixture unit. The same application on the sizing of waste pipe. 1 (one)
Fixture unit is representing 1ft3/min or 30l/min or 7.5gpm.
Exercises:
1. Determine the horizontal soil pipe diameter to serve 8 water closet, 3
shower bath, 4 urinals, 2 slop sinks and 3 wash basin

9 W.C. x 6 units =56 units
4 shower x 2 units =8 units
5 urinals x 6 units =30 units
3 wash basin x 1 unit = 3 units
3 slop sinks x 3 units = 9 units
Total = 106 units
b. Refer to table 7.5, under (A) (2) use 100mm pipe size, since 106 units fall
to 216 F.U total served by 100mm even the pipe size seems to be an oversize
for 106 units (provision of the code should prevail)
2. Determine the vertical soil pipe diameter to serve 2 water closet, 2 shower
bath and 4 wash basin.
a. Refer to for the fixture unit
2 shower x 2 units =4 units
2 wash basin x 1 unit =2 units
Total = 18 units
b. Refer to table 7.5, under (A) (1) under total stack, the 18 units is within
the limits of 65 mm pipe, however this size can’t be used due to the limitation
sets by the code foot note #3 States that “ Except for 6 fixture units or W.C”
Therefore, a 76mm will be specified not 65mm, even if it was the result of
our computation, also the foot note indicates that water closets is not
allowed
4.4 Soil branch Pipe Installation
• The soil branch being concealed in floors, partitions or lowered ceiling

should be provided with sufficient clean outs.
• Clean out should be installed wherever changes of soil branch directions
are made with the same diameter. It should be located at the farthest end
of the branch away from the vertical soil pipe.
• The use of short radius fittings when making a change of direction is not
allowed. In some instances, the use of short radius is only permitted on
vertical to horizontal change of direction.
• Soil branch shall be properly sloped, a 2% should be maintain, higher
slope has tendency of separating the solid waste from the liquid (high
flow) and Lower slope is susceptible to stoppage (retarded flow).
4.5 Soil Branch Pipe Sizing
The same procedure, the pipe size can be determined using Fixture Units
Exercises:
1. Determine the soil branch pipe diameter to serve 3 water closets.
Total =18 units
Refer table 7.5, under (A) (2), the 18 units is within the limits of 75mm pipe
and this can be used on 3 wc as per footnote indicated.
Other code States that

1. No more than 2 water closet shall be discharge into a 75mm diameter
horizontal soil branch
2. Other code never use 75mm in water closet.
In this case the local code will follow as per your location
5.0 House Drain
5.1 House Drain Description
5.2 Four (4) types of House Drain
5.3 House Drain Pipe Sizing
5.1 House Drain
House drain is that portion of the plumbing system that receives discharge
of all soil and waste stacks within the building and conveys the same to the
house sewer.
Rev National Plumbing Code Philippines Section
1205 page 131 & 136
5.2 Four (4) types of House Drain
• Combined Drain – receives discharges of sanitary waste as well as storm
water. This is already phase out and never permitted.
• Sanitary drain – receives discharges of sanitary and domestic waste only.
The waste will convey on public sewer or septic tank by house sewer.
• Industrial Drain-receives discharge from industrial equipment that
contains some objectionable acid waste. Its waste terminates into
separate drainage basin.
• Storm drain- conveys all storm clear water, or surface water waste except
sanitary waste. Its terminates into lake, river or natural basin.
5.3 House Drain Pipe Sizing

The size of the house drain pipe can be determined by calculating the
equivalent fixture unit. The same application on previous drainage sizing.
• If the purpose is for sanitary waste, the F.U load discharge will be the
basis of computation (table 7-5)
• If the purpose is for storm drain, the roof area that accumulates the major
rainfall water will be the basis in determining the size
Exercises:
1. Determine the size of house drain pipe to serve 5 wc, 4 urinals, 5 shower
bath, 6 wash basin & 4 floor drain
a. Refer to table 7-2 for the fixture unit

5 w.c x 6 units =30 units
4 urinal x 5 units =20 units
4 floor drain x 1 units = 4 units
Total = 70 units
b. Refer to table 12-2, use 152 mm min size as per the code.
5.4 House Drain Cleanout
• House drain shall be provided with adequate cleanout and readily accessible.
• Any branch of a house drain terminating at a floor drain or fixture shall be
provided with 100mm dia. Pipe, extended 2 inch above the floor inserted
in a 45 deg Y branch in the direction of the drain flow.
• A cleanout extended above the floor shall not be utilized as floor drain.
• The trap of the floor drain shall be placed not more than 50cm below the
finished floor line.
• Cleanout shall be installed at every 15 meters interval distance
(applicable to building sewer, and also at the base of all soil and waste stack
including in the change of direction.
5.5 House Drain Appliances
The house drain appliances includes the House trap, area drain, floor drain, yard
catch basin and garage catch basin.
• House trap- a device installed in house drain immediately inside the
foundation wall of bldg, it serves as a barrier to prevent the gases coming
from the public sewer or septic tank (optional)
• Back flow valve- it is used to prevent the reversal flow. It is placed in a
house drain or branches of the house drain the subject to reverse flow of
the liquid. It is installed in the house drain near the foundation wall.
• Area Drain- consist of running trap installed under the basement floor.
The trap is equipped with cleanout and min. size of 100mm located on
driveways or entry ways.
• Yard catch Basin- a receptacle used to received drain water from
cemented courts, driveways and yard.
• Garage catch Basin- a receptacle used to received waste from garage, wash
rack, grease pits and repair floors
• Floor Drain- a receptacle used to received water to be drained from the
floor. It is a plumbing fixture that requires proper installation and location.
Floor drain
•Floor drain should be located near the heating equipment and on the
vicinity of the laundry
•Floor drain shall be provided in every rm. with laundry equipment.
• Every floor drain shall be supplied by running water from a fixture located
nearby. If the fixture is 1.5m from the drain, it should be tap but not
necessary vented.
• It should be installed not more than 20cm below the floor line.
6.0 Sewer Drain
6.1 Sewer Drain Description
6.2 House Sewer Pipe Sizing
6.1 Sewer Drain
Sewer drain is that portion of the plumbing system, which starts fro the
outer face of the building and terminate at the main sewer in the street or
septic tank , it is sometimes called building sewer.
6.2 House Sewer Sizing
Sizing of house drain section 5
7.0 Storm Drain
7.1 Storm Drain Description
7.2 Sizing of Storm Drain
7.1 Storm Drain
Storm drain is drain excess rain and ground water from paved streets, car
parks, parking lots, footpaths, sidewalks, and roofs. They are fed by
street gutters on most motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as
towns in areas which experience heavy rainfall, flooding and coastal towns
which experience regular storms.
Storm water is normally and carried

to some natural drain-age terminal like
canals, rivers & lakes . It is not permitted
to drain into septic tank or to the
main sewer line.
7.2 Sizing of Storm Drain
To determine the size of storm drain, the following should be considered:
• The rain fall over a given period of time, whether it is constant or

exceedingly heavy shower of short duration.
• The varying roof areas, the slope and the distance of water traveled before
it reaches the conductors of the roof.
• Water drain faster on high pitch of the roof. Hence , requires a larger
drainage pipe than that of flat roof.
• The height of the building, contribute largely to the velocity of water
falling inside a vertical pipe conductor. The velocity fall accelerate the flow
of water entering into the storm drain
•The use of improper fittings and short offsets that will affect the flow
water must be avoided.
•Normally, a 102 mm/hr rainfall intensity is used around Manila area.
.
Plumbing engineer often work on project that because of location are
.governed by different plumbing codes. Variations among the codes sometimes
cause confusion and present challenges either within the design group or
between the designer and the plan reviewer or inspector. The roof area
calculation for sizing roof drains is an example of how differences among the
codes can challenge the designer.
The vertical walls contribute flow to roof drains because they collect
rainwater when wind driven rain hits and runs down the wall.
Figure shows a simple roof with projected
high
. roofs. The four roof drains in this roof
are A, B, C, and D. Roof drains A and C are
the same and have two perpendicular walls.
Roof drain D has one vertical wall, and roof
drain B has two opposite walls.
For D (1) wall – apply section 1104.2.1

Add fifty (50%) of the area of the wall to the
roof area.
For C & A (2) wall perpendicular – apply

section 1104.2.1 Add fifty (50%) of the
area of both wall to the roof area. (since
wind is unpredictable)
For B (2) wall opposite each other and of

the same heights – apply section 1104.2.3
Add no additional to the roof area, however if the 2 opposite walls of
differing
. heights
For B (2) if the wall opposite each other and of differing heights – apply
section 1104.2.4 add fifty (50%) of wall area above top of lower wall to roof
area.
Sample Calculation:
A flat roof measuring 3m x 4m with one

vertical wall extending from the roof
measuring 3m x 4m has a 30mm rainfall
intensity.
Area = (3m x 4m= 12m2)+

(3m x 4m= 12m2 /2 = 6m2)= 18m2
30mm x 18m2 = 0.54m3 or 540 liters
.
.
.
.
.
Exercises:
1. Determine the size of storm drain adequate to serve a roof having a slope of
2% with a general dimension of 20 x 30 meters. Use rainfall intensity as 102
mm/hr
Solve the Roof Area: Area = 20m x 30m , Area = 600 sq.m
Refer to table 11-2b, under column 102 mm/hr rainfall and slope of 2%,
600 sq.m is in within the limit of 701.4 sq.m roof area, hence the pipe size
diameter is 152mm.
Roof leader – known as the downspout either exposed or concealed type
1. Determine the size of downspout required to drain the roof with a general
dimension of 10 x 20 meters. Use rainfall intensity as 102 mm/hr
Solve the Roof Area: Area = 10m x 20m, Area = 200 sq.m
Refer to table 11-1, under column 102 mm/hr rainfall, 200 sq.m is in within
the limit of 204.4 sq.m roof area, hence the pipe size diameter is 76mm.
2. Determine the size of downspout required to drain the roof with a general
dimension of 40 x 30 meters. Use rainfall intensity as 102 mm/hr
Solve the Roof Area: Area = 15m x 25m, Area = 375 sq.m
Refer to table 11-1, under column 102 mm/hr rainfall, 375 sq.m is in within
the limit of 427.3 sq.m roof area, hence the pipe size diameter is 102mm. or
use 2 nos. 75mm to avoid clogging or over flow in the gutter
How to Get the 2 nos. of 75 mm.
The area of 100 mm pipe is A=⫪ r2, A=3.1415 (2in)2 = 12.56 in2
divide in to two terminal is 6.28 in2.
The area for 75mm pipe is 3.1415(1.5)2 is = to 7.06 in 2 which is higher than
the required, so specify 2 nos. of 75mm pipe.
8.0 Trap
8.1 Trap Description
8.2 P-trap Installation
8.3 Drum Trap
8.4 Size of Fixture Trap
8.1 Trap Description
A Trap is a U-, S-, or J-shaped pipe located below or within a
plumbing fixture. The bend is used to prevent sewer gases from entering
buildings. In refinery applications, it also prevents hydrocarbons and other
dangerous gases from escaping outside through drains.
The most common of these traps in houses is referred to as a P-trap. It is the

addition of a 90 degree fitting on the outlet side of a U-bend, thereby
creating a P-like shape. It is also referred to as a sink trap because it is
installed under most house sinks.
Because of its shape, the trap retains a small amount of water after the
fixture's use. This water in the trap creates a seal that prevents sewer gas
from passing from the drain pipes back into the occupied space of the
building. Essentially all plumbing fixtures including sinks, bathtubs, and
toilets must be equipped with either an internal or external trap.
Most traps can either be disassembled for cleaning or they provide some sort
of cleanout feature.
The column of water that is retained between the over flow and the dip of the
trap is called trap seal or water seal
Water Sealed P-trap is classified in two (1. Common Seal – 5cm deep water
seal2. Deep Seal – 7.5 to 10cm deep water seal)
Water seal in drain pipe

under a sink. Water
enters at right, fills the
trap, and continues left.
Siphoning takes place
above the line "B",
while inverted
siphoning occurs below
the line "A
Seal for Common and Deep Trap

Deep Seal advantage and application
Advantage: Deep seal trap has a deeper seal with more liquid, therefore
the seal doesn’t evaporate as quickly.
Application: When a floor drain is installed in a remote location i.e. a large
warehouse and receives very little water to reseal the trap a
deep seal trap is recommended.
Advantage: Deep seal trap has a much greater capacity for resealing.
Because the trap is usually quite a bit larger than a traditional
trap it can handle a much greater flow of water and the trap is
less likely to lose it’s seal because of the extra amount of water.
Application: When a fixture or piece of equipment calls for an indirect
waste connection, like a commercial ice maker, salad bar or in
some cases a triple pot sink a deep seal trap is used.
Advantage: Because of it depth it is less likely to lose it’s seal because of

back pressure or trap siphonage.
Application: There are instances where a fixture or trap cannot be
properly vented. In cases such as these a deep seal trap
would be ideal and all of the aforementioned advantage
would apply here.
Here are some reasons deep seal traps are not applicable for all applications
The traps are deeper therefore larger and tougher to fit into confined spaces.
Because of their increased depth and capacity they are more resistant to flow
from a standard fixture therefore they impede drainage and make the fixture
drain sluggishly.
The P-Trap is the most common and practical

shape available in various size 32-50m.
Some Permissible trap is the P-trap and drum

trap.
Some prohibited trap are running traps, crown
Vented Traps, ¾ S Traps, Full S Traps & bell
traps.
Prohibited trap
8.2 P- Trap Installation
• All traps shall be self cleaning. That is capable of being completely flushed
each time the trap operates and no sediments will remain to decompose.
• P-trap shall be installed as near the fixture as practicable
• Traps are subject to stoppage, hence shall be provided with cleanout
• No trap outlet can be larger than the fixture drain to which it is connected.
• Each fixture shall have its own trap, the following fixtures are exception to
the rule
a. Two laundry tray and kitchen sink connected to single trap
b. Not more than3 laundry tray using one trap
c. 3 lavatories on a single trap
8.3 Drum Trap
Drum Trap is classified as a water seal device, the name was derived from its
size being large diameter. It has the following special features:
• Drum trap is intended for fixtures that are set on the floor like bathtub, foot
and sitz bath and other similar fixtures.
• Drum trap is used on fixtures that discharges substantial amount of water. It
is effective where trap seal loss is more prevalent
• Drum trap cal also serve as terminal for soda fountain, bar waste and any
type of indirect waste.
Reasons for Broken Plumbing Trap Seals
• Trap Siphonage – This is described as negative pressure within the fixture
drain. A sample scenario can occur if a fixture is installed on a long run of
piping that is unvented. If the water vacates a fixture into the trap in could
build up enough velocity to drain the trap.
• Back Pressure – Are instances when water can be blown out of the trap, into
the fixture and subsequently into the building. This is caused when a large
amount of waste flows into the drainage system compressing the air in front of
it, if the fixture at the point of compression is not vented properly it will blow
out the trap and into the building.
• Evaporation – This is a very common occurrence especially in instances where
a fixture or drain is only used sporadically. Laundry room floor drains, remote
floor drains, fixtures and all traps in a summer home are all more vulnerable
and evaporation will occur.
• Capillary Action – uncommon scenario
8.4 Size of Fixture Trap
The National Plumbing Code has regulated the minimum diameter of traps
and drain to be installed. Likewise, the size of the pipe drain depends upon
the class of users the installation will serve. Add the minimum size of the trap
and waste branch for specified fixture shall conform to the values in table 7.2
9.0 Plumbing Ventilation
9.1 Plumbing Ventilation Description
9.2 Effect of Poor Ventilation
9.3 Ventilation of the Drainage System
9.1 Plumbing Ventilation Description
The plumbing vent system is part of the building plumbing drain system
and serves two basic functions:
1. Allow building drains to flow freely by allowing air into the drain
system, avoiding the vacuum and slow drainage that would otherwise
occur at fixtures.
2. Allow sewer gases to be vented safely outdoors. Because sewer
gases may flow back up into the building drain piping from a public
sewer or private septic system, and because some sewer gases are
included in building waste flowing through the piping, the plumbing
vent system needs to carry these gases outside, usually above the
building roof.
9.2 Effect of Poor Ventilation
Among the most and serious problem encountered in the plumbing system is
the trap seal loss due to inadequate or poor ventilation. The trap seal loss
are attributed by the following:
• Siphonage- result of minus pressure in the drainage system. Closing one

end of the trap by connecting the pipe with out ventilation will create an
equal atmosphere condition. When a large amount of water flow rapidly
through the trap, self siphoning will occur and the water content of the
trap will be discharge
• Back Pressure – This is caused when a large amount of waste flows into
the drainage system compressing the air in front of it, if the fixture at the
point of compression is not vented properly it will blow out the trap and
into the building.
• Evaporation
• Capillary Action
Another effect of poor of poor ventilation is the retardation

of water flow – it is due to unbalance pressure from inside
to outside of the plumbing system.
9.3 Ventilation of the Drainage System
Ways and forms of ventilation in the drainage system is depends upon the
location of fixtures and how they are combined and grouped. Group venting
is permitted provided that every trap is ventilated using the proper size of
vent pipe (as accepted by local codes)
9.4 Types of Ventilation
The size of vent pipe can be determined by calculating the equivalent

fixture unit. The same application on previous drainage sizing.
1. Main and Soil Waste Vent – The vent pipe used to ventilate the soil
and waste pipe. It is the main soil and waste vent of the soil stack above the
highest installed fixture branch extending through the roof. It serves as the
terminal for the main vent and other vent of the system.
2. Main Vent – The portion of the vent pipe system serving as terminal for
the smaller forms of individual and grouped fixture trap ventilation. It is
sometimes called the collecting vent line.
Sizing of Main Vent – can be determined by using the table 7.5
Exercises:
1. Determine the size of the main vent that will serve 4 wc, 4 lavatories, 3
showers and 3 kitchen sink in 2 storey building 6m high?
4 w.c x 6 units =24 units
3 kitchen sink x 2 unit = 6 units
Total = 40 units
b. Refer to table , (C) (4) under a 65mm pipe size could serve 48 units.
at high of 55 meters, therefore use 63mm vent pipe.
3. Individual Vent – The portion of vent ent pipe system that

serves a single trap. It is connected closer to the trap
directly underneath the back of the fixture and connected to
the main vent. It is sometimes called the back vent. It is the
most effective means of venting, however the idea is very
costly. Group venting is allowed under the following conditions:
• It must be connected as close as possible to the fixture traps
• It should be directly located underneath or back of the fixture
• It must be connected to the main vent above the overflow line of the fixture.
4. Unit vent – The portion of the vent pipe system

that ventilates two fixture traps that discharges
into a sanitary cross. This type of venting is
common to fixture trap serving apartment and
hotel toilet particularly.
5. Circuit or loop vent – The portion of the vent pipe

system that ventilates two or more fixture traps on a
horizontal soil or waste branch. Generally, the use of
circuit vent reduce the cost of plumbing installation.
This type of ventilation is commonly use in buildings
with more facilities and battery of fixtures.
Exercises:
1. Determine the size of circuit vent pipe that serves a group of 5 lavatories.
Total = 5 units
b. Refer to table 12.2, (C) (4) under a 38mm pipe size could serve 8 units.
at high of 18 meters, therefore use 38mm vent pipe.
6. Relief vent – is installed to ventilate the soil and waste pipe and the
connecting branches rather than the fixture traps. Relief vents provide
additional air to the drainage system where the primary vent is too far from
the fixture.
7. Looped vent – Is a ventilation use on fixtures in a rm.
away from partitions. It is not practical to use,
however it is tolerated only when other methods of
ventilation is not possible.
8. Wet vent – Is defined as that portion of the vent pipe system where liquid
waste regularly flows. Under this type of ventilation, the
main vent is eliminated and cost is reduced.
Exercises:
1. Find the size of wet vent for 1 wc., 2 lav. & 1 bathtub
1 wc x 6 unit = 6 units
2 lav. x 1 unit = 2 units
1 bath x 2 unit = 2 units
Total = 10 units
b. Refer to table 12.2, (C) (4) under 50mm can served 24 fixtures.
, therefore use 50mm wet vent shall be used.
Exercises:
1. Determine the size of soil, waste and vent pipe as per below figure:
For Drain A.
3 water closet x 6 units =20 units
Total =24 units
formulated by the code.
For Drain B.
2 lavatories x 2 units = 4 units
Total = 4 units
For Drain C.
Total = 4 units
For Drain D.
4 urinal x 6 units = 24 units
1 SSD x 3 units = 3 units
2 lavatories x 2 units =4 units
Total =65 units
For Drain E.

5 water closet x 6 units = 30 units
2 lavaories x 2 units = 4 units
Total =71 units
For Vent 1.
Total = 4 units
b. Refer to table 7.5, under (C) (4) use 38mm pipe size as formulated by the
code.
For Vent 2
Total =24 units
code.
For Vent 3.
2 water closet x 6 unit =12 units
Total =45 units
code.
For Vent 4.
Total =30 units
code.
For Vent 5 (vent stack)
5 water closet x 6 units = 30 units
Total =71 units
code.
10.0 Water Supply
10.1 Cold Water Supply
10.2 Public Water Distribution
10.3 Household Water Supply
10.4 Types of water Cold Distribution
10.5 Friction in Water Supply
10.6 Pipe Sizing
10.7 Pump Calculation and Selection
10.8 Hot Water Supply
10.1 Water Supply
Water supply
Modern indoor plumbing delivers clean, safe, potable water to each service
point in the distribution system. It is important that the clean water not be
contaminated by the waste water (disposal) side of the process system.
Historically, this contamination of drinking water has been the largest killer of
humans.
Water supply can sometimes appear cloudy, often mistaken for mineral
impurities in the water. It is usually caused by air bubbles coming out of
solution due to change in temperature or pressure. Because cold water holds
more air than warm water, small bubbles will appear in water.
Rain Cycle Physical Forms of Water
10.2 Public Water Distribution
Public water distribution is classified into the following:
1. Direct Pressure Distribution – Its obtain its supply of water through a

large intake pipe, installed in the lake basin extended down the water. Water is
drawn from the lake, to a receiving well by force of gravity, passing through a
filtration plant. The water inside the reservoir is pumped into the water main
with sufficient pressure to serve the specific needs.
2.Indirect Pressure Distribution – Its obtain its supply of water drawn from
a drilled distribution is done by indirect pressure. For this type a turbine pump
is employed mounted on top of the standpipe extended down the well below
the water table.
10.3 Household Water Supply
Water is a prime necessity in all types of households, it is conveyed from the

From the main to the household of buildings by means of pipes classified as
1.House service– refers to the pipe connection from the public water main
or any source water supply to the building served.
2.Riser– refers to the vertical supply pipe which extend upward from floor to
another.
3.Branches– are horizontal pipes that serves the faucet or fixtures.
Water Main- refers to the public water connection which are laid
underground along the streets where the house service is connected
(connection requirements as per local regulation)
The water service pipe is connected or tapped to the water main by
personnel of the waterworks authority only. The connection is made with
special tapping device accomplished without necessarily shutting of the city
or municipal water supply. Tapping of water supply service requires the use
of corporation cock, curb cock meter stop and water meter
10.4 Types of Cold Water Distribution
1.By normal water pressure for public main– refers to public water main,
it is sometimes nit enough to serve the buildings.
2.Overhead Feed System– refers to the supplies of water to the plumbing
fixtures by means of gravity. The water is pumped to a large tank on top of the
building and distributed the water
Advantages:
• Storage in the tank can supply the water demand
even in peak load hour
• Power and pump break down interruptions will
indirectly affect the water supply inside the bldg.
Disadvantages:
• Water inside the tank is prone to contamination
• Many working parts that require higher
maintenance cost.
• Requires large spaces.
3.Air pressured water distribution– the air pressured water distribution is
a compressed air is used as the delivery agent.
Advantages:
• A compact pumping unit that requires limited space
• The water chamber, an air tight makes the system avoid contamination.
• Oxygen in the compress air passing through the water line, serves as
purifying agent, making the water more potable.
• Requires small pipe diameter and few workings parts.
• Pressure can be adjusted base on the requirements.
Disadvantages:
• Can be directly affected on power and pump break down interruption.
Direct Up –Feed Pumping System– is an innovation of the air pressurized
water distribution. This type is used on tall building that could deliver water
at varying rates needed from two, three faucets up to the full demand of the
entire building fixtures.
Advantages:
• Eliminates the construction of large house water tank
• Avoid cost of heavy structure to carry the house tank
• Eliminate periodic cost
Disadvantages:
• Can be directly affected on power and pump break down interruption.
General Control Philosophy and Operation for Air pressure Water
Distribution System
A triplex pump installed to operate in sequence according to the volume

demand. One pump is larger than the other one.
When the water demand is small, the small pump will run, as the water
consumption of water increase , the second pump will run to replace the
operation of the small pump.
As the demand of water increases further to reach its peak, the third pump
will run in full capacity and will automatically replace the operation of
second pump. (under this principle only one pump will run however
philosophy depends on system requirements) depending upon the volume of
water demand.
Each pump is equipped with sensor, program at a min. & max. operating pres.
with automatic on & off switch depending upon the volume of demand
10.5 Friction
Friction refers to the resistance produced by the flowing water with the
fittings and interior surface of the pipe. It is the resistance between the
molecules of water.
Friction is water supply can be minimized under the following conditions:

• All water pipes should be installed straight and direct as possible
• The use of turns, offset and trap should be minimized.
• Pipes with plain and smooth surface should be used.
Pressure – is the force required to move the water inside the pipe. It is the
only means necessary to overcome the friction.
Static Pressure – is the pressure exerted at rest
Normal Pressure – is the pressure range measured over a period of 24
hours. It is ranges from 30-40 psi. Lower than this will result to insufficient
flow of water and higher than 50 psi may cause water hammering or pipe
bursting.
An excessive pressure can be minimized by installing pressure reducing
valves. This valve will keep the pressure at 40 psi or can be reset on desired
pressure.
Water hammering, can be minimized

by installing enough support and air
chamber pipe at the back of the faucet.
Critical Pressure – is the max and min pressure at which proper function of
the water supply system can be maintained.
Head loss by Pressure – is the loss in rate of flow, due to friction between
the water and the walls of the pipe.
Pressure loss – is the variation in pressure between the water main and the
outlet end of the water service.
Other causes of Pressure loss

• Simultaneous draw or use of water
• Height or distance to which the water must flow
10.6 Pipe Sizing
Pressure Drop Equation
Valve and Fitting Pressure Drop
Valves and fittings can be listed in elbow equivalents, with an elbow being
equivalent to a length of straight pipe as per below tables
Calculating Pressure Losses
The most common engineering design flow loss calculation selects a pipe size
for the desired total flow rate and available or allowable pressure drop.
Because either formulation of fitting losses requires a known diameter, pipe

size must be selected before calculating the detailed influence of fittings.
A frequently used rule of thumb assumes that the design length of pipe is 50 to
100% longer than actual to account for fitting losses. After a pipe diameter has
been selected on this basis, the influence of each fitting can be evaluated.
Velocity (recommended) velocity limit of 3m/s
Service Water Piping
Sizing of service water piping differs from sizing of process line, in service
water piping are determined by the probability of simultaneous operation of a
multiplicity of individual loads such as water closets, urinals, lavatories, sinks,
and showers.
The full flow characteristics of each load device are readily obtained from
manufacturers; however, service water piping sized to handle all load devices
simultaneously would be seriously oversized. Thus, a major issue in sizing
service water piping is to determine the diversity of the loads.
The procedure shown uses the work of R.B. Hunter for estimating diversity
(Hunter 1940, 1941). The present day plumbing designer is usually
constrained by building or plumbing codes, The designer must be aware of the
applicable code for the location being considered.
Chart A-2
Chart A-3
.
Chart A-5.1
.
Chart A-6.1
FLOW RATE LIMITATIONS
Stewart and Dona (1987) surveyed the literature relating to water flow rate
limitations. Noise, erosion, and installation and operating costs all limit the
maximum and minimum velocities in piping systems. If piping sizes are too
small, noise levels, erosion levels, and pumping costs can be unfavorable; if
piping sizes are too large, installation costs are excessive. Therefore, pipe
sizes are chosen to minimize initial cost while avoiding the undesirable
effects of high velocities.
Procedure for Sizing Cold Water Systems
Step 1. Sketch the main lines, risers, and branches, and indicate the fixtures
to be served. Calculate the total fixture units and get the estimated demand
load for main and branch line.
Refer to sample layout below, with 5 units W.C , 4 lavatories, 4 urinal &1
sink .
a. See table 6.5 for the fixture units (main line)
5 W.C flushometer valves = 50units
4 lavatories x 0.75 x 1 unit = 3 units
4 U.R. flushometer valves = 40 units
1 sink x 0.75 x 2 units = 1.5units
Total = 94.5 units
a1. See Chart A-2 & A-3 estimated demand load gpm flush valves is 67gpm
b. See table 6.5 for the fixture units (branch line A )
3 W.C flushometer valves =30 units
Total = 30 units
b1. See Chart A-2 & A-3 estimated demand load gpm flush valves is 41gpm
c. See table 6.5 for the fixture units (branch line B)
2 W.C flushometer valves =20 units
4 lavatories x 0.75 x 1 unit = 3 units
4 U.R. flushometer valves = 40 units
Total = 64.5units
c1. See Chart A-2 & A-3 estimated demand load gpm flush valves 57 gpm
d. See table 6.5 for the fixture units (branch line C )
2 lavatories x 0.75 x 1 unit = 1.5 units
Total = 1.5 units
d1. See Chart A-2 & A-3 estimated demand load gpm flush valves is 5.0 gpm
e. See table 6.5 for the fixture units (branch line D)
2 W.C flushometer valves =20units
Total = 23 units
e1. See Chart A-2 & A-3 estimated demand load gpm flush valves is 38 gpm
f. See table 6.5 for the fixture units (branch line D )
Total = 1.5 units
f1. See Chart A-2 & A-3 estimated demand load gpm flush valves is 5.0 gpm
Step 2. Determine the equivalent length of pipe in the main lines, risers, and
branches. Because the sizes of the pipes are not known, the exact equivalent
length of various fittings cannot be determined, however a frequently used
rule of thumb assumes that the design length of pipe is 50 to 100% longer
than actual to account for fitting losses.
Add the equivalent lengths, starting at the street main and proceeding along
the service line, the main line of the building, up the riser to the farthest & top
most fixture of the group served.
a. The length of run from street main to furthest & highest fixture = 33.5 m
b. Equivalent length of fittings, as per rule thumb 50-100% of 33.5 let say
70% of 33.5 is equal to 23.45 m., so 33.5+23.45 = 56.95m total length
Step 3.Determine the average minimum pressure in the street main and
the minimum pressure required for the operation of the topmost and farthest
fixture, which should be 8-25 psi (50-175 kPa) above atmospheric.
a. Let say min pressure available in street main is = 45 psi (310kpa)
b. The min pressure required in lavatory which is the farthest & topmost
fixture is = 8 psi (55 kpa)
Step 4. Calculate the approximate design value of the average pressure
drop per unit length of pipe in equivalent length determined in step 2.
Δp = (ps – 9.8H – pf – pm) ⁄ L
where:
Δp = average pressure loss per metre of equivalent length of pipe, kPa
ps = pressure in street main, kPa (310kpa)
pf = minimum pressure required to operate topmost fixture, kPa (55kpa)
pm = pressure drop through water meter, kPa (let say 50kpa)
H = height of highest fixture above street main, m (15+ 1.2m= 16.2) 1m= 9.8kpa
L = equivalent length fitting + pipe length determined in step 2, m= (56.95m)
From the equation
Δp = (ps – 9.8H – pf – pm) ⁄ L
= (310 – 9.8(16.2) – 55 – 50) ⁄ 56.95m
= 0.812 kpa/m or 3.58psi/100ft
Using Chart A-5.1 (commercial steel pipe), the size for the main line for
67 gpm (4.23 l/s) @ 812 pa, the pipe size will be 50mm and velocity of
2.1 m/s
Using the same principle the following pipe branches will be sized as the
following:
1. 50mm Branch A , 41gpm (2.58 l/s) @812 pa

2. 50mm Branch B , 57gpm (3.59l/s) @ 812 pa
3. 20mm Branch C , 5.0gpm (0.31l/s) @ 812 pa
4. 40mm Branch D , 38gpm (2.39l/s) @ 812 pa
5. 20mm Branch E , 5.0gpm (0.31/s) @ 812 pa
Layout dwg.
10.7 Pump Selection & Calculation
Pressure Drop Equation
Procedure for Pump Selection & Calculation
Step 1. Sketch the main lines, risers, and branches, and indicate the fixtures to
be served. Indicate the rate of flow of each fixture, the demand weight and
expected demand.
Refer to the previous sample, the values for expected demand is 67 gpm.
Step 2. Get the elevation difference (static pressure), assume the pump has
the same elevation of the street main.
Refer to previous sample layout, H = height of highest fixture above street

main, m (15+ 1.2m= 16.2)
Step 3. Get the total length of pipe run from street main to furthest & highest
fixture. As per the previous sample, the values for total length are 33.5m.
Step 4. Get valves, fittings & accessories quantity and find the equivalent pipe
length as per table A-2
Step 5. Add the values of total run of & the equivalent fittings
(33.5+22.8=56.3 meter) , then get the friction head (hf). A design of approx.
4-15ft/100 ft or uniform friction head loss is generally used, 0.15m/m,
therefore 56.3 meter x .15m/m =8.46m
Step 6- Get the total dynamic Head (TDH)
Bernoulli equation :
TDH = elevation head + friction head

+ velocity head + pressure head
TDH = (Z2-Z1) +( hf) + (V2²-V1² ) + (P2-P1)

2g
P2 = Pressure required on the farthest fixture, 8psi (5.63m Hd.)

P1 = Pressure available on the street main, 45 psi-10psi (24.65m hd.)
Z2 = Ht in ft of highest fixture above street main, 16.2m
Z1= 0, since same level of street main
Hf = Friction loss in ft in pipes, fittings & valves + other accessories (PRV)
V = negligible
Hf= as per step 5
Hf = 8.46.3(1.2 S.F) = 10.16m
PRV = Let say 5psi = (3.52m)
TDH = (Z2-Z1) +( hf) + (V2²-V1² ) + (P2-P1)

2g
TDH= (16.2-0)+(10.16+3.52)+0+(5.63-24.65)
TDH= 10.86 m (35.2ft)
Calculate the Pump Horsepower & Electric Motor HP (KW) for the Pump.
WHP= (GPM x TDH/3960)x SG

WHP= (67 x 35/3960)x 1= 0.60 HP
Pump HP = WHP/Pump eff = 4.39/0.45= 1.32HP
Motor HP =Pump HP/ Motor eff.= 9.75/0.80 = 1.65HP (1.23KW)
Pump required = 67gpm capacity, 35.2 ft head, 1.23Kw
10.8 Hot Water Supply
The hot water heating system in the home is often fails to deliver the needed
amount of hot water, or the system constantly rumbles and makes other
strange noises. Often, the water is either too hot or not hot enough
How the water is heated?
Water is a very poor conductor of heat. This can be easily demonstrated by

taking a bucket full of ice and applying heat to the top. The ice on top will melt,
while that underneath will remain frozen. The only way that the water at the
bottom of the pail can be warmed is by circulating it to the top of the pail
where the heat is applied.
When water is heated it expands and becomes lighter. Consequently, warm

water will rise to the top, while the cold will remain at the bottom.
If you were to join a U-shaped piece of pipe to a tank full of cold water and
apply heat to the pipe, the heated water would rise to the top of the tank and
the cold water would sink to the bottom, flow through the pipe and be heated.
At first, circulation of water would be slow, but as steam began to form, the
circulation would become more rapid.
Heat increases the corrosive property of water

that no galvanized iron metal could withstand its
corrosive effect. The choice of material for hot
water installation is limited to copper pipe,
stainless steel pipe or plastic pipe.
Hot water supply consist of heater with storage

tank and pipe connections to carry the hot water
to the farthest fixtures with continuous piping, to return the unused hot water
back to the heater. Constant circulation of hot water should be maintain at all
times, to be drawn at anytime from the fixture.
How Water Heater Works
Tank - The inner shell of a water heater is a

heavy metal tank containing a water
protective liner that holds 40 to 60 gallons
(151 to 227 liters) of hot water at around
50 to 100 pounds per square inch (PSI),
within the pressure range of a typical
residential water system. The exterior of the
tank is covered in an insulating material like
polyurethane foam. Over that, there's a
decorative outer shell and possibly an
additional insulating blanket
Dip tube - Water enters the water heater

through the dip tube at the top of the tank
and travels to the tank bottom where it's
then heated.
Shut-off valve -The shut-off valve stops water flow into the water heater. It's a
separate component from the heater located outside and above the unit.
Heat-out pipe -Suspended toward the top of the tank's interior, the heat-out
pipe allows the hot water to exit the water heater.
Thermostat - This is a thermometer- and temperature-control device. Some
electric water heaters have a separate thermostat for each element.
Heating mechanism - Electric water heaters have heating elements inside
the tank to heat the water. Gas water heaters use a burner and chimney
system instead.
Drain valve - Located near the bottom of the exterior housing, the drain valve
makes it easy to empty the tank to replace the elements, remove sediment or
move the tank to another location.
Pressure relief valve - This safety device keeps the pressure inside the water
heater within safe limits.
Sacrificial anode rod - Made of magnesium or aluminum with a steel core,
the sacrificial anode rod is suspended in the water heater tank to help retard
corrosion.
A water heater's thermostat controls the temperature of the water inside the
tank. Normally, you can set the temperature anywhere between 120 and 180
degrees Fahrenheit (49 to 82 degrees Celsius). The water temperature setting
recommended by most manufacturers is between 120 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit
(49 to 60 degrees Celsius). This is hot enough to be efficient for household use,
but not so hot that it can pose a scalding risk.
Setting your water heater to a lower temperature saves energy.Usually, the
thermostat is located underneath a protective cover plate and has a knob or dial
you can turn to set the temperature.
The dip tube feeds cold water from your home's water lines to the bottom of the
tank's interior, where the water starts to warm up. The heating mechanism,
either a burner or an element, stays on until the water reaches temperature. As
the water heats, it rises to the top of the tank. The heat-out pipe is located near
the top of the tank. Water exiting the water heater at the top is always the hottest
in the tank at any given moment because it's the nature of hot water to rise
above denser, cold water.
Types of Water Heater
They are many type of water heater such as directly heated automatic storage
heater, instantaneous heater, semi instantaneous heater, booster heater and
storage water heater. However among the popular t use are the following:
A. Instantaneous Heaters, tankless or demand type water heater

It heats water directly without the use of a storage tank.
When a hot water tap is turned on, cold water travels
through a pipe into the unit. Either a gas burner
or an electric element heats the water. As a result, its
deliver a constant supply of hot water. However, the
output limits the flow rate.
Typically its provide hot water at a rate of 2–5 gallons

(7.6–15.2 liters) per minute. Gas-fired water heaters
produce higher flow rates than electric ones or you can
install two or more water heaters, connected in parallel
for simultaneous demands of hot water.
B. Storage water heater
It uses a hot water storage tank to maximize heating capacity and provide
instantaneous delivery of hot water.[1] Conventional storage water heaters use a
variety of fuels, including natural gas, propane, fuel oil, and electricity. Less
conventional water heating technologies, such as heat pump water heaters and
solar water heaters, can also be categorized as storage water heaters.
Conventional storage water heaters are the most common water heating type
Typical sizes for household use range from 75 to

400 liters (20 to 100 US gallons). These may use
electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil, solar,
or other energy sources.
Application: used for large volume of usage:

gymnasiums, laundries, kitchens, industrial
washrooms.
Selection of Instantaneous Water Heater:
The selection of instantaneous water heater is straight forward. The most

acceptable method is based upon fixture units as discussed (Water System
Design). It is recommended to use usage factor: For hospitals & hotels = 0.50,
for residential = 0.33, for office building = 0.25. When peak demand has been
determined, a heater will be selected that will deliver that demand.
Example:
Fixture unit method indicate peak demand for hotel to be 50gpm. Assume water
heater is to be distributed at 120°F. (49 C) Inlet temp. = 77°F (25. C) Determine
the heating capacity of the water heater.
Solution:
A. Heater must deliver:
= Peak demand x usage factor 0.5
= 125gpm x 0.50 = 25gpm.
B. The heat required : Q = w . Cp. ΔT
= 50gpm x 8.33 lb/gal x 1 btu/lb‐°F (120‐77°F) x 60min/h
= 537,285 Btu/h or 157kw
Note: 1HP= 2546Btu/hr , 1KW= 3425Btu/hr
Sizing of Storage Type Heaters

Two basic determination to be made in order to design a hot water storage tank
system:
1. Hourly peak demand
2. Duration of peak demand.
Table M‐1 provides the necessary data to determine hourly peak demand for
various types of buildings. The duration of the peak demand is given in Table M‐
2 Note: Only 70% of the tank capacity is to be considered usable capacity,
Figure M‐4 to M‐11 show relationship between recovery and storage capacity
for various types of building.
The required recovery capacity is = Peak hourly demand – gph available from the
tank.
Illustration: For example we have 1000‐gallon tank, Peak demand is 450gph
which lasts for 2 hours, determine the recovery capacity required.
Solution:
Calculate the usable water which is 1000 x 0.70 = 700 gallons of usable water.
700 ÷ 2 = 350 gph available hot water for 2 hours

450‐350 = 100 gph recovery, capacity required
When peak demand and duration of that demand is known, it is possible to
select a number of combination of storage and recovery using Figure M‐4 to
M‐11
Example:
1. Determine the required water heater size for 1. a 300‐student woman’s
dormitory for the following criteria:
a. Storage system with minimum recovery rate.
b. Storage system with recovery rate of 2.5gph per student
Solution:
a. Min. recovery rate from Fig. M‐11 for woman’s dorm. is 1.1 gph per student.
Total recovery required = 1.1gph per student x 300 student = 330gph
Storage required = 300 students x 12 gallons/student (Fig. M-11)= 3600
gallons. On 70% net usable basis, tank size is = 3600 / 0.70 = 5142 gallons
b. On the same curve shows at 2.5 gph recovery (Fig. M-11) shows 5 gallons
storage per student .
Total recovery required = 2.5 gph per student x 300 student = 750 gph
Storage required = 5 gallons/student x 300 students =1500 gallons
Tank size will be = 1500/0.70 = 2142 gallons.
2. Determine the water heater size for a 200‐unit apartment house:

a. Storage with minimum recovery rate, with single tank.
b. Storage system with 4gph per apartment recovery rate, with single tank
c. Storage system for each two 100‐unit wings
* minimum recovery rate
* Recovery rate of 4gph per apartment
Solution:
a. Min recovery rate, Fig. M‐4 for apartment bldgs. for 200 apartment = 2.1gph.
Total recovery = 2.1gph/apt. x 200 apt. = 420gph
Storage = 24gallons /apt x 200apt = 4800gallons.,
Based on 70% usable capacity, tank size = 4800/0.70 = 6860 gallons.
b. On the same curve shows at 4 gph recovery rate (Fig. M-11) shows 5
gallons storage per student .
Total recovery = 4gph/apt x 200 apt. = 800gph
Tank size = 5 gal/apt x 200 apt /0.70 = 1430gallons
c. Alternate solution for 200‐unit apartment with 2‐wing apt with 100‐unit
each wing. In this case the solution will be for each 100‐unit wing would be:
1. From Figure M‐4 the curve 100, minimum recovery = 2.5gph and storage
per apartment = 30gal. Therefore:
Total Recovery = 100 x 2.5 = 250gph
Tank storage capacity = 30 x 100 / 0.70 = 4285 gallons
2. The curve also show for recovery rate of 4gph, the storage would be
14 gal/unit.
Total recovery = 4gph/unit x 100 units = 400gph
Tank size = 14gal/unit x 100units/0.70 = 2000gallons in each wing
Size of water heating equipment can be calculated based from the number of
fixture units in table M-3 can be used
To obtain probable Max. Demand multiply the total quantity for the fixtures by the
demand factor in Line 19 in Table M-3. The heater or coil should have a heating
capacity = probable max. demand x storage capacity factor in line 20. Refer to below
example
Example:
Determine the heater and storage tank size for an apartment building
from the following number of fixtures. (60 Lavatories, 30 Bathtubs, 30
showers, 60 kitchen sinks, 15 laundry tubs)
1. Determine Possible Maximum demand
2. Determine Probable Max. Demand
3. Determine Storage Capacity
Refer to Table M‐3

60 Lavatories x 2 = 120 gph
30 Bathtubs x 20 = 600 gph
30 showers x 30 = 900 gph
60 kitchen sinks x 10 = 600 gph
15 laundry tubs x 20 = 300 gph
Possible Max. demand = 2520 gph
Probable Max. demand = 2520 gph x 0.30= 756 gph
Storage Capacity = 756 x 1.25 = 945 gallons
References:
1. Revised Plumbing Code of the Philippines.
2. Plumbing Design & Estimate – Max B. Fajardo
3. 2001 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals – Chapter 35
PSME SEMINAR
SIMPLIFIED PLUMBING DESIGN
(REVISED NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)
THANK YOU!

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SIMPLIFIED PLUMBING DESIGN

ROGELIO C DE DIOS JR, PME, RMP & GERRY GAMBOA, PME

August 21, 2015

1.1 What is Plumbing

1.2 Objectives of Plumbing

1.3 Plumbing Design Unlimited

1.4 Drainage System

1.5 Plumbing Materials

1.6 Plumbing Fixture

Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, valves, and fixtures

"Plumbing" often denotes the supply and waste system of an individual

•NAMPAP spearheaded the enactment of law regulating the practice of master

•In1966-1969 The board of Examiners for Master Plumber prepared a curriculum

• To supply water to different parts of the building.

Condition for an Effective Water Supply

• To provide sufficient amount of water to supply each fixture.

Drainage System should Accomplished the following:

• The drainage pipe should be graded or inclined properly for a downward

The drainage installation is sometimes referred to as DWV which means

Sample of Plumbing materials as follows:

“Model Code” promulgated by the Association of Plumbing Officials and the

• The National Standard Plumbing Code

The Sanitary Fixtures:

2.1 The Sewage and its Disposal

2.3 Construction and Sizing of Septic Tank

2.4 Disposal Fields

It is therefore important not only to know the different types of sewerage

2.2 Type of Sewage Disposal System

Construction of Septic tank should considered the general conditions:

• Minimum inside dimension of 900mm wide x 1500mm long

• Minimum depth of 600mm and maximum of 1800mm from pipe to the

• The digestion chamber should be slope to one low point.

• Septic Tank should be provided by manhole extended above the ground.

Rev National Plumbing Code Philippines Appendix B5.4, page 181

Sizing & Capacity of Septic tank :

• Minimum inside dimension of 900mm wide x 1500mm long, minimum

• Size of tank should be proportion based on nos. expected of person. A very

2. A motel with kitchen facilities will serve a maximum of 80 bed space.

Step 2. , using he formula V=1.125+0.75Q as per table B-3 (a)(2)

The over all length is 3.0+1.5 = 4.5m

The most important aspects of

Testing of the ground with a

An optimum self-cleansing velocity for drain is usually accepted to be 3 fps

3.1 Waste Pipe Definition

3.2 General condition for Waste Pipe Installation

• Right materials – The properties of the waste to be discharge dictates the

• Too small pipeline diameter is subject to overloading of flow. The tendency

As per table 7-5, the notes

It means 76mm pipe can

2. Determine the size of vertical waste stack to serve the following

a. Refer to table 7.2 for the fixture unit

Branch waste pipe can be sized on the same table.

4.1 Soil Pipe Description

4.2 General Description for Soil Pipe Installation

4. 3 Soil Pipe Sizing

4. 4 General Description for Soil branch Pipe Installation

4. 5 Soil Branch Pipe Sizing