Manipulation and

Fine Motor Skills

 MANIPULATION VS IN-HAND MANIPULATION
MANIPULATION- refers to general movement of an
object in space or in conjunction with other objects.

IN-HAND MANIPULATION- process of using one hand to

adjust an object
PREHENSILE VS NON-PREHENSILE MOVEMENTS

NON-PREHENSILE- movement that do not invovle

grasp.
Movement: may be whole-hand
PREHENSILE- holding patterns or actions involved in
assuming grasp patterns.
 PRECISION VS POWER GRASP
PRECISION- involves opposition of the thumb to
fingerstips.

POWER- involves use of entire hand

SIMULTANEOUS VS SEQUENTIAL PATTERNS
SIMULTANEOUS PATTERNS- characterized by one
pattern of finger movement that can be reversed

SEQUENTIAL PATTERNS- involve movement of the

object with some fingers while others stabilize the
object
 GRASP PATTERNS

Hook Grasp Power Grasp

used when strength of grasp often used to control tools or
must be matained to carry other object
objects with handle
 GRASP PATTERNS

Lateral Pinch tip Pinch

used to exert power on or with Opposition of the thumb tip and
a small object the tip of the index finger
forming a circle
 GRASP PATTERNS

Pad to pad/two Three-point/Three-jaw

point/pincer grasp chuck
opposition of thumb
opposition of thumb to index
simultaneously to the index and
finger pad
middle finger pads
 GRASP PATTERNS

Spherical Grasp Cylindrical Grasp

Ex: holding a tennis ball Ex: holding a jar bottle
 GRASP PATTERNS

Disk Grasp
Ex: holding the lid of a jar
IN-HAND MANIPULATION
2-2 1/2 years
age period during which the
greatest number of fine motor
skills seemed to emerge
3 years
development of most in-hand
manipulation without
stabilization skills
 TRANSLATION
FINGER-TO-PALM TRANSLATION: easiest skill; object held by
the pads of one or more finhers or against the volar surface of
one or more DIP joints and that pad of the thumb and moved
into the proximal part of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint.

Age: 12-15 months

 TRANSLATION
PALM-TO-FINGER TRANSLATION: objects are moved from some
area of the palm out of the distal finger surface.

Age: 2-2 1/2 years

IN-HAND MANIPULATION
SHIFT Rotation
movement of an object around one or
It is used for reinforcement of
more of its axes.
placement of the object against Simple Rotaion: easiest skill
the finger and thumb. Age: 2-2 1/2 years
Age: 3-3 1/2 years Complex Rotation: most difficult skill
Age: 6-7 years
IN-HAND MANIPULATION
IN-HAND MANIPULATION SKILLS
WITH STABILIZATION
several object held in the hand and
manipulation of one object occurs.
Age: 6-7 years
HANDWRITING
TOPIC 2
DEVELOPMENT OF PRE-WRITING AND
HANDWRITING
Vertical lines
Horizontal lines
cross (+)
Circle
Square
Triangle Rectangle Diamond
HANDWRITING COMPONENTS
Upper-extremity stability
co-contract agonistic and antagonistic
muscle group around join, and lack of
fluidity of scapular movements
Tactile and proprioceptive
provide information
Vesibulr
mediates the oculomotor system
Kinesthesia
influencing the amount of pressure
a child applies to the writing tool
Position in space
affects the child's ability to space
Form constancy
allows a child to discriminate
HANDWRITING COMPONENTS
Visuomotor Integration
Motor Planning
ability to coordinate visual
ability to plan, sequence, and
information with a motor
execute
response
Activity Tolerance
Fine motor control
sustaining a writing activity
Isolation of movements
Bilateral Integration
Grading of movements
mostly asymmetrical Timing of movements
LEGIBILITY COMPONENTS
LETTER FORMATION
ALIGNMENT
SPACING
SIZE
SLANT
LEGIBILITY COMPONENTS
 LEGIBILITY COMPONENTS
F
L O
E R
M
T A
T T
E I
R O
N
 PENCIL GRIPS
PALMAR SUPINATE GRIP Digital Pronate Grip

1-1/2 YEARS 3 1/2 - 4 YEARS

Static Tripod Grip

2-3 YEARS

4 1/2 - 6 YEARS
PAPER ORIENTATION
HOLDING THE PENCIL CORRECTLY
GRASP PENCIL TOO TIGHT
SHAKY MOVEMENT
TOO MUCH PRESSURE ON PAPER
WEAK PRESSURE
PAPER ORIENTATION
LEFT HANDED STUDENTS
LETTER FORMATION
ALIGNMENT
SPACING
SIZE
SCISSORS SKILLS
TOPIC 3
 CALIBRATION
A VERY IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF
SENSORIMOTOR FEEDBACK WHEN CUTTING
HIERARCHY OF DEVELOPMENT
SCISSORS GRIPS
1. THUMB, ONE LOOP; INDEX OTHER LOOP, REST OF
FINGERS EXTENDED
2. THUMB, ONE LOOP; INDEX AND MIDDLE IN OTHER
LOOP; REST OF FINGERS EXTENDED
3. THUMB, ONE LOOP; MIDDLE, OTHER LOOP; REST OF
FINGERS FLEXED; INDEX FINGER EXTENDED
4. THUMB, ONE LOOP; INDEX OTHER LOOP; REST OF
FNGERS FLEXED
5. THUMB, ONE LOOP; INDEX AND MIDDLE IN OTHER
LOOP; REST OF FINGERS FLEXED
6. THUMB, ONE LOOP; MIDDLE OTHER LOOP; INDEX
STABILIZING SCISSORS
 CORRECT SCISSORS GRASP
thumb in small loop and facing upwards, middle
and ring finger through the larger loop, index
finger curled over the larger loo to provide
stability, ring and inky finger curled into palm
for strength (6 years old)
 CORRECT SCISSORS GRASP
2 years 5 years
knows where to cut a square
place fingers 5 1/2 years
3 years dynamic bilateral
follows the line integration
6-7 years
4 years
complex cutting
cut a circle

CUTTING MATERIALS
should be graded according to weight
1. Index cards
2. Construction paper
3. Paper bags
4. Regular-weight paper
5. String an Fabrics
 SKILL PRACTICE IN CUTTING
1. Snipping activities
2. Increase width by requiring 2 snips
3. Cut straight lines
4. Cut simple shapes
5. Circular lines
6. Cutting sircle
7. Cutting figures and designs
DIFFICULTY OPENING AND CLOSING SCISSORS
DIFFICULTY OPENING AND CLOSING SCISSORS
1. Games that involve squeezing and letting go
2. Use tongs and pick up objects to fill a container,
craft punch, squeezing clothespins
3. Games that require pinching thumb
4. Use scissors that open auomatically
5. Snipping thick paper, foam board, or playdough
6. USe tiny scissors
 POOR ARM POSITION
1. Ask the child to rest arm on table when cutting
2. Gently press elbow down and in towards the body
when cutting
3. Games that position arm in a thumbs-up position
DIFFICULTY GUIDING PAPER TO STAY
ON THE LINE
DIFFICULTY GUIDING PAPER TO STAY
ON THE LINE
1. Cut a particular shape
2. Make "paths" that have a tactile cue
3. Place a piece of paper between two cardboard
shapes. Ask to hold like a sandwich and cut
around the cardboard
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
 FW 201

MINI QUIZ
1. WHAT KIND OF PENCIL GRIP
SHOULD THE CHILD USE WHEN
THE CHILD IS 2-3 YEARS OLD?
2. GIVE THE 3 FINE MOTOR
CONTROL COMPONENTS
3. IN LEGIBILITY COMPONENTS
WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WHEN
THE CHILD IS WRITING
INCORRECT LETTER FORMS?
4. IN PAPER ORIENTATION,
LEFT-HANDED CHILDREN’S
PAPER IS SLANTED 30-35
DEGREES TO THE LEFT.
 5. GIVE AT LEAST 3
HANDWRITING COMPONENTS.
6. IT IS A PROCESS OF USING
ONE HAND TO ADJUST AN
OBJECT.
 7. IT IS OFTEN USED TO
CONTROL TOOLS OR OTHER
OBJECTS.
 8. IT IS USED FOR
REINFORCEMENT OF
PLACEMENT OF THE OBJECT
AGAINST THE FINGER AND
THUMB
9. IN WHAT AGE COMPLEX
ROTATION WILL EMERGE.
10. IN WHAT AGE PERIOD THE
GREATEST NUMBER OF FINE
MOTOR SKILLS SEEMED TO
EMERGE.
 11. AT WHAT AGE WILL THE
CHILD BE ABLE TO FOLLOW A
LINE TO CUT A 6-INCH PIECE
OF PAPER INTO TWO PIECES?
 12. AN IMPORTANT
COMPONENT OF SENSORY
FEEDBACK WHEN CUTTING
13. AT WHAT AGE WILL THE
CHILD BE ABLE TO SHOW OR
PERFORM THE CORRECT
SCISSOR GRASP?
14. WHAT IS THE FIRST SKILL
TO PRACTICE IN CUTTING?
15. DO THE ACTION OF THE
GRASP PATTERN.