LESSON 1-ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
1. Choose a stand
→ An essay is a short formal piece of
composition that can be classified as
either an academic or a
non-academic writeup.
The argumentative essay is a genre of
writing that requires the student to
investigate a topic; collect, generate, and
evaluate evidence; and establish a
position on the topic in a concise manner.
The main purpose of an argumentative
essay is to the persuade reader to
consider the view or stand of the writer
about an issue
An argumentative essay has four
distinctive parts: argument/thesis,
claim, counterclaim, and rebuttal.
ARGUMENT OR THESIS
-It expresses the main idea or the stand
of the author towards an issue. It gives
the reader an overview of the essay –
what it is about.
CLAIM
-A claim is the main supporting
evidence That proves the author’s stand
on an issue. A claim should be strong in
nature to have a good argumentation.
COUNTERCLAIM
-A counterclaim is a possible argument
the reader might pose against the
author’s argument and/or some aspect of
his reasoning.
REBUTTAL
-These are arguments against the
counterclaims – the possible
arguments that the readers might pose
against the stand of the writer.
HOW TO WRITE AN ARGUMENTATIVE
ESSAY
→ In choosing a stand, you must consider
the pros and cons of the issue. You can
use a pro-con chart to identify the
reasons for and reasons against your
chosen topic. In
this way, you can examine both sides of
the issue and easily decide on your
position given the various reasons in
chart
2. Develop a thesis statement
→ The thesis statement must clearly
express the side of the author regarding
the issue. A thesis statement is always
penned in the introductory paragraph
of the essay.
3. Choose arguments
→ Choose the strongest arguments
written in your pro-con chart. These
arguments will be the main idea of
your claim paragraphs.
4. Choose a counterclaim
→ With your chosen claims, identify the
possible arguments that your reader
might pose against them. You should be
vigilant in thinking of the possible
counterclaims your reader might have.
5. Rebut
→ With the possible counterclaims you
have written, you have to refute or write
a rebuttal on such counterarguments to
show your readers that their objections
are untrue or fallacious
6. Conclude
→ With a series of claim-counterclaim
rebuttal paragraphs, you are to write
your conclusion. Your conclusion should
not just be a restatement of your thesis
statement or stand, it must be a
synthesis of the information in the body
of your essay.
 LESSON 2-CLAIM
CLAIM
- a statement that something is true or
is a fact, although other people might
not believe it
- an assertion of a person towards
an issue
There are three (3) types: claim of fact,
the claim of value, and claim of policy
Claim of Fact
- a statement about how things were
in the past, how they are in the present,
or how they will be in the future.
- is not a fact; it only claims to be a fact.
Claim of Value
- Value claims are arguable
statements concerning the relative
merits of something which is
measured
subjectively.
Claim of Policy
- Policy claim asserts that one course
of action is superior to another.
LESSON 3- AFFIRMATION AND
NEGATION
Affirmation
-the act of saying yes or of showing
that you mean yes
-shows support or approval of something.
Affirmation
Words or expressions that show
affirmation are absolutely, affirmatively,
assertedly, avowedly, clearly, truly,
definitely, doubtlessly, exactly, alright,
obviously, positively, really, sure, surely,
undoubtedly, yes, certainly, by all means,
verily, etc.
Example: I certainly think that his
decision suits the objective of the
project. Surely, this too shall pass. It is
undoubtedly a good proposal.
Negation
-the direct opposite of affirmation -
absence or opposite of something actual
or positive
- words of contradiction
Some words that express negation
are nothing, nowhere, not at all,
contradictorily, almost, invalidly, never,
no, not, or words ending such as
haven't, rarely, scarcely, etc.
Example: I do not think that his decision
suits the objective of the project. It is
hardly a good proposal.
LESSON 4- TECHNIQUES IN PUBLIC
SPEAKING
Public speaking
- delivering a speech in front of a
large audience in a formal situation
- an act of communicating ideas with
others through words and actions -
communicating with the audience
directly to create ideas in the mind of
another with the use of facial
expressions and movements.
Mental Portion
-covers issues such as
performance anxiety
- includes techniques like visualization
(imagining ahead of time the
challenging public speaking task and
preparing for it in a positive way)
Verbal Section
-the use of words and correct
pronunciation which are
comprehensible and appropriate for his
or her audience

Visual Segment
-helps speakers familiarize
themselves with the audience and
subject matter, dress appropriately,
and maintain eye contact while
delivering a speech
Vocal Portion
-the importance of speech patterns
and techniques
-how and when to make emphasis
the speech delivery
Vocal Portion
-the importance of speech patterns
and techniques
-how and when to make emphasis
the speech delivery
IMPROMPTU and EXTEMPORANEOUS
Impromptu Speech
-A speech that you have to make
without much or any time to prepare
Impromptu Speech
-In life, this can happen when you
attend special events, like weddings or
celebrations. In school, teachers use
impromptu speeches as homework
assignments to help you develop
communication skills and to help you
prepare for those future life surprises.
Extemporaneous Speaking
-is one of the most natural methods
for delivering a prepared speech
Extemporaneous Speaking
-You can use an extemporaneous
speech to achieve a more natural tone,
flow, and style with the audience.
Unlike impromptu speech, you have
time to prepare for your
extemporaneous speech
There are two popular methods for
creating a graphical representation
for
notes: outlining, and mind or
concept mapping.
Outline
-a list of items with each item divided
into additional sub-items
-Each level in an outline has at least
two subcategories
Three Basic Types of Outlines
● Sentence outline - Each complete
sentence includes a heading or
single sentence about the
subject of the outline.
● Topic outline - Each topic is listed
and functions as a subtopic of the
outline's subject.
● Phrase outline - Each short phrase
entry is a subtopic of the
aforementioned main entry.
MIND MAPPING AND CONCEPT
MAPPING
- visual representations of ideas
and concepts
Mind map
-a diagram that starts with a single
word and then branches out from the
central node, with lesser categories as
subbranches of the larger branches
MIND MAPPING AND CONCEPT
MAPPING
Concept maps
• more free-form since multiple hubs
and clusters can be created
 •, unlike mind maps, concept maps do
not fix on a single conceptual center.
LESSON 6- LANGUAGE OF
RESEARCH, CAMPAIGN, AND
ADVOCACIES
LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH
→ Research is a process of executing
various mental acts for discovering and
examining facts and information to
prove the accuracy or truthfulness of
your claims or conclusions about the
topic of your research.
Research Report
→ It is the presentation of the research
and its results in a rigorously formatted
document that follows a conventional
structure. In presenting your research
report, you pull all its elements
together into a focused, coherent
document.
Chapters – a research paper is divided
into chapters-mostly five. Each
chapter has its own title which is
presented as follows:
Chapter 1: The Problem and Its
Background
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
o Chapter 3: Research Methodology o
Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and
Interpretation of Data
Chapter 5: Summary of Findings,
Conclusions, and
Recommendations
Variable – It is an object, event, idea,
feeling, time period, or any other type of
category you are trying to measure.
There are two types of variables –
independent and dependent.
Independent Variable - a variable
that affects or explains the
phenomenon of other variables. It is
also called “the predictors,
antecedents, or causal variables”
Dependent Variable - is a variable that
is affected by the independent variable.
It is a presumed effect or response to the
change in the independent variable. It is
also called “the criterion, consequence,
or the effect variables”
Campaign
- series of coordinated activities such
as public speaking and demonstrating,
designed to achieve a social, political,
or commercial goal
- actions, events, and activities to
achieve a change and to raise awareness
on a specific issue working more widely
across organized groups or people
Advocacy
-an advocate is a person who
publicly supports or recommends a
particular cause or policy.
LESSON 7 SUBJECTIVE MOOD
Mood
- the form a verb takes to show how it is
to be regarded (e.g., as a fact, a command,
a wish, an uncertainty).
Subjunctive Mood
- usually, the third-person form of the
verb with the -s dropped, but the verb
to be is a special case
- used after certain expressions
that contain an order or a request, a
hypothetical, or a wish.
LESSON 8 YES OR NO QUESTION
Yes/No Questions
-are also called closed questions because
there are only two possible responses:
Yes or No.
WH-questions
• Who • What • When • Where • Why • How

some rules that we need to follow in

making yes/no questions, and the
fundamental rule is to follow the
special word order (Verb + Subject +
Object)