GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

Whatis a global citizen? Defined by OXFAM,

“A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world – and
their place in it. They take an active role in their community, and work with others to
make our planet more equal, fair, and sustainable.”

28 European Union Member Countries

-Austri -Belgium -Bulgaria
-Croatia -Cypru -Czech Republic
-Denmark -Estonia -FInland
-France -Germany -Greece
-Hungary -Ireland -Italy
-Latvia -Lithuania -Luxembourg
-Malta -Netherlands -Poland
-Portugal -Romania -Slovakia
-Slovenia -Spain -Sweden
-United Kingdom

Global citizenship as defined

According to Oxfam International, global citizenship is the idea that, as people, we

are all citizens of the globe who have an equal responsibility for what happens on,
and to our world. Citizenship is associated with rights and obligations. Both rights
and obligations link the individual to the sate

Salientfeaturesof Global citizenship

Global Citizenship may seem to have far broader meanings than the above given
ones. Equally, it is still important to note its salient features for a better
understanding of this concept.

1.Global Citizenship as a choice and a way of thinking.

2.Global Citizenship as a self-awareness and awareness of others.
3.Global Citizenship as they practice cultural empathy.
4.Global Citizenship as the cultivation of principled decision making.
5.Global Citizenship as participation in the social and political life of one's community
Types of global citizenship

Economic citizenship

Political citizenship

Cultural citizenship

Moral citizenship

Economic
When it comes to economic growth, investment migration is powerful
economic way to bolster a state's economy. To date dozen of countries,
around the world run economic citizenship schemes, designed to attract
qualifying investors who can make a marked difference. And in today’s
increasingly interconnected world, the importance of global mobility is
undeniable. Economic citizenship is a window of opportunity for business
owners, investors, and entrepreneurs to reside and conduct business at an
international level.

What countries run Second citizenship programs?

-Saint Kitts and Nevis citizenship by investment
-Dominica citizenship by investment
-St Lucia citizenship by investment
-Grenada citizenship by investment
-Vanuatu citizenship by investment
-Malta citizenship by investment

Political
Political rights refer to an individual's ability to participate in the civil and political life
of the society and state without fear of discrimination or repression, and is tied
closely to citizenship status.

Cultural
The concept of ‘cultural citizenship’ emerged recently to describe a form of
citizenship associated with multicultural societies, comprising a cultural community
that regards itself as the majority, and minority cultural communities. The term has
been used to describe the right of the minority or marginalized cultural community
to being different without revoking their rights of belonging to that society
(Rosaldo,1994).
Moral
Global citizenship can be defined as a moral and ethical disposition that can guide
the understanding of individuals or groups of local and global contexts, and remind
them of their relative responsibilities within various communities.

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

Global
➢ relating to the whole world; worldwide.

Demography
➢ Is the statistical study of human populations.
Demography examines the size, structure and
movements of populations over space and time.

Importance of Global Demography

❑ Health status of community depends upon the

dynamic relationship between number of people,
their composition and distribution.

❑ Planning of health service can be guided by

demographic variables.

Determinants Of Demographic
Trends
There are no stable populations. Some populations increase and
other decrease. The size of the given populations may change rapidly while other
may change much more slowly. In some populations, there is a high proportion of
people under fifteen, most population have more female than males in older
generation. These and other population characteristics are result of many factors
which may be biological, demographic, social, economic political or cultural.

Will the child be an economic asset or burden to

the family?
When a couples are asked why they have children, their answer are almost
about their feelings.

For most, having a child is the symbol of a successful union. It also ensure that
the family will have a successor generation that will continue their names.
However, there are few who worry how much strain a child can bring to the
household as he/she "competes" for the parents attention and how much
energy the family needs to shower love to an additional number.

❑Rural communities often welcome an extra hand to help in crop

cultivation, particularly during the planting and harvesting
seasons.
❑The poor districts of urban centers also tend to have families
with more children because the success of their "small family
business" depends on how many of their member can be hawking
their wares on the streets.
❑Urbanized, educated and professional families with two incomes,
however desire just one or two pro genies.

❑These families also have their sights on long-term saving plan.

They set aside significant parts of their incomes for their
retirement, health care, and the future education of their
child/family.
❑Rural families view multiple children and large kinship networks as
critical investment.
❑Urban families, may not have the same kinship network anymore
because couples live on their own, or because they move out of
the farmland. It is usually unit that is left to deal with life's
challenges on its own.

❑ These are differing version of family life determine the economic and
social policies that countries craft regarding their respective
populations.
❑Countries in the "less developed region of the world " that rely on
agriculture tend to maintain high levels of population growth.
❑Urban populations have grown, but necessarily because families
are having more children. It rather the combination of the natural
outcome of significant migration to the cities by people seeking work in
the "more modern" sectors of society.
❑International migration also plays a part. Today, 191million people live
in countries other than they own, and the United Nations project that
over 2.2 million will move from the developing world to the First World
countries.

❑In the mid 20th century, the Philippines, China, and India sought to lower
the birth rates on the belief that the expansion of family members would
lead to crisis in resources, which in return may result in widespread
poverty, mass hunger and political habitat.
❑As early as 1958, the American policy journal, Foreign Affairs, had already
advocated "contraception and sterilization" as the practical solution to
global economic, social and political problems.
❑Advocates of [population control contend for universal access to
reproductive technologies (such as condoms, pills, importantly,
giving women the right to choose whether to have children or not.

❑ Politics determine these "birth control" programs.

Developed countries justify their support for
population control in developing countries by
depicting the latter as conservative societies.

Examples
✓Population experts blamed the "irresponsible
fecundity" of Egyptians for that nations run on
population growth.
✓ The Iranian peasant's "natural" libidinal tendencies
for the same rise in population
✓ Muslim as hyper sexual and hyper-fecund and hence
a drain on resources
✓ Forces sterilization of 20million "violators" of the
Chinese government's one child policy
✓ Vietnam and Mexico also conducted coercive mass

GLOBAL FOOD

FOOD STABILITY

To be food secure, a population, household or

individual must have access to adequate food
at all times

FOOD ACCESS

Access by individuals to adequate resources

(entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods
for a nutritious diet.

FOOD AVAILABILITY

the situation where food is made to exist for

consumption at local levels where local individuals
or households can locate their needed foods without
Striving
 WHAT IS FOODSECURITY?

Food Security exists when all people at all times have physical and economic access
to Sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life

THE CURRENT STATE OF THE GLOBAL

FOOD SECURITY

TWO YEARS OF THE COVID-19

PANDEMIC HAVE ALREADY TAKEN
A CONSIDERABLE TOLL ON GLOBAL
FOOD SYSTEM - AND THE ABILITTY
OF THE WORLD TO FEED ITS 7.9
BILLION PEOPLE.

Water Resources

-Global abundant of water

-Local shortages reaching alarming states
-Region without potential for land and water expansion (near
-East and north Africa , south Asia)
-Harvested irrigated land to expand by 17 % water
-Withdrawals by 11%

MALNUTRITION

Malnutrition refers to deficiencies or excesses in nutrient intake, imbalance of

essential nutrients or impaired nutrient utilization.

THINGS AFFECTING FOOD SECURITY TODAY

-GLOBAL WATER CRISIS

-CLIMATE CHANGE
-LAND DEGRADATION
-AGRICULTURAL
-BIOFUELS

IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

Access to quality, nutritious food is fundamental to human

existence. Secure access to food can produce wide ranging positive
impacts, including:
Economic growth and job creation, Poverty reduction, and
improved health and culture.

naif- supports global efforts to strengthen agricultural production and end

hunger by:

-helping countries to improve their agricultural markets and increased food

production

EFFECT ON CHILDREN

-food insecurity leads to hunger

-increases in food prices
-unemployment

WHAT ARE THE 3 COMPONENTS OF FOOD SECURITY?

as a lack of consistent access to enough food for every person in a household to live
an active, healthy life when all people at all times have physical and
economic access to Sufficient, safe and nutritious food

GLOBAL MIGRATION
Migration
The movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling,
permanently or temporarily at a new location.

2 Types of Migration
-International Migration
-Internal Migration

International Migration
International Migration occurs when people cross state boundaries and stay in the
host state for some minimum length of the time. Migration occurs for many reasons,
many people leave their home countries in order to look for economic opportunities
in another country.

•Immigrant
•Temporary
•Illegal migrant
•Refugee
Internal Migration

Internal migration or domestic migration is human migration within a country.

Internal migration tends to be travel for education and for economic improvement
or because of a natural disaster.

Forced Migration
Forced migration may occur when people are forced to flee their home country due
to conflict or political repression (refugees ). Forced migration can also happen due
to natural disasters.

Push Factors
•Wars, conflict, political instability, and economic crisis
•Natural and man-made disasters, such as earthquakes
•Unemployment
• Low wages
•Limited opportunities

Full factors
•Better quality of life and standard of living
•Varied employment opportunities, higher wages
•Better healthcare and access to education services
•Political stability, more freedom

What is GCM
The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM) is a
governmental agreement prepared under the United Nations' sponsorship. It was
decided by the UN General Assembly in 2016 that an agreement should be
developed to make migration safer.

GLOBAL RELIGION

WHAT IS RELIGION?
A belief in a supernatural power or powers that are regarded as the creators and
maintainers of the universe. Religion is a controversial and complicated subject in
religious studies with scholars failing to agree on any one definition. Religions are
belief systems that relate humanity to spirituality.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGION AND GLOBALIZATION
One aspect of globalization is more contact with other religions – when there
are many religions, it undermines the authority of those religions which claim to
have a monopoly on the truth, such as Christianity and Islam.

HOW GLOBALIZATION AFFECTS RELIGIOUS PRACTICES AND BELIEFS?

The way religions have made use of global communications. Religious groups can
take advantage of modern technology to recruit new members, spread the word and
keep in contact with other members of the religion.

Three Perspectives on Religion

-The Modernist
-The Post-Modernist
-The Pre-Modernist

THE MODERNIST

The modernist perspective has had a particular and peculiar view of secularization.
Beginning with the Enlightenment, modernists entertained the prospect that all
secularization would eventually look alike; the different religions would all end up
with the same secular and “rational” philosophy.

THE POST-MODERNIST

The post-Enlightenment, post-modernist perspective joins with the Enlightenment,

modernist one in rejecting traditional, pre-modern religions. But this perspective
also rejects the Enlightenment, modernist values of rationalism,empiricism, and
science, along with the Enlightenment, modernist structures of capitalism,
bureaucracy, and even liberalism. The core value of post-modernism is
expressive individualism.

THE PRE-MODERNIST

There is an alternative perspective,one which is post-modern in its occurrence but

which is pre-modern in its sensibility. It is best represented and articulated by the
Roman Catholic Church, especially
by Pope John Paul II. The Pope’s understanding obviously has drawn
from his experiences with Poland,but it encompasses events in other countries as
well.
TYPES OF RELIGION

POLYTHESITIC
Characterized by belief in or worship of more than one god. There are various
polytheistic religions practiced today, for example; Hinduism, Shintoism, Thelma,
Wicca, druidism, Taoism, Asatru and Candomble.

ANIMISTIC OR TRADITIONAL RELIGION

Believed in one god. The three religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam readily fit
the definition of
monotheism, which is to worship one god while denying the existence of other gods.

MONOTHEISTIC
the belief that all natural phenomena, including human beings, animals,
and plants, but also rocks, lakes, mountains, weather, and so on, share
one vital quality—the soul or spirit that energizes them—is at the core of
most Arctic belief systems.

RELIGION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

JUDAISM
is a monotheistic religion, believing in one god. It is not a racial group.Individuals
may also associate or identify with Judaism primarily through ethnic or cultural
characteristics. Jewish communities may differ in belief,practice, politics, geography,
language, and autonomy.

CHRISTIANITY
major religion stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus of
Nazareth (the Christ, or the Anointed One of God) in the 1st-century CE. It has
become the largest of the world's religions and, geographically, the most widely
diffused of all faiths.

ISLAM
Is a monotheistic religion that develops in Saudi Arabia in the early 600s, Islam is
directly related to Judaism and Christianity, Islam was founded by Prophet
Muhammed who lived from 570 to 632 in Saudi Arabia

HINDUISM
is a religion with various Gods and Goddesses.
According to Hinduism,three Gods rule the world. Brahma: the creator;Vishnu: the
preserver and Shiva: the destroyer.
BUDDHISM
Buddhism has deeply influenced the character and evolution of Asian civilization
over the past 2,500 years. It is based on the teachings of a historical figure,
Siddhartha Gautama, who lived around the fifth century BCE.

ANCESTOR WORSHIP
refers to rituals designed to commemorate and venerate the spirits of one's
deceased forebears. While it is often associated with the Confucian notion of filial
piety, ancestor worship crosses the boundaries of religious traditions, geographical
regions, and socioeconomic groups.

CONFUCIANISM
is an ancient Chinese belief system, which focuses on the importance of personal
ethics and morality. Whether it is only or a philosophy or also a religion is debated.
Confucianism is a philosophy and belief system from ancient China, which laid the
foundation for much of Chinese culture.

THE GLOBAL CITY IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD

GLOBAL CITY
Ø Defining a global city can be difficult, one way of solving this dilemma is to go
beyond the simple dichotomy of global and non-global, instead of asking whether or
not one city is a global, city is better to remember that;
Ø Global city is an urban center that enjoys significant competitive advantages and
that serves as a hub within a globalized economic system.

Recent commentators have expanded the criteria that Sassen used to

determined what constitutes a global city.
(Global North and Global South, can apply its term).
Ø Movie-making Mecca Los Angeles can now rival the Big Apple’s cultural influence.
Ø San Francisco must now factor in as another global city because
it is the home of the most powerful internet companies - Facebook, Twitter and
Google. Ø The growth of the Chinese economy has turned cities like
Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou into centers of trade and
finance.

THE GLOBAL CITY: INDICATORS OF GLOBALITY

1.) The foremost characteristic of global city is ECONOMIC POWER; determines
which cities are global. • New York may have the largest stock market in the world,
but Tokyo houses the most number of corporate headquarters ( 613 company
headquarters as against 217 in New York)

• Shanghai may have smaller stock market compared to New York and Tokyo, but it
has the world’s busiest container port, moving over 33 Million container units in
2013.

2. ) ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
in a global city make it attractive to talents from across the World.
• Since the 1970’s many of the top IT programmers and engines from Asia have
moved to San Francisco Bay Area to become some of the key figures in Silicon
Valley’s technology boom.
• London remains a preferred destination for
many Filipinos with nursing degrees.

3. ) ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS
To measure of a city. The economist intelligence unit has added other criteria like; -
Market size
- Purchasing power of citizens - Size of the middle class; and
- Potential for growth

Ex. The “tiny” Singapore is considered as Asia’s most

competitive city because of its strong market, efficient
and incorruptible government, and livability.

4.) Global cities are also CENTERS OF AUTHORITY.

• Washington D.C. may not be as wealthy as New York, but it is the seat of American
state power.
• Compared with Sydney and Melbourne, Canberra is a sleepy town and not
attractive to tourists. But as Australia’s political capital, it is home to the
country’s top politicians, bureaucrats, and policy
advisors.

4. )CENTERS OF POLITICAL INFLUENCE

The cities that house major international organizations may also be considered . Ex.
United Nations headquarters - New York
European Union headquarters - Brussels ASEAN headquarters - Jakarta
European Central Bank - Frankfurt
Global cities are the center of higher learning and culture. A city’s intellectual
influence is seen through the influence of its publishing industry.

6.) CENTERS OF HIGHER LEARNING AND CULTURE.

A city’s intellectual influence is seen through the influence of its publishing industry.
Many of books published in places like New York, London, and Paris. Ex. Harvard
University - Boston this is one of the reasons why tourist’s visiting Boston. Leading
English-language Universities - Australia;there, education is Australia’s third largest
export,just behind coal and iron ore, and significantly ahead of tourism.

7.) CENTERS OF INDUSTRY

Los Angeles - the center of the American film industry. Copenhagen, Denmark - is
now considered as one of the culinary capitals of the world, with its
top restaurants incommensurate wit its size. Manchester, England - many prominent
post-punk and new wave bands - Ex. Joy Division, The Smiths, and The Happy
Mondays - hailed from this city.

8.) SOUTHEAST ASIA

Singapore houses some of the region’s top television stations and news
organizations (MTV Southeast Asia and Channel News Asia). Its various art galleries
and cinemas also show paintings from artists and filmmakers from Philippines and
Thailand. Today, global cities become culturally diverse. Manila is not very global
because of the dearth of foreign residents. But Singapore is, because it has foreign
population of 38%.

Why study Global Cities?

Globalization is spatial which means:

1.) Globalization is spatial because it occurs in physical spaces. More people are
driven out of city centers to make way for the new developments.
2.) Globalization is spatial because what it move
is the fact that it is based in places.

The Challenges of Global Cities

• Global cities also have their undersides. They can be sites of great inequality and
poverty as well as tremendous violence.
• Global cities create winners and losers.
• Denser settlement patterns yield energy savings; apartment building for example,
are more efficient to heat and cool than detached suburban house.
• In cities with extensive public transportation systems, people tend to drive less and
thereby cut carbon emissions.

Global Energy
Not all cities area as dense as New York or Tokyo. Some cities like Los Angeles are
urban sprawls, with massive freeways that force residents to spend money on cars
and gas. Urban areas consume most of the world’s energy. Cities only cover 2% of
the world’s landmass, but they consume 78% of global energy. Therefore, if carbon
emissions must be cut to prevent global warming, this massive energy consumption
in cities must be curved.