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Reviewer Disaster PDF
Reviewer Disaster PDF
EPICENTER – point on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus.
* IN PH, the intensity of an earthquake is determined using the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity
Scale (PEIS) *
* 2 TYPES OF EQ *
TECTONIC- generated by the sudden displacement along faults in the solid and rigid layer of the
Earth.
* EQ HAZARDS *
1. Ground shaking – disruptive up-down & sideways movement or motion experienced during
an earthquake.
- caused by passage of seismic waves, forms of energy that travel through
the diff layers of Earth caused by vibration or movement.
2. Ground rupture – earthquake movement along a fault actually breaks the Earth’ s surface.
Slowly, the ground cracks and eventually breaks apart.
* zones of weaknesses- fault rupture follows preexisting faults
- structures that are built exactly on the fault or along the span of the fault are likely to
experience severe damage and thus have higher disaster risks.
3. Liquefaction - transforms the behavior of a body of sediments from that of a solid to that of
a liquid when subjected to extremely intense shaking.
4. Earthquake-induced ground subsidence - lowering of land due to various causes, one of
which is the earthquake on a fault line.
5. Earthquake-induced landslide - mountains are shaken during an earthquake, mass
migration of these materials, termed as landslide.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS MAPS
STORM SURGES – increase in wave heights associated or during typhoons (when there are strong
winds) or tropical cyclones
- (wind-generated waves on the surface of the sea) are not tsunamis.
- The coastal areas in the Philippines especially those facing the Pacific Ocean, South China Sea,
Sulu Sea, and Celebes Sea can be affected by tsunamis that may be generated by local
earthquakes.
LOCAL TSUNAMIS- confined to coasts within a hundred kilometers of the source usually
earthquakes and a landslide or a pyroclastic flow.
- can reach the shoreline within 2 to 5 minutes.
FAR FIELD/ DISTANT TSUNAMIS- 1 to 24 hours before reaching the coast of the nearby
countries.
- These tsunamis mainly coming from the countries bordering Pacific Ocean like Chile, Alaska in
USA, and Japan.
Responsible agencies that closely monitor Pacific-wide tsunami event and send tsunami warning to
the countries around the Pacific Ocean are:
Hazard Maps People and properties are affected by earthquake due to any or a combination of
the following:
• unsafe location
• poor construction
• people do not believe or know that they be affected
• people do not know how they can be affected, people do not know what to do
• there is lack of timely and proper response
HAZARD MAPS- maps that show different hazards that may affect a certain area.
GROUND SHAKING HAZARD MAP- For EQ, maps that distribution of earthquake shaking
levels that have a certain probability of occurring.
GROUND RUPTURE HAZARD MAP- shows areas wherein faults cut across.
- maps for liquefaction, earthquake induced landslide and tsunami
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. You can also access online the DOST-
PHIVOLCS site and DENR-MGB site.
Volcano – a hill, mountain or fissure from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous materials are
ejected. The term also applies to a crater formed by removal of pre-existing materials, or hill or
mountain formed by accumulation of ejected materials.
Volcanic hazards- are volcano-related phenomena that pose potential threat or negative impact to
life, property, and the environment in a given period of time.
10. LAHAR – indonesian term for the mixture of = water, pyroclastic materials, and rock
fragments flowing down a volcano or river valley.
-powerful enough to remove or carry away trees, boulders, and logs
VOLCANIC HAZARDS MAPS
- can occur immediately after an eruption or can become long-term problem if there is
voluminous pyroclastic materials erupted
11. ASHFALL/ TEPHRA FALL- a shower of fine-to-coarse grained volcanic material and
other airborne products of a volcanic eruption.
12. PYROCLASTIC FLOW- fast-moving fluidized mass of rock fragments and gases. When
pyroclastic flow travels down a volcano, it maintains a very high temperature, burning
everything in its path.
- some pyroclastic flows had temperatures of about 750oC.
14. LAVA FLOW- molten rock that pours down from the slopes of the volcano
- different from pyroclastic in that lava flow is denser and moves more slowly.
16. BALLISTIC PROJECTILE- rock fragment that is ejected from a volcano during its
explosive eruption. It is like a cannonball that travels fast in the air.
- volcanic projectiles can be bombs or blocks
If the projectile or rock fragments is solid when ejected, it is considered a block
If it is launched in a partially molten or molten state, it is a bomb.
17. VOLCANIC TSUNAMI – occurs in caldera lakes when water is displaced by deformation
of the lake floor caused by rising magma or the entry of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) or
landslides into the lake, or in seas when water is displaced by PDCs or debris avalanches from
volcanoes.
• Electronic Distance Meter (EDM)- measures accurately to millimeter changes on ground (if the
slope for the volcano swells).
- a surveying instrument for measuring distance between two points through electromagnetic waves.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS MAPS
Parameter #2 – Geochemistry
Observe:
• Changes in temperature
• Water becomes more acidic
• Some gases, for example SO2 from levels of 100 tons/day jump to 4,000 tons/day can be an
indication of unrest
- In the Philippines, we use a system of Volcano Alert Signals to define the current status of each
volcano.
- The alert levels range from 0 to 5
- The alert levels are used to guide any appropriate response from the Local Government Units (LGUs).
The Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) for volcanoes is a delineated and identified where no
permanent habitation is recommended due to the possible impact of various hazards at any time.
- For Mayon Volcano, the area covered within 6-km radius from the summit is delineated as the PDZ.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS MAPS
- As soon as Alert Level is raised from 0 to 1, it is recommended that people should not venture
within this area at any time. This is already part of the precautionary action taken by the Province
of Albay when Alert Level 1 is declared.
– lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ashfall, volcanic gases, and more far-reaching hazards (such as lahars)
in valleys that drain the volcano (USGS).
Hazard maps are used to help understand the areas that may be affected by specific volcanic
eruption phenomena.
- shows areas that can be affected and areas that are safe.
- generated for various uses and are most useful in determining risks of living in identified
potentially hazardous areas.
- also help people to become aware of specific dangers (lava flow, pyroclastic flows, ashfall, lahars,
etc.) they might face in the event that a volcano reactivates.
Sinkholes- are depressions or holes on the ground that resulted from the collapse of the surface
layer of the soil.
- occur in areas where the soil foundation is made of soft minerals and rocks such as limestone, salt
beds, or any acidic rocks.