BICOL UNIVERSITY POLANGUI CAMPUS

POLANGUI, ALBAY

LOGIC &
MC 4 │ CRITICAL
THINKING
WEEK: __1__

STUDENT’S NAME: __________________________________________

YEAR AND BLOCK: __________________________________________

DATE RECEIVED: __________________________________________

INSTRUCTOR’S NAME: _________MRS. ROSARIO A. GONZALES_______

 MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION, DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
COMPONENTS OF PHILOSOPHY
LOGIC AS INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY

I. OVERVIEW

Philosophy and Its Nature

Philosophy is traditionally defined in two fashions. Etymologically, philosophy comes from the two
Greek words Philos means “love” and Sophia, “wisdom”. So literally, Philosophy is the love of wisdom.”

Logic, standing at the very foundation of philosophy, encompasses all other types of knowledge. It
directs the mind in the process of reasoning so that it proceeds in an orderly and error-free manner. To
place logic in its proper perspective, a brief discussion about philosophy is appropriate.

II. LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the week, the students should be able to:

 Clarify and compare the appropriateness of accepted definition and the role of Logic as an introduction for any philosophical inquiry.
 III. DISCUSSIONS AND
SELF LEARNING
ACTIVITIES (SAA)

Philosophy is a pursuit for meaning.

Types of Philosophy
Philosophy is divided into types: Speculative Philosophy and Practical/Applied Philosophy.

Speculative Philosophy

1. Cosmology (from the Greek word Cosmos plus logos) means philosophical study of being in the nonliving world.
2. Metaphysics (from the Greek word meta-ta-fusica) means something that goes beyond or philosophical study of being in its most general form.
3. Theodicy (from the Greek word God) philosophical study of BEING in its highest form.
4. Anthropology (from the Greek word antropos means man) philosophical study of being with its body and soul.
5. Rational Psychology (from the Greek word Psyche means soul) Philosophical study being with its soul.

In relation to man:
6. Logic (from the Greek word logos means thought) science and art of correct thinking.
7. Epistemology (from the Greek word Episteme means human knowledge) philosophical study of human knowledge with regard to value of thought.
8. Ethics (from the Greek word ethos means man’s will) Philosophical study of the morality of the human act that distinguishes good from evil and right from wrong.

Applied Philosophy

The results of Speculative Philosophy are applied to specific topics and discussion in the different aspects of individuals’ life such as society, history, education, religion,
etc.
1. Philosophy of Man- the metaphysical dimension of man as a person.
2. Social Philosophy - the study of interpersonal relationship between man and society.
3. Philosophy of Religion - the meta-personal study of man with God.
4. Axiology - philosophical study of man’s value.
5. Aesthetics - Philosophical study of man’s beauty and perfection.
6. Oriental Philosophy - Philosophical study of Oriental ways of life.
7. Philosophy of Education- Philosophical and methodological approach of teaching and procedural learning process.
 The correct reasoning with maturity of character is the heart of logical undertaking, the contents of this book are basically founded in it. To understand more the
fundamental principles of logical reasoning, the next chapter will deepen the knowledge of the students.

The Study of Logic

Logic comes from the Greek word logike, meaning thought. Aristotle (384-322 B. C.) who started the study of Logic, believes that it is “organon” or instrument for
discovering and presenting truths.

The Nature of Logic

 Logic is the study of sound reasoning. It deals with the study of the methods and principles which are used to distinguish from incorrect reasoning.
 Logic is commonly defined also as the science and art of correct reasoning. It is a science and art of correct reasoning. It is a science because it furnishes man with
systematized body of knowledge guided by the principles and rules of correct thinking. Logic is also an art because it involves the construction of valid and true
arguments with the least possible error ( only if perfection is achievable). Although logic is a branch of philosophy, it is not exclusively for philosophy. It has a universal
function which can be realized in all forms of human discourses.
 Logic also postulates correctness which means that as a tool, it bridges the gap between truth and absurdity of reality. Correct when the reasoning conforms to the truth
of reality. Correct when the reasoning conforms to the truth of reality, while incorrect if it is otherwise. Finally, thinking is the workshop of an intellectual mind. It is a
mental operation different from all other mental activities like recalling, memorizing, day dreaming, imagining among others. Thinking on the other hand is not mere
mental activity but an operation leading into attainment of truth or answer.
 Logic is not an end for itself. It is an indispensable tool for one who would aim at developing intellectual skills. With that, logic is not possible in a space without any
subject matter. It is only through contact with areas of other disciplines either natural or human science, or any form of human activity that logic becomes significant.
 Logic helps students to make valid arguments. It develops in particular, the habit of critical thinking. It therefore, makes students who are intellectually independent and
critical in not constantly relying on anyone one for the right answer.

IV. SUMMARY/KEY POINTS

 Logic is one of the subjects of Philosophy that emulates not material things or physical phenomena but ideas or concepts, propositions or premises and their inferential
relations to attain the truth value of the conclusions.
 It is necessary to take up the etymological and real definitions of Philosophy to strengthen the philosophical background of Logic.
 V. END OF MODULE
ASSESSMENT (EMA)

Critical Thinking

1. What is the etymological definition of Philosophy? What is the connection of Philosophy to Logic?

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2. Why is the study of logic important?

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VI. LOOKING AHEAD

Fill out the table below.

Types of Philosophy Give Examples

Define Speculative Philosophy

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Define Speculative Philosophy

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 VII. Self and
Module Evaluation

Rate your learning experience in using this module according to the following scale.

Put a star mark on your response.

____4 – I learned a lot from this module.

____3 – I learned just right.

____2 – I still need guidance on certain topics.

____1 – I did not understand anything.

VIII. References

Books & Websites:

Alata,Caslilb, Serafica & Pawilen (2018). Understanding the Self. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc. (RBSI).

Jvorpiano (2019) GE Foundation Workplace Skills Program:Module One Understanding the Self. Participant Booklet.
Retrieved from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/42959242/Module-1-Understanding-Self-Participant-Booklet-v4pdf/

Del Rosario, Ronuel, L. (December 12, 2018.) Understanding the Self from Various Philosophical Perspective
Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/shinpaiwa/understanding-the-self-lecture-1-philosophical-perspectives?qid=704304a1-451e-4db8-83fe-25abbcffe289&v=&b=&from_search=1

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