OCN Lab Questions

Differentiate between Macroscopic and Microscopic Bends.

a. Macroscopic bends:
If the radius of the core is large compared to fiber diameter, it may cause large-curvature at the position where
the fiber cable turns at the corner. At these corners the light will not satisfy the condition for total internal
reflection and hence it escapes out from the fiber. This is called macroscopic / macro bending losses. Also note
that this loss is negligible for small bends.
b. Microscopic bends:
Micro-bends losses are caused due to non-uniformities or micro bends inside the fiber as shown. These micro
bends in fiber appear due to non uniform pressures created during the cabling of the fiber or even during the
manufacturing itself. This leads to loss of light by leakage through the fiber.

Minimum Attenuation Wavelength & Corresponding Loss

1550 nm & 0.2 dB/km

Zero Dispersion Wavelength

1310 nm

Evanescent Waves
https://www.rp-photonics.com/evanescent_waves.html

Optical Fiber Sizes

Multimode: 62.5/125 nm, 50/125 nm
Singlemode: 9/125 nm

Advantages of Optical Fiber

Enormous potential bandwidth, Small size & weight, Electrical Isolation, Immunity to Interference and
Cross-talk, Signal Security, Low transmission loss, Potential Low cost

Fiber Splicing
https://focenter.com/fiber-optic-cable-splicing-explained/

Losses in Optical Fiber

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Losses-in-Optical-Fibers_6897/

Difference in DB and DBm and usage :

DB -> power ratio
DBm/DBw -> power in optical fiber

Which type of input source is beneficial?

We prefer LASER. It can be stimulated as per our requirement. Since the intensity of the laser is high, hence
there will be less attenuation and dispersion.
Single Mode v/s Multi Mode

Step Index vs Graded Index

Numerical Aperture

Snell’s LAW :
N1sin0 = N2 sin0; It gives the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.

Applications of Fiber Optic Cables

https://www.rs-online.com/designspark/9-uses-of-fiber-optic-cables

dbm - dbm gives dB

Propagation Loss
The signal energy absorbed by the fiber material during the course of propagation is known as the propagation
loss. Given P_in and P_out, Propagation_loss = P_in - P_out or 10log(P_in / P_out). Now, we can’t
measure the power at the input end of the optical fiber cable. Hence, we take 2 wires of different lengths and
measure the powers at both the outputs, and find out the loss as (P_out_1 - P_out_2) / (L1 - L2). The unit of
loss is dB, and that of attenuation coefficient will be given in dB/km or dB/m.

Difference between Core and Cladding

The core is the light-carrying portion of the fiber. The cladding surrounds the core. The cladding is made of a
material with a slightly lower index of refraction than the core. This difference in the indices causes total
internal reflection to occur at the core-cladding boundary along the length of the fiber.
Dispersion

Measuring the Numerical Aperture (Experimentally)

We take a stage/flat-scale with pre-defined circles, and we consider light coming out of the wire, and try to
super-impose the light with these pre-defined circles. There are 4 circles, having diameters 10mm, 15mm,
20mm, 25mm. Using the circles, we can calculate the W, and we can calculate the L, using the stage, and then
using the formula, we can calculate the Numerical Aperture as sin(theta) = NA = (W / {4*L^2 + W^2}). Using
this formula, we can calculate the theta, which will give us the acceptance angle. In different mediums, we will
get different values of L and W, and hence, different NA and theta values.

Splicing of optical fibers is a technique used to join two optical fibers. This technique is used in optical fiber
communication, in order to form long optical links for better as well as long-distance optical signal transmission.
Splicers are basically couplers that form a connection between two fibers or fiber bundles.

The orange color fiber is a multi-mode fiber, whereas the yellow color fiber is a single-mode fiber.

A cleaver is a mechanical precision device whose task is to cleave the end of an optical fiber so that the
cleavage surface is as flat as possible and if possible at 90° angle to the fiber itself.
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 EXPERIMENT 2
1
S ETTING UP FIBER OPTICAL M~AL0G LINK

O bj ective:

The objectiv e of this experiment 1s to study a 650 nm fibe r optic analog link In this ex periment

., you wili :;tu dy th e reiatio ri sh1p bd w ec: n thE: ir,pu t sig r.a i and recei ved signal.

Theory:
.J
Fibe r opti c links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog sign als. Basica lly a
't fiber optic link co nt ain s three main elements, a transmitter. an optica l fiber and a receive r. T'1e
1rrtn Smit 1p r m n rl 1tl P t ~ \t pc th o i nr" 1 1 ♦ c-i,-,,,,...if,... ;_ '"' 1 ,... ,... ♦ r- ; ,.._ 1
0
I,..,....,_~- '°' ♦ 1-,, .,... ..... , ....... ........ c .... __ ;1 ;;-,:c ~p~;cc:a: ( :;~~• ~)
f e nerg y containing th e sa me inf ormalion . The-~;ti~·; lfib; ~·is-!h~ -~ ; di~;:--~ h i~h \ akes the energy to
the rece; ver A t th e receiver lig ht is convi;rted back into electrical form with th e same pattern as
.:J o rigina lly fed to the tran smitter ?

:, T ransmitter :
I

J Fibe r opti c transmitters are typically composed of a ~uffer, driver and optica l source . Th e
I , huffer provid es both an electri ca l connecti on and isola tion betwee n the transmitter & th e electrica l
system supplying the data. The driver rmwides electrica l power lo the optical source . Fina lly, th e
I :,
optica l source convert s th e electrical current to tne light energ y with th e same pattern . Commonly
u sed o pti ca l sources are light emitting diod es ( LED's ) and laser beam. Simple LED circuits , for
:1
, digital and an alog tran smi ssions are shown be low.

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cor,fisJura tion . The t ransmission section ccm prises of : ~ ·

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I .:, 1. Function Generator.
2 Frequency Modulator .
. .:t 3. Pulse Width Modulator Block .

The furiction generator generates the input signals U1at are going to b~ use~ as inform~tion 'to
transmit through the optic link'. The output voltage available is 1 KHz sinusoidal s,g~al of adjustable
amplitude , and fixed amplitude 1 KHz square wave signal. The modulator se.ct,on a_ c cepts the
in formation signals and converts it into suitabie form for transmission through the 1iber opti c !Ink .

:rhe Fiber Optic Link:

~
Emitter and Detector circuit on board form the fiber optic link. This section provides the light
,...J
source for the optic fiber and the light detector at the far the end of the fiber optic links . The optic fiber
___, plugs into the connectors provided in this part of the board . Two separate links are provided.

_,
The comparator circuit, low pass filter, phase locked loop, AC amplifier circuits form receiver
~
on the board . It is able to the undo the modulation process in order to recover the original information
~ signal. In this experiment the trainer board is used to illustrate one - way communication betvveen
digital transmitter and receiver circuits.
~
,., Procedure :

1. Connect the power supply to Lhe board .

~
2. Ensure that ali switched faults are in normal position.
,:,
3. Make the following connections ( as shown in diagram 1 ).
~
a. Conr.ect the FG 1KHz sine wave output to emitters input.
~ b. _Connect the 1 meter FO cable beh.veen emitter output and detectors input·.
C. D~tector output to AC Amplifier input. . ..
. -'
_ _, 4. On the board ; switch emitter drive to analog mode .

5. Switch ON the power.

-~ 6. Observe~ the input to emitter ( TP5 ) with the output from P..C amplifier ( TP 1g ) and note th at
~ the two signals are same .

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EXPERIMENT 32
SETTING UP FIBER OPTICAL LINK

, · .J}bjective :

~ The objective of this experiment is to studv a 650 nm fiber optic digital link. In this experiment
_:jou w ill study the relationship between the input signal and received signal.

LED

Vinr7
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Fig. 15!

3 Fig. 19 shows a simple drive circuit for binary digital transmission consisting a common emitter
- saturating switch .
:,
Procedure:
1 - -~
1. Connect the power supply to the board .
~
i 2. Ensure that aii switched faults are in normal position .
,.--:,
3. Make the following connections ( as shown in diagram 2 }.
,:,
a. Connect the FG 1KHz square wave output to emitters input.
~~ b. Connect the 1 meter fiber optic cable between emitter output and detector input.
c. Detectors ·output to compa;-ators input.
.J d. Comparators output to AC amplifier input.

J 4_ On the board, switch emitter's driver to digital mode .

_,,J 5_ Switch ON the power.

----'6.
___ , Monitor both the inputs to comparator ( TP9 & TP10 ). Slowly acijust the c0mparators bias pot ,
until DC Level on the input ( TP9 ) lies midway between the high and low !eve! of the signal on
ihe positive input ( TP11 }.

-- ··:)

--~ - 28 -
 O tJserved th e in put to em1ttr-:r ( TPS ) \.'✓it h the ou tput from AC amplifie r ( TP 19 ) and note that
th e two signals are same. ·

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9
EXPERIMENT 4
MEASUREMENT OF OPTICAL POWER
USING OPTICAL POWER METER

Objective:

To objective of this experiment is to measure optical power using optical pmver meter.

Procedure :

1. Connect the power supply to the board.

2. Ensure tha! all switched faults are in the normal position .

3. Make the following connections as shown in diagram 9.

a. Connect the 1 meter fi~er optic cable. between emitter's output 8.: power meter.

4. On the board , switch emitter's driver to analog mode.

5. Sv:itch ON.the power.

6. Keep the power meters wavelength selector switch in 660 n,ri.

7. Switch ON the power supply.

8. Note that reading displayed in power meter.

9. Switch the wavelength selector switch to 950nm rosition .

10. Again note the reading displayed on power meter.

 TO POWER METER

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6
EXPERIMENT 10
MEASUREMENT OF PROPAGATION LOSS
USING OPTICAL POWER METER

Obiective:

The objective of this experiment is to measure propagation loss in optical fiber using optical
power meter.

Procedure:

. 1. Connect the power supply to the main board.

2. Keeo the~ mnrl~

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3. Connect the 1 meter fiber cable between the emitter LED & input to power meter as shown in
· diagram 10.

4. Switch on the instrument FOT1 ( keep the wavelength switch in 660 nm, posiUon ).

5. Note the reading in power meter.

6. Replace the 1 meter fiber cable with th~ 5 rr.eter sables without disturbing any setting . Again
note the reading in power will be lesser then the previous one, indicating that the propagation
loss increases with increase in length.
 TO POWER METER

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SW2
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1 ANALOG LINK
SQUARE! '

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EXPERIMENT 11
7
MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE

Objective:

The theory of this experiment is to measure to the Numerical Aperture ( NA ) of the fiber.

Theory:

Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber end is
totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by the rotation
of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance c;>f the fiber. The light ray should
!"'~
strike the fiber end within its cone of acceotanr.P. P.•~P. it i~ rpfr~~ 0 i:f 0 1_•! c,f ~!:::e'.".

Consideration in NA Measurement :

1. It is very important that the optical source should be properly aligned with the cable and the
distance from the .launched point and cable be properly selected to ensure that the maximum
amount of optical power is transfe,red to the cable.

Equipment:

1. Numerical aperture measurement jig.

Procedure:

,.
1
Connect power supp!y to the board . .

2. Connect tr.e frequency generator's 1KHz sine wave output to input of emitter circuit. Adjust the
amplitude at 5V p-p.

3. Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter circuit and the other end to the
numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber such that its cut
face is perpendicular to the axis of thl3 fiber.

4. Hold the white screen with4 concentric circles ( 10, 15, 20 & 25 mil? diameter) vertically at a
suitable distance to make the red spot from the fiber coincided with 10mm circle .

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F. 0 Cable w

w
L

5. Record the distances of screen fro the fiber end L and note the diameter W of the spot.

6. Compute the numerical aperture from i.he formula given below :

NA =
w

= Sin 0max ( acceptance 2ngle )

7. Vary the distance between in screen and fiber optic cable and make it coincide with one of the
concentric circles. Note its distance.

8. Tabulate the various distances and diameter of the circles made on the white screen and
computes the numeri~al aperture from the formula given above.

· Inferences :

The NA _recorded in the manufacturer's data sheet is 0.5 typical. The variation in the
observation is due to fiber optic being undcf filled . The acceptance angle is given by 0max- The
deviation from the data sheet is again due to fiber being under fillad .

Table :

Output Power
Voltage Meter dB

·-
 TO NUMERICAL APERATURI: JIG

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