International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 119 No. 17 2018, 2903-2909

ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
Special Issue
http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY – A REVIEW

G.B. Ramesh kumar G.T. Hemanth
Associate Professor U.G Student
Department of civil engineering Department of civil engineering
Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha School of Engineering
SIMATS, Chennai-602105 SIMATS, Chennai-602105
rameshkumargb@gmail.com
linked with human welfare. In India, most of the
ABSTRACT: population is dependent on groundwater and
surface water as the only source of drinking water
Water is one of the most essential components
for the existence of life on earth. The quality of supply.

any body of surface of ground water is a function

of either both natural influences and human
INTRODUCTION:
influences. Although water pollution is an age old Water that is clear and colorless gives an
problem, in this modern age, the problems like impression that it is safe for human consumption.
growing population, sewage disposal, industrial This may not be always true as many of the
waste, radioactive waste, etc. have polluted our bacteria and objectionable matter may be present
water resources so much that about 75 % rivers in visible form. These may be added to water
and streams, not only of India but also of all the either naturally or due to certain activities and
countries, contain polluted waters. According to therefore it is important to understand their
WHO, about 600 million cases of diarrhea and environmental significance. Water quality
46,00,000 childhood deaths are reported per year attributes are classified as physical, chemical and
because of contaminated water . Globally, the biological nature. The quality of water is judged
most prevalent water quality problem is by authentic standards. There are standards of
eutrophication, a result of high-nutrient loads drinking water quality but needing review under
(mainly phosphorus and nitrogen). Poor water following reasons. World Health Organization
quality has a direct impact on water quantity in a (WHO) has recommended guideline values for
number of ways. Polluted water that cannot be drinking water for developing countries, which
used for drinking, bathing, industry or agriculture are taken as base for formulating the local values.
effectively reduces the amount of useable The department of rural water supply of GOI
(Rajeev Gandhi National Drinking Water
water within a given area. ground water and
Mission) has recommended water quality
surface water is threatened with pollution from
standards in its publication “Operational
various sources viz., domestic wastes, industrial
Guidelines for Rural Water Quality Surveillance”
wastes, agricultural wastes, run off from urban
same geologic depositional history and generally
areas and soluble effluents. The quality of water
has similarities throughout the stratum in terms of
is a vital concern for mankind since it is directly
density, source.

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Literature review:
1. Assessment of ground water quality
and its Impact in around Mangalam
near Tirupati ; G.DILLI RANI,
M.SUMAN, C.NARASIMAHA RAO,
P.REDDIRANI, R.PRATHIBA
V.G.PRASHANTH,
P. VENKATESWARLU
Ground water quality and its impact on human
health in and around Mangalam, near Tirupathi,
India was assessed. Water samples were collected
from 8 different areas in and around Mangalam
and analyzed for physicochemical parameters
such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved
solids, total hardness, calcium, chlorides,
sulphates, nitrates and dissolved oxygen. The
found values of physicochemical parameters were
compared with the World Health Organisation
water quality standards. Based on the analysis, it
was found that ground water of some of the areas
was polluted and not suitable for drinking
purpose. Thus the ground water of the area needs
purification before drinking.
2. Analysis of Drinking Water Quality
and its Impact on human health in
Chandragiri, near Tirupati, India.
S.V.DORAIRAJU, C.
NARASIMHARAO, M.
BUJAGENDRA RAJU,AND
P.V.CHALAPATHI.
Drinking water samples were collected from
different locations of Chandragiri, near Tirupati,
Andhra Pradesh, India and analyzed to assess
physicochemical parameters and suitability of
water for drinking purpose. Physicochemical
parameters such as pH, hardness, alkalinity,
calcium, magnesium, iron, nitrates, chlorides,
sulphates, electrical conductivity, total solids
(TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended
solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical
oxygen demand (COD) and bio chemical oxygen
demand (BOD) were determined. The found
values were compared with the World Health
Organisation water quality standards.
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Interpretation of data shows that drinking water of
some of the areas was polluted and not suitable
for drinking purpose. Thus the ground water of
these areas needs purification before drinking.
3. Hydro chemical characterization of
ground water in around tirupati area-
E. Balaji, A. Nagaraju, Y. Sreedhar, A.
Thejaswini, Zahed Sharifi
In the management of water resources,
quality of water is just as important as its quantity.
The main aim of this study has been to assess the
variability of groundwater parameters to develop
water quality of Tirupati area and its suitability
for domestic and irrigation purpose. Further, the
samples were analyzed for pH, EC, TDS,
carbonates, bicarbonates, alkalinity, chlorides,
sulfates, hardness, fluoride, calcium, magnesium,
sodium, and potassium. Based on the analytical
results, chemical indices like percent sodium,
sodium absorption ratio (SAR), adjusted SAR,
percent sodium (Na %), residual sodium carbonate
(RSC) and permeability index (PI) have been
calculated. Chadha rectangular diagram for
geochemical classification and hydro chemical
processes of groundwater indicated that most of
waters are Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Ca–Mg–Cl types.
Assessment of water samples from various
methods indicated that majority of the water
samples are suitable for domestic and irrigation
purpose.
4. Statistical and Analytical Evaluation of
ground water quality of Tirupati Area,
A.Naraju, Z. Sharifi, E. Balaji.
The multivariate statistical analysis, hydro
geochemical modelling using visual MINTEQ
software, indices of base exchange and Gibbs
ratio were simultaneously applied to groundwater
hydro chemical data of the Tirupati area. These
techniques were applied to know the principal
processes controlling the water chemistry. Fifty
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

groundwater samples were analysed for pH, in Tirupati- Putaka Ramesh, K.

Abraham, B. suresh, T. Damodharam .
electrical conductivity (EC), Ca, Mg, Na, K,
HCO3, CO3, Cl, and SO4. The results showed that Physico-chemical characteristics of industrial
the abundance of the major ions in the water effluents were collected from three industrial sites
samples is in following order: Na > Ca > Mg > K in and around Tirupati. Industrial effluents were
and HCO3 > Cl > SO4 > CO3 > F. studied in two years month by month from Jan
2014 - Dec 2015. The present research work deals
5. The Physico-Chemical And
with the study of some of the important physico-
Bacteriological Analysis Of Ground
Water In Around Tirupati- R. Usha, A. chemical parameters of industrial waste water
Vasavi, Spoorthi And P.M.Swamy.
collected from Tirupati industrial region. Results
In the present study, an attempt has been indicated that pH values of effluent samples.
made to investigate the quality of ground
8. Determination of heavy metals in
water in and Around Tirupati, Chittoor
surface water and ground water in and
District, Andhra Pradesh. The various around Tirupati-V. Hanuman Reddy,
P.M.N. Prasad, A.V. Ramana Reddy
parameters monitored include pH,
and Y.V. Rami Reddy
Temperature, Total Suspended Solids, Total
Water Quality is one of the most important
Dissolved Solids, Total Solids, Dissolved
concerns. The heavy metals levels up to ppb
Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
levels in drinking water quality may cause seviour
Alkalinity, Chlorides, Hardness and Colony
health problems and also cause cancer. In this
Count. The results showed that all water
study we made an attempt to know the
samples have neutral pH,.
concentration of eight heavy metals in ground
6. Groundwater Quality Assessment water and surface water in different locations of
using Correlation and Regression
Tirupati, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh up to
Model in Tirupati, Ambiga
Kannapiran . ppb levels.

Groundwater is the most important natural source

9. Statistical Analysis of the Hydro
required for drinking to the public’s around the geochemical Evolution of Ground
water in Rangampeta area of Tirupati
world, particularly in rural areas. An attempt has
– A. Nagaraju, K. Sunil Kumar, A.
been made in order to determine the spatial Thejaswini, Z. Sharisi
distribution of groundwater quality parameters
Multivariate statistical techniques involving
and to study the correlation and regression
factor analysis (FA) and R-mode hierarchical
method. The physical and chemical analysis
cluster analysis (HCA) were performed on 30
results were compared to the standard guideline
groundwater samples from Rangampeta, Chittoor
values as recommended by the Bureau of Indian
District, Andhra Pradesh, South India to extract
standards for drinking and public health in order
principal processes controlling the water
to have an indication of the present groundwater
chemistry. The groundwater samples were
quality.
analyzed for distribution of chemical elements Ca,
Mg, Na, K, Si, HCO3, CO3, Cl, and SO4. It also
7. Analysis of Physico-Chemical
Characteristics of Industrial Effluents includes pH, and electrical conductivity (EC)..

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10. Testing of Ground Water Quality For hydro geomorphic parameters using Remote
drinking purpose in Tirupati- Dr. R.
sensing Techniques. Satellite image and
Bhavani and smt. S. Sharada
Topographical map have been used to prepare the
Testing of groundwater quality is very
required thematic maps like geology, lineaments,
important before using it for drinking purpose. In
geomorphology, surface water bodies and
the present study ten samples at various locations
drainage.
of Tirupati were collected and the values of
various chemical parameters like total dissolved 13. Seasonal assessment of water quality in
Tirupati- Tho Damodharam, S.
solids (TDS), pH, chlorides, hardness, sulphates
Suresh.
and fluorides were determined. These values were
Water quality studies were conducted for surface
compared with Drinking water standards of IS:
and sub-surface water in Tirupati. Water was
10500-1991 to assess the suitability for drinking
monitored during summer, winter and rainy
purpose.
seasons to assess the status and identify the
11. Water Quality monitoring on Tirumala impacts due to domestic, industrial and
and Tirupati- K. Raju, T.
agricultural activities. Water quality assessments
Damodharam.
showed that the treated surface water supplied to
An attempt has been made to evaluate the
Tirupati and Tirumula are within the limits of
water quality of supplemented and ground water
Indian standards for drinking water whereas sub
in Tirumala and Tirupati, Chittoor District,
surface water at certain locations near agricultural
Andhra Pradesh, India. The Tirumala and Tirupati
and drainage areas varied seasonally and showed
are the most popular pilgrimage and education
higher values of hardness and chloride in April
areas in Andhra Pradesh. Twelve areas of
and December exceeding the limits.
Tirumala and Tirupati have been selected, where
Seasonal assessment of water quality in Tirupati,
the peoples are used supplemented and
A.P. India.
groundwater for drinking purpose, and the water
samples were subjected to systematic analysis 14. Ground water Quality Assessment
using Data mining Techniques.
with a view to understand the potability of
drinking water sources. Water is a key resource in all economic
activities ranging from agriculture to industry.
12. Analysis of ground water potential in
Only a tiny fraction of the planet’s abundant water
Chamdragiri Mandal, Tirupati,-
Bhupal. K, Reddy Bhaskar Reddy. M . is available to us as fresh water. Assessment of
water quality has always been paramount in the
Ground water prospects of any area depend on
field of environmental quality management. It is
its geological structure, geomorphic features and
the foundation for health, hygiene, progress and
their hydrological characters. Identification and
prosperity. With ever increasing pressure of
mapping of these elements is thus imperative for
human population, there is severe stress on water
ground water exploration and optimal
resources. Therefore efficient water management
management of this precious resource. In the
is essential to civil society for betterment of
present paper ground water potentiality in
quality of life. The present study emphasizes on
Chandragiri mandal, Chittoor district, Andhra
the groundwater quality, sources of ground water
Pradesh has been evaluated by analyzing the

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
contamination, variation of groundwater quality
and its spatial distribution.
15. Determination of Heavy Metals in
Industrial Waste Waters of Tirupati
Region- Putaka Ramesh, T.
Damodharam.
Industrial waste waters collected from three
industrial sites in and around Tirupati were
determined for knowing the concentrations of
heavy metals in Industrial region. Industrial waste
waters were collected and studied for two years on
a bimonthly basis (Jan 2014 - Dec 2015). The
present research work deals with the study of six
heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Fe). The
analysis is performed using AAS (Perkin-Elmer,
2380). Results indicated that Cd ranged between
0.04 to 1.2 mg/L, in all the sites which are above
the permissible limits. The maximum
concentration of Pb is 2.81 mg/L has been
observed at Karakambadi industrial site. copper
ranged from 0.41 to 2.98 mg/L and the average Cr
ranged 1.16 to 2.86 mg/L in 2014 and 2015. The
results showed that the concentration levels are
above the permissible limits in all the sampling
sites.
CONCLUSION:
Saveetha university in Chennai represents an
increase of water pollution activities for the
development. Based on the results obtained for
physicochemical analysis of ground water samples
collected from different locations of tirupati, it can
be concluded that in some samples water quality
parameters (Total alkalinity, pH, hardness, TDS,
sulphate, chloride, phosphorus, silica. Hence,
drinking water pollution should be controlled by
the proper environment management plan. Water of
this area should be pre-treated to make suitable for
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drinking and to maintain proper health conditions
of people living in this area.
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