H ormones:

A chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters
the activity of one or more specific target organs.

Adrenal glands produce adrenaline

Pancreas produces insulin, which is responsible for conversion of blood glucose to
insoluble glycogen, which is stored as fat. Hence it lowers blood glucose concentration
Testes produces testosterone, which is responsible for developing secondary
sexual characteristics in males
Ovaries produce oestrogen, which is responsible for developing secondary sexual
characteristics in females. It also controls the menstrual cycle

Effects of adrenaline:
- Pupils dilate to let in more light Content hidden - reserved only for the full
booklet
- .
- .
- .

When adrenaline is produced:

Adrenaline is produced in ‘fight or flight’ situations, which is when the senses perceive
a danger to the body, or during a stressful situation

Endocrine system:
This system is called the endocrine system, which involves release of appropriate
hormones.
H omeostasis:
This is the maintenance of a constant internal environment
It controls internal conditions to keep it within set limits

Negative feedback: When the body detects conditions that have been changed
and aren't in the ideal condition, it triggers a set of responses to bring these conditions
back to ideal conditions

The mechanisms of negative feedback are usually in a continuous cycle. The levels
fluctuate between going down and up by responses from the body (it is brought
down when it is slightly higher and then up when it is lower).

Thermoregulation:
This is the control of temperature within body

Receptors in the brain sense the temperature of the blood.

The brain then coordinates a response

The responses include:

When cold When hot

Shivering Sweating
Requires energy from respiration, and Heat from the body is used in
some energy from respiration is in the evaporating the water and hence heat
form of heat. is lost.

Skin hair lie up straight Skin hair lie down flat

trap a layer of air which absorbs heat Allow air to circulate when we are hot.
from our body and hence act as an This allows the body to transfer heat to
insulator air particles and cool down

Vasoconstriction
Reduces blood supply to the skin by
reducing diameter of these arterioles
which supply blood to the skin
capillaries - so that less heat is lost
from the body to the surrounding
Vasodilation
Increases blood supply to the skin by
increasing diameter of these arterioles
which supply blood to the skin
capillaries - so that more heat is lost
from the body to the surrounding
Glucoregulation:
This is the control of blood glucose levels
This is done by the hormones insulin and glucagon

Insulin converts gl…

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