4 Index

Index
A Adsorption filters, 140 underfloor air supply, 423–425

Aalto, Alvar, 16 Advanced Energy Design Guide, 207 workstation air delivery systems,
AL
Absorption, sound, 757–763, Advanced Integrated Wastewater 425, 426
787–794 Pond System (AIWPS™), Air-extract window, 426
acoustically transparent surfaces, 1022–1024, 1050 Air films, thermal properties of,
RI
790–791 Aeration (water), 902, 903 183–184, 1570
materials for, 760–763, 791–794 Aerobic treatment units (ATUs), Airflow, 64, 67–75
mechanics of, 758, 760, 761 1014–1015 air pollution, 67–68
TE
panel and cavity resonators, African Place (Expo ‘67, Montreal), and localized comfort, 95–98
788–790 73 ventilation and cooling, 73–75.
techniques for, 791 Agents of Change project, 10
MA See also Ventilation
Absorption chillers, 400, 402 AGI32, 1697 wind, daylight, and sun, 75
Absorption refrigeration cycle, Agua Blanca ranch (Tucson, AZ), wind control, 69–73
323–325 301, 302 Air handling equipment (HVAC),
Acceptable background noise, AIA/COTE, 20 414, 416, 418, 419
D
748–749 Air, moisture in, see Psychrometry Air-handling system, noise from,
Access control, see Entry systems Air-air heat pumps, 356–357, 833
TE
Accessibility: 359–364 Air infiltration, 202

passenger elevators, 1384–1388 Air and water HVAC systems, around windows, 196
and plumbing fixtures, 953–957 435–444 as deliberate ventilation, 201
GH
Accessories (controls), 417 Airborne sound, 794–816 heat gain due to, 1617
Acclimatization, 91 barrier mass, 798, 799 heat gain from, 278
Acoustics: composite walls and leaks, 805, for small buildings, 1601–1604
architectural, 729–755 807–808 Air-Krete™, 617, 1569
RI
bathroom, 956–957 compound barriers, 800, Air pollution, 67–68

outdoor, 847–848 802–804 indoor, 112–115
PY
room, 763–782 diffraction: barriers, 812–814 and quality of rainwater, 868

Acoustical comfort, 109 and doors, 809–810 and urban climates, 50
Acoustical tile, 791 flanking, 814–816 Air quality, 119. See also Indoor air
sound transmission class, quality
CO
Acoustic detectors, 1339

Acoustic panels, 792 804–806 Air sampling smoke detectors,
Acoustic plaster, 792 stiffness and resonance, 798–801 1130, 1131
Activated carbon filters, 899 transmission loss, 797–798 Air spaces, thermal properties of,
Activated-charcoal filters, 140 and windows, 810–812 183–184, 1570–1576
Activated sludge process, 1029 Air-change method, 202 Air speeds, thermal comfort and,
Active noise cancellation, 838–840 Air changes per hour (ACH), 130 89, 92
Active solar heating, 54, 234, 927, Air conditioning. See also Heating, Air-to-air heat exchangers, 132
930, 933 ventilation, and air Air-to-liquid solar heating systems,
Active systems, 11, 15 conditioning 934
Actuators, 417 and lighting heat, 703, 704 Air vents, 340
Adaptation, visual, 479–480, 501 units for, 323, 325, 326 Air washers, 140
Adaptive digital filter, 838, 839 Air curtain window, 426 Ala Moana office building
Adaptive model of comfort, 91 Air cushion tank, 339 (Honolulu, HI), 162
Addressable fire alarm systems, Air delivery systems, 421–429 Albany County (NY) Airport,
1124–1125 ceiling air supply, 422–423 38–39
Adobe, 1569 ducts, 421, 422 Alkalinity, water, 894
1699
1700 INDEX
All-air HVAC systems, 385–388, Architectural acoustics, 729–755 Balanced noise criteria (NCB)
428, 430–435 defined, 729 curves, 751–752
Allen, Edward, 87 hearing, 733–738 Balance point temperature,
All-water HVAC systems, 389–390, measures of sound magnitude, 256–257
444–447 739–748 Ballast efficacy factor, 532–533
Alternating current (ac), 1147, noise, 747–755 Ballast factor, 532
1151–1153 sound, 730–733 “Band of sun,” 59, 61
Alternating-current motors, 1197 sound sources, 738–739 Bank of American Corporate Center
Altitude angle (sun), 150–152, vibration, 755 (Charlotte, NC), 1113
1534 Architecture, water use and, Banwell White Arnold Hemberger &
ALTO® lamps, 542 855–858 Partners, Inc., 123, 232, 266,
Aluminaire house (Long Island), Arkin, David, 5, 6 275
957 Arrays, photovoltaic, 1315–1316, Barriers:
Aluminum conductors, 1232, 1322 for airborne sound, 797–816
1233 Articulation Class (AC), 828 building envelope elements as,
Aluminum conduit, 1244 Articulation Index (AI), 827–828 172
American Institute of Architects, Artificial sky, 614 for mechanical system sound,
10 Art rooms, lighting for, 688, 689 842–843
American Society of Heating, Ash Creek Intermediate School smoke, 1080
Refrigerating and Air- (Monmouth, OR), 585 Barry Blower Co., 766
Conditioning Engineers Assemblies, thermal properties of, Barton Hall (University of New
(ASHRAE), 87–90, 1696. See 1577–1596 Hampshire), 123
also under ANSI/ASHRAE Atocha railroad station (Madrid Baseboard heating, 337–341, 343
Standards Spain), 327 Basements, heat flow dynamics
American Wire Gauge (AWG), Audible consumption strategy, 943 with, 189–191
1231, 1232 Audible fire alarms, 1138–1139 Batch solar heating systems, 930,
Amperes, 1147–1148 Auditoriums: 932, 935, 936, 939
Amplifiers, sound, 783 lighting for, 688–690 Bathrooms:
Amsler Hagenah MacLean, room acoustics for, 779–782 acoustics in, 956–957
Architects, 347 Audubon House (New York City), design of, 943. See also Plumbing
Analemma, 152, 153 36, 615–617, 1056–1059 fixtures
Andrews, John, 73 Autodesk, Inc., 612, 1697 prefabricated, 1003–1004
Annoyance concept (noise), Autodesk® VIZ 2005, 611, 612, Bathtubs, 944
747–748 1697 Batteries, 1225, 1320–1322
Annual fuel utilization efficiency Automated self-propelled vehicles, Batwing diffusers (lighting), 627,
(AFUE), 336, 348 1455–1457 628
Anshen and Allen, 384 Automated systems: Beatty, Alex, 347
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2, 145 for buildings, 1358, 1364–1369 BEES, 1695
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, 8, 9, for container delivery, 1453, Below-grade walls and floors, 1583
88, 91, 109 1455 Benchmarking, 3, 14
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 61.1, 203 dumbwaiters, 1449, 1451–1452 Benton, Cris, 7, 23
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1, signal systems, 1360, 1361, Berkebile Nelson Immenschuh
145, 208 1363–1372 McDowell, Architects, 18, 19
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2, Automatic transfer switches, 1181, Beth Israel Chapel and Memorial
129, 145, 203, 208 1182 Garden (Houston, TX), 74
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.1, 9, Azimuth angle (sun), 150–152, Bibury vicar’s residence (England),
12, 186–188, 195, 209, 1534 1037
336–337, 347–348, 368, 679, Bidets, 945
1579, 1626–1627, 1696 B Bilateral lighting, 582
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2, 12, Background noise criteria, Bioclimatic charts, 93
186, 195, 209, 321, 332, 340, 748–749 Bioclimatic design, 48
346–348, 368, 679, 1579, Backwater valves, 994, 996 Biological contaminants, 116
1628 BACnet, 420 Biometric identification devices,
Apartment buildings, see Multiple- Baer, Morley, 377 1364
dwelling buildings Baffles: Biosolids, 1036
Apparent brightness, 465, 510 for light diffusion, 626, 627 Black body, 506
Appliances, heat gain from, 1619 for sound absorption, 792 Blackbody radiation, 513–514
Aquasave Company, 1038 Baker, M. Steven, 932 Blackwater, 1036
INDEX 1701
Blair McCarry, Keen Engineering, Building management systems Carlson, Dain, 78, 174, 244,
425 (BMS), 418, 420, 422 935–937
Bleshman Regional Day School Building noise control, 787–852 Carmody, John, 199, 209, 1586
(Paramus, NJ), 438, 441 absorption, 787–794 Carpenter Norris Consulting, 589
Blower door, 203 airborne sound, 797–816 Carpeting, sound absorption with,
Board of Water Supply (Honolulu, components of, 787 793, 794
HI), 162 mechanical system noise, Cartridge filtration (water), 899
Body temperature and heat, 83–86, 833–843 Cartwright, Virginia, 221
94–95, 278 and outdoor acoustics, 847–848 Case studies, 10
Bogan Jenal Engineers, 1029 reference standards for, 851 Cast-iron boilers, 395, 396
Boilers, 336–338, 347, 393, sound isolation, 794–797 Catalytic combustors, 333–334
395–402 speech privacy, 815–831 Cavity resonators, 788–790
Boiler flue economizers, 408, 410 STC and IIC Cavity walls, 800, 802–804
Bonn, Markus, 612 recommendations/criteria, CBS Tower (New York City), 436,
Boody, Harry John, 134 843–847 437
Bored wells, 906 structure-borne impact noise, Ceilings:
Boston City Hall (MA), 54, 55 831–833 absorption efficiency of, 824
Branch circuit design, 1282, symbols used with, 852 in fire safety design, 1070
1287–1296 terms related to, 849–851 for impact noise control, 832,
Brand, Stuart, 26 units and conversions for, 851 833
Breathable walls, 128 Building procurement process, 4 sound transmission data for,
Breathing zone, 1597–1599 Building Research Establishment, 1685–1694
BREEAM, 1696 1696 and speech privacy, 829
Brentrup, Dale, 1113 Building Science Engineering, 411 Ceiling air supply, 422–423
Brightness, 465, 476, 477, 501 Building validation, 9–10 Ceiling electric resistance heat, 336,
British lighting standards, 485–487 Bullock’s Department Store (San 337
British Research Establishment Mateo, CA), 331 Cells, photovoltaic systems,
Building (Garston, England), Bullpen offices, 372 1313–1315
420, 421 Buried sand filters, 1019 Center for Regenerative Studies
British thermal units (Btus), 179, Burr Lawrence Rising + Bates, (Pomona, CA), 15, 16
180 Architects, 428 Center Moriches Free Public Library
Brown, G. Z., 16, 20, 371, 374, Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann (Long Island, NY), 275
380, 1696 Associates, 442 Central heating/cooling, 319–321,
Brüel, P. V., 773 Busway (busduct), 1235–1239 370–372
Brüel & Kjaer, 497, 761, 763 Centrifugal chillers, 402, 403
Buchanan/Watson, Architects, 233 C Centrifugal pumps, 908
Building automation systems, Cablebus, 1237–1238 Ceramic filters, 899
1358, 1364–1369 Cable tray, 1240 Cesspools, 1015
Building codes, 10 California Highway Patrol offices Chair lifts, 1444–1448
Building commissioning, 10 (Gilroy, CA), 297–299 Chandra, S., 121, 145, 290, 315
Building construction, water use in, California Polytechnic State Charged media filters, 140
860 University, 250, 1022, 1050, Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF),
Building Design Advisor, 1696 1051 42
Building Energy Software Tools Canada: Chilled water distribution, 446–448
Directory, 1696 average insolation/temperature/ Chillers, 399, 400, 402–406
Building envelope, 171–178 daylight design data, Chimneys, 347, 348
for daylight access, 58–59 1521–1524 Chloramine, 900
and design for heating and outside design conditions for, Chlorination, 899–900
cooling, 214–218, 221 1488–1499 Christopher C. Morgan, AIA,
design intentions, 172, 178 Candela (candlepower) (cd/cp), Architect, 325
functions of, 171 463 Chromaticity, 511, 513, 564
heat flows through, see Heat flow Candlepower distribution curve CIE design analysis method,
Building evaluation, 9–10 (CDC), 472, 473 597–604
Building form, 212–214 Cannon Design, Inc., 127 CIE sky, 519, 597
Building-integrated photovoltaic Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, 41 Circuit breakers, 1186, 1187
(BIPV) system, 1313, 1332 Carbon dioxide (CO2) fire Circuit-protective devices,
Building Life-Cycle Cost Program suppression systems, 1185–1189
(BLCC), 1697 1109–1100 Circular sunpath projection, 156
1702 INDEX
Circulating pumps, 340 perceived, 511–513 Concealed spaces (fire safety), 1079
Cisterns, 861, 863, 869–873 reactions to, 509–511 Conceptual design, 4, 5
City of Jerusalem, 713 of water, 894 Condensation (sweating), 191–192,
Classroom lighting, 686–688 Color constancy, 509 194, 968–969
Clean agent gases, 1110 Color rendering index (CRI), 515 Condensing water equipment,
Clearwater, 1036 Color temperature, 506–507, 404–410
Clegg, Amanda, 38, 66, 68, 77, 510–511 Conductance, thermal, 180–182
172, 190, 218, 1126 Colyer/Freeman Group, Architects, Conduction, 84, 85, 179
Climate Consultant, 1695 299, 312, 936 Conductivity, 95, 179–181
Climates, 47–48. See also Thermal Combined sewers, 857 Conductors, 183–184, 1231–1236
comfort Combustible recovered resources, Conduit, electrical, 1241–1245
cooling data for, 1620–1621 1050–1052 Connectors, envelope elements as,
design analysis software for, Combustion, 346, 1067, 1068 172
1695–1696 Comfort, 83–109 Consentini Associates, 453
for Mexico and Puerto Rico, 1499 acoustical, 109 Constructed wetlands, 1024–1025
microclimates, 49–52 and bodily heat flow, 83–86 Construction phase, 6–7
summer design conditions, combining strategies for, Contactors, electric, 1181
1487–1488 106–109 Container delivery systems, 1453,
for United States and Canada, cooling design strategies, 98–102 1455
1488–1499 defined, 86 Contrast, see Luminance ratios
in urban areas, 50–52 heating design strategies, (contrast)
winter design conditions, 1487 102–108 Controls, 417, 418. See also specific
Climate window, 426 thermal, 86–98 equipment and systems
Clivus Multrum toilet system, visual, 109 Controllers, 417
983–985 Comfort zones, 87–92, 98 Convection, 84, 85, 179
Clock systems, for schools, Commercial buildings: Conversion factors, 1482–1486
1350–1351 electrical equipment spaces in, Cooling. See also Heating,
Clock time, solar time vs., 152–153 1279–1280 ventilation, and air-
Closed-circuit evaporative coolers, fire alarm systems for, conditioning
406, 410 1140–1142 and building form, 214
Closed-loop, freeze-resistant interior electric lighting for, combined strategies for, 106–109
systems, 932, 933, 937 693–704 desiccant, 134, 138, 139
Closed-shell envelope approach, Commerzbank (Frankfurt, design analysis software for, 1696
172, 174 Germany), 121, 123 design guidelines for, 1605–1624
Clothes washing machines, 953 Commissioning, see Building design strategies for, 98–102
Clothing, insulating value of, 85–86 commissioning evaporative, 101–102
Cloud cover, 518–520, 522, 595 Communications systems, groundwater for, 78
Coagulation (water filtration), 898 1355–1358 high-mass, 101
Cob, 1569 Community Media Center (Santa indirect evaporative, 129–130
Cockram, Michael, 17, 26, 29, 217, Rosa, CA), 424 by natural ventilation, 100–101
375 Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), passive, see Passive cooling
Codes, 10–12 543–544 psychrometric chart for,
Coefficient of absorption (sound), Compactors, 1055, 1060 283–285
757–762 Compartmentation (fire safety), for smaller buildings, 323,
Coefficient of performance (COP), 1078–1080 325–331
348 Composite walls, 805, 807–808 water use in, 857
Coefficients of utilization (CU): Composting toilets, 981–986 by wind, 73–75
from luminaires, 608, 630–633, Compost piles, 1055–1056 Cooling load, see Heat gain
638, 653–657 Compound sound barriers, 800, Cooling load temperature
from windows without blinds, 802–804 difference/cooling load factor
1526–1531 Compressive refrigeration, 321–322 (CLTD/CLF), 286
Cogeneration, 448–455 Computer-aided electrical lighting Cooling towers/cooltowers,
CoHousing Project (Cambridge, design, 668–675 405–409
MA), 408, 409, 411 Computer-grade power, 1212 calculating performance of,
Colima, Mexico, 858 Computerized elevator control 301–303
Color: systems, 1392–1395 design guidelines for, 243–249
of incandescent light, 526 Comstock Center (Pittsburgh, PA), nuisance control for, 904–905
of objects, 480, 507–509 126, 440–444 Cool roofs, 201
INDEX 1703
Copper conductors, 1232, 1233 Daylight factor (DF), 520, 580, Desiccant cooling, 134, 138, 139
Copper Development Association, 590–595 Desiccant dehumidifiers, 136
1004, 1006, 1009, 1010, design estimates, 595 Design analysis software,
1102–1103 recommended, 593 1695–1697
Corbett, M., 881 Daylight filters, 584 Design condition (climate), 98, 100
Correlated color temperature (CCT), Daylighting, 108–109, 212 Design criteria, 8, 9
506, 514 and building form, 212 Design development, 4, 6
Corrosion control (water), 902, coefficients of utilization, 607 Design equivalent temperature
903 design analysis software for, 1697 differences (DETD),
Cosentini Associates, 373 and design for heating and 1613–1614
Cosine correction, 468 cooling, 219–225 Design guidelines, 211
Cottage Restaurant (Cottage Grove, integrating passive solar heating active solar heating, 234
OR), 17, 19, 124 and cooling with, 252–254 building envelope, 214–218, 221
Crack method (infiltration), light loss factor, 607 building form, 212–214
202–203 Daylighting design, 579–617 daylighting, 219–225
Crater Lake National Park (OR), aperture strategies, 582–588 fenestration, 212
985 Audubon House case study, heating and cooling, 1605–1624
Crawl space, 188 615–617 hourly heat gain, 285–287
Creep, sound, 777, 778 CIE method, 597–604 integrating daylighting, passive
Crisscross escalator arrangement, and components of daylight, solar heating, and cooling,
1459–1462 590–593 252–254
Cross-ventilation, 101, 236–237, data for, 1501–1532 passive cooling, 235–252,
288–290 daylight factor in, 590 287–314
Crowther, Karen, 291 design analysis methods, 597 passive solar heating, 223,
Croxton Collaborative, 616, 1058 for energy savings, 580 226–234, 259–277
Croxton Collaborative, Architects, 15/30 guideline, 594 psychrometry, 282–285
615 goals of, 580–581 summer heat gain, 234–236
Crystal balustrades, 1466 graphic daylighting design zoning, 216, 218–219
Crystal Cathedral (Anaheim, CA), method, 605–606 Design heat gain, 205–206
583 human factors in, 581 Design heat loss, 203–205
Crystal Tower (Osaka, Japan), 414 IESNA lumen method, 606–610 Design illuminance, 604
Cubicle design, 829 importance of, 580 Design intent, 7–9
Current rating, 1230 in overall design process, 580 Design methods, 8, 9
Curtain boards, 1080 physical modeling in, 613–614 Design phase, 4–6
Cutoff angle (lighting), 621 preliminary, 593–597 Design process, 3–24
Cylindrical sunpath projection, sidelighting, 582–586 codes in, 10–12
155–159 simulation programs for, costs as influence on, 11
610–613 daylighting design in, 580
D site strategies for, 581–582 design criteria in, 8, 9
Dampers, 352 specialized strategies in, 588–590 design intent in, 7–9
Damping, 835, 842–843 toplighting, 586–588 and energy efficiency, 12–13
Daniel Boone High School (Johnson 2.5H guidelines (lighting design), and environmental resources,
City, TN), 365 593–594 40–41
Dark graywater, 1036 Daylighting simulation programs, Gilman Ordway Campus case
Daylight, 56–64, 149, 517–523. 610–613 study, 20–24
See also Daylighting; Solar Daylight Saving Time (DST), 152 for HVAC, 318–319
geometry “Deadness” of space, 763–764 methods and tools for, 8–9
access to, 56–59 Decibels, 741–745 operating philosophy in, 15–20
“band of sun,” 59, 61 Deciduous trees, 82 passive and active approaches to,
and building width, 75 Declination (Earth), 150 11
charting the sun, 58–60 Deflector sheave, 1379 regenerative design, 15
components of, 590–593 Degree days (DD), 258 standards in, 11, 12
reflected, 63–64, 75–78 Dehumidification, 135–136 sustainability strategies, 14, 15
skylines and winter sun, 60, 62 Deluge fire suppression systems, validation/evaluation in, 9–10
sun and shadow model 1102, 1107 Design temperature, 319
techniques, 60, 63 Demand, electric, 1157–1162 Design tools, 8, 9
Daylight-compensating lighting, Density of materials, 192 Design validation, 9
649–650 Desert coolers, 327 Desktop Radiance, 610, 611, 1697
1704 INDEX
Device boxes, 1245, 1247–1248 heat pump water heaters, 942 Durst Organization, 453
Diaphragm tank, 339 heat sources and methods, 917, Durst Organization building (New
Diatomaceous earth filters, 899 918 York City), 452–454
Diatomite filters, 899 solar water heating, 927,
Diffraction (sound), 812–814 930–942 E
Diffusers (HVAC), 355 tankless water heaters, 917, 919 Eagelson, 384
Diffusers (lighting), 625–629 variable storage temperature, Ear, 733–735
batwing, 627, 628 922, 923 Early suppression fast-response
Fresnel lenses, 627 water temperatures for, 894, (ESFR) sprinklers, 1099
louvers and baffles, 626, 627 916–917 Earth coupling cooling strategies,
prismatic lenses, 626, 627 Doors: 109
translucent, 625–626 air infiltration through, Earth tubes:
Diffusion, sound, 776, 777 1603–1604 calculating cooling by, 307,
Dilution systems (smoke DETD for, 1614 309–312
management), 1080–1081 fenestration design guidelines, design data for, 1622–1624
Dimming (lights), 641, 649 212 design guidelines for, 249–250,
Direct current (dc), 1147, passenger elevators, 1380–1383 252
1151–1152 sound transmission through, 809 Echoes, 776, 777
Direct-current motors, 1197 thermal performance of, 188 Ecliptic, 150
Direct digital control (DDC), 418, U-factors for, 1581 Ecological footprints, 41
420 Doping, 1314 Ecology House (San Rafael, CA),
Direct-fired absorption cycle, 323 Double-deck elevators, 1430–1431 144
Direct-gain (DG) systems, 101, 103, Double-duct, constant-volume Economic analysis, 1663–1668
105 systems, 386–388 cost-effectiveness comparison,
design guidelines for, 263 Double-duct HVAC systems, 1665
for hot water, 930 434–435 decision making, 1663
other passive systems vs., Double-effect absorption cycle, 323, initial rate of return, 1664–1665
260–261 325 internal rate of return, 1665,
Direct (discomfort) glare, 490–493 Double-wrap 1:1 roping, 1379 1666
Direct-indirect lighting, 568, 569 Dove Publication (Pecos, NM), 1612 life-cycle cost, 1663–1664
Directivity (sound), 737–738, 782 Downfeed water distribution, payback period, 1666–1668
Direct lighting, 568, 570–572 958–963 Economizer cycles, 408, 410
Direct refrigerant systems, 385 Draft, 95 Eco-roof Pavilion, 875
Discrimination (sound), 738 Drainage, 987–991 ECOTECT, 610, 611
Dishwashers, 953 fixture units for, 998, 1001 Ecotect, 1697
Disinfection (water), 899–902 floor drains, 994, 996 Eden Project (United Kingdom), 15
Disposal fields (sewage), heating systems, 340 Effective radiant field (ERF), 93
1016–1017 Drainage plane, 194 Efficacy (of light sources), 518,
Distillation (water), 905 Drain-back systems, 933, 937 526, 638–639
Distribution ducts, 1249, 1252, Drain-down systems, 933, 937 Eggcrate shading devices, 160, 163
1259 Draperies, sound absorption by, Einhorn Yaffee Prescott, Architects,
Distribution trees, 39 793, 794 38
for hot water systems, 921–922 Drilled wells, 906 Ejection lifts, 1449
for HVAC, 320–321, 375–378 Drip irrigation, 978–979 Ejector pumps, 908, 996–997
placement options, 379–384 Driven wells, 906 Electrical closets, 1280–1281
plumbing, 999 Dry-bulb (DB) temperature, 89, 282 Electrical equipment:
District heating and cooling, Dry-pipe fire suppression systems, and mechanical system noise
446–448 1101, 1105 control, 840–842
Docker, Fumiko, 169 Dry-type transformers, 1173, 1176 spaces for, 1278–1280
Dole, Philip, 27 Dual-coded fire alarm systems, Electrical lighting design, 619–678
Domestic hot water (DHW) systems, 1124 average illuminance, 650–651
916–942 Dual-condenser chillers, 402, 404 average luminance, 671–673,
central vs. distributed equipment, Ducts: 675–677
918–921 air, 421, 422 cavity reflectances and
conventional water heaters, heating, 351, 353, 378 illuminance, 662–664
922–930 reducing noise from, 835–837, coefficient of utilization,
distribution trees, 921–922 840 653–657
energy factors, 917, 918 Dumbwaiters, 1449–1452 computer-aided, 668–675
INDEX 1705
design aids, 664–666 gaseous discharge, 532–535 Electric utilization equipment,

evaluation of, 678 high-intensity discharge lamps, 1197–1225
horizontal illuminance, 651 544–551 emergency/standby power
illuminance at a point, 663 incandescent, 523–531 equipment, 1223–1225
illuminance from a point source, induction lamps, 551–553 low-voltage switching,
666–667 light-emitting diodes, 552 1208–1211
illuminance from linear and area sulfur lamps, 552, 553 motors, 1197–1202
sources, 668 Electric power-handling equipment, power conditioning, 1212–1220
lighting control, 639–650 1177, 1179–1197 power line carrier systems,
light loss factor, 651–653 automatic transfer switches, 1210–1212
luminaires, 619–639 1181, 1182 receptacles, 1201, 1203–1205
modular lighting, 663, 665 circuit-protective devices, specialty wiring devices, 1207
symbol list for, 1283–1285 1185–1189 switches, 1205–1207
zonal cavity method, 653–657 contactors, 1181 system inspection, 1225
Electricity, 1147–1166 equipment enclosures, 1185 uninterruptible power supply,
amperes, 1147–1148 intelligent panelboards, 1194, 1220–1223
demand charges for, 1157–1158 1196–1197 wireless switching and control,
demand control, 1158–1162 load control principles, 1210
direct and alternating currents, 1193–1195 wiring devices, 1201
1151–1152 microprocessors, 1184, 1188 Electric wiring and raceways,
energy in electric circuits, panelboards, 1192–1195 1227–1261
1155–1157 programmable controllers, aluminum conduit, 1244
as form of energy, 1147 1184–1185 busway/busduct/cablebus,
measuring quantities or, programmable switches, 1235–1238
1162–1166 1183–1184 cable tray, 1240
ohms, 1148 remote-control switches, 1181, ceiling raceways, 1257,
Ohm’s law, 1148–1149 1182 1259–1261
parallel circuits, 1150–1151 solid-state switches, 1183 cellular metal floor raceway,
power generation, 1152–1153 switches, 1177, 1179–1180 1252, 1253
power in electric circuits, and switchgear, 1187–1191 conductor ampacity, 1231–1234
1154–1155 time-controlled electronic conductor insulation and jackets,
and power vs. energy, switches, 1183 1232, 1234
1153–1154 time-controlled switches, conductors, 1231
reliance on, 28–30 1182–1183 conductors for general wiring,
series circuits, 1149–1150 unit substations, 1191–1192 1234–1236
units of, 1147–1148 Electric resistance heaters, copper and aluminum
volts, 1148 334–335 conductors, 1232, 1233
watts, 1154 Electric service, 1167–1178 design of raceway systems,
Electric lighting applications, codes and standards, 1167 1240–1241
679–724 electric service switches, 1177 economics of material selection,
commercial interiors, 693–704 equipment arrangements and 1228–1229
design analysis software for, 1697 metering, 1176–1177 energy considerations, 1230
educational facilities, 685–693 120-V, single-phase, 2-wire equipment ratings, 1230
emergency lighting, 706–711 systems, 1267–1268 flat-cable assemblies,
fiber-optic lighting, 714–717 120/208-V, single-phase, 3-wire 1238–1240
floodlighting, 711–713 systems, 1269–1272 flexible armored cable, 1234,
hollow light guides, 717–719 120/240-V, single-phase, 3-wire 1235
industrial lighting, 704–706 systems, 1268–1269 flexible metal conduit, 1244,
and light pollution, 711, 712 overhead, 1167–1169 1245
prismatic film light guides, transformers, 1171–1176 floor raceways, 1248, 1249
719–724 2400/4160-V, 3-phase, 4-wire full-access floor, 1253–1255
prismatic light guides, 718, 719 systems, 1272 interior wiring systems,
remote source lighting, 712–724 underground, 1168, 1170–1171 1230–1231
residential, 679–685 from utility line to building, light-duty plug-in busway,
street lighting, 711, 713 1167 1238–1239
Electric light sources, 523–553 Electric service switches, 1177 lighting track, 1240
fiber optics, 553 Electric stairways, see Moving manufactured wiring systems,
fluorescent lamps, 535–544 electric stairways 1257, 1259–1261
1706 INDEX
Electric wiring and raceways Electromagnetic spectrum, 460 electric wiring design for,
(Continued) Electronic air cleaners, 140–141 1275–1277
National Electrical Code, 1227, Electronic teaching equipment, with passenger elevators, 1421
1228 1353–1354 Energy efficiency, 12–13
nonmetallic conduit, 1244, 1245 Elevators. See also Vertical design analysis software for, 1696
nonmetallic sheathed cable, transportation in green design, 15
1234, 1236 double-deck, 1430–1431 standards/guidelines for,
outlet and device boxes, 1245, escalators vs., 1471–1472 1625–1629
1247–1248 freight, 1435–1439 Energy efficiency ratio (EER), 348
precast cellular concrete floor hole-less hydraulic, 1434 Energy Efficient Resource Recovery
raceways, 1252 inclined, 1441, 1443 (E2R2) Facility, 1022–1023,
special cable types, 1235 as noise source, 834 1050–1052
steel conduit, 1241–1244 observation cars, 1438, Energy factor (EF), 917, 918
surface metal raceways, 1440–1442 EnergyPlus, 1696
1245–1247 plunger-type hydraulic, Energy recovery ventilators (ERVs),
system components for, 1430–1434 133, 134
1227–1229 rack and pinion, 1443–1444 Energy-saving lamps, 527–528
under-carpet wiring system, residential, 1444–1448 Energy Scheming, 1696
1254, 1256–1258 roped hydraulic, 1435, 1436 Energy Star® program, 527
underfloor duct, 1248–1252 sky lobby systems, 1429–1430 Energy Studies in Building
Electric wiring design, 1263–1309 special shaft arrangements, 1429 Laboratory (ESBL), 1331
branch circuit design, 1282, traction passenger elevators, see Energy 10, 1696
1287–1296 Passenger elevators Energy transfer wheels, 133, 134,
design procedure, 1277–1278 Embodied energy, 33–35 137
economic factors, 1264 Emerald People’s Utility District Energy transition, design for, 37–38
electrical closets, 1280–1281 (Eugene, OR), 220–225, 586, Enermodal Engineering, Ltd., 439
electrical equipment spaces, 594, 596 Engine—generator sets, 1225
1278–1280 Emergency lighting, 693, 706–711 Enthalpy, 283, 284
emergency systems, 1306–1309 Emergency power, elevator, Entropy, 25
energy conservation, 1421–1422 Entry systems:
1275–1277 Emergency power equipment, for elevators, 1423
energy considerations, 1264 1223–1225 for industrial buildings,
equipment layout, 1281–1285 Emergency systems, wiring design 1358–1364
feeder capacity, 1298–1301 for, 1306–1309 for multiple-occupancy dwellings,
flexibility in, 1263 Emittance, 182, 183 1346–1347
grounding and ground-fault Encapsulated lamps, 530 Environmental assessment
protection, 1273–1275 Enclosed offices, 372 software, 1696–1697
harmonic currents, 1303–1304 Enclosed spaces, speech privacy Environmental Building News,
load estimating, 1264–1267 and, 815–817, 819–822 1695
load tabulation, 1296–1298 Energy, 26–31 Environmental footprint, 40–41
nonresidential branch circuit central storage equipment for, Environmental illness, 144
design, 1290, 1291, 1296 413–417 Environmental Protection Agency,
overcurrent protection, 1282, conservation of, 406, 408, 410 Research Triangle Park (NC),
1286 in electric circuits, 1155–1157 117–121
panel feeder load calculation, electricity as form of, 1147 Environmental resources, 25–46
1301–1303 for electric motors, 1198 design challenges related to,
reliability, 1263–1264 and electric wiring design, 1264 37–40
residential branch circuit design, embodied, 33–35 and design process, 40–41
1287–1295 flow of, 28 energy, 26–31
riser diagrams, 1304–1305 imported, 211 material resources, 32–37
safety, 1264 and lighting design, 561–564 Philip Merrill Environmental
service equipment and on-site, 211 Center case study, 42–46
switchboard design, per capita use of, 41 recovery of, 1047–1054
1305–1306 power vs., 1153–1154 water, 30–32
space allocations, 1264 solar, see Solar energy Envirovac toilet, 950–953
spare capacity, 1298, 1299 sources of, 28, 29 ENVSTD, 1696
system voltage, 1267–1272 Energy conservation: EPICenter project (Bozeman, MT),
Electrodialysis, 904 daylighting design for, 580 18, 19
INDEX 1707
Equal loudness level contours, Fanger, P. O., 88, 117, 145 heat stage detectors, 1132–1135
734–736 Fan-powered VAV systems, 385, for high-rise office buildings,
Equation of time, 152 386, 431–434 1141–1143
Equidistant sunpath projection, Faraday, Michael, 1113, 1152 household fire warning systems,
155, 156 Faraday cage, 1113–1114 1119
Equinox Design, Inc., 220, 221 Far field, acoustic, 765 incipient stage detectors,
Equipment. See also specific Farnsworth House (Fox River, IL), 1124–1127
equipment and systems 346 for industrial buildings, 1143
electric loads for, 1266, 1267 F-Chart, 1697 institutional systems,
heat gains from, 279 Feeder capacity (electrical), 1140–1142
quieting of, 834–835 1298–1301 manual stations, 1137–1138
Equivalent spherical illumination Feeder ducts, 1249, 1251, 1252 master-coded systems, 1123
(ESI), 498–499 Feeder load calculation (electrical), multiple-dwelling, 1140
Erlich, Chas, 611 1301–1303 noncoded systems, 1122, 1123
Escalators, see Moving electric Feet of head, 342 presignaling, 1124
stairways Feilden Clegg, Architects, 126, 421 proprietary, 1120–1121
Evaluation, 10 Fenestration, 212 protected premises systems, 1119
Evaporation, 84, 85, 179 Ferguson, Bruce, 874, 876 remote-station protective
Evaporative cooling, 101–102, 109. Fernau & Hartman, Architects, signaling systems, 1119, 1120
See also Roof ponds 867, 979 residential, 1139–1140
coolers for, 327, 329 Fetzer Winery building (Mendocino selective-coded systems, 1124
design guidelines for, 243, 244 County, CA), 244, 245 signal processing, 1124
fan-assisted, 297, 299–300 Fiber optics, 553, 714–717 smoldering stage detectors,
indirect, 129–130, 329–331 Filament lamps, 523–526 1127–1131
misting, 325–327 Filters: sprinkler alarms, 1138
roof spray, 326–328 air, 136–142 terminology related to,
Exhaust fans, 129, 130 building envelope elements as, 1118–1119
Exhaust systems (smoke 172 types of, 1119
management), 1081 daylight, 584 Wilson cloud chamber detectors,
Exits: HVAC, 416 1135, 1136
for fire safety, 1072 for noise cancellation, 838, 839 zone-coded systems, 1123–1124
requirements for stairs, 1077 Filtration, water supply, 897–899 Fireplaces, 332
Exitance, 465–466 Finnish contraflow masonry Fire protection, 1067–1083
Expansion chambers, hot water, 968 heaters, 334 alarm systems, 1115–1143
Exposed insulated cables, 1230 Finnish Embassy, (Washington, DC), combustion products, 1068
Exposure protection (fire safety), 163 and continuity of operations,
1077 Fire alarm systems, 1115–1143 1079
Extended coverage sprinklers, 1099 addressable, 1124–1125 control systems, 1070, 1071
Extended-service lamps, 527 addressable analog (intelligent), design for fire resistance,
Exterior insulation and finish 1125 1067–1079
systems (EIFS), 183 audible and visual alarm devices, escalators, 1468–1470
Externally reflected component 1138–1139 fire suppression systems,
(ERC) of daylight, 591 auxiliary systems, 1119 1084–1111
Eyes, 473–475, 482–483 central station systems, 1121 ignition sources, 1068
Eyestrain, 481 circuit supervision, 1121 lightning protection, 1111–1115
for commercial buildings, objectives in fire safety,
F 1140–1142 1069–1070
Fader, B., 814 conventional systems, passenger elevators, 1422
Famolare Shoe Company 1121–1123 protection of life, 1070,
warehouse (Brattleboro, VT), dual-coded systems, 1124 1072–1077
265, 266 false alarm mitigation, protection of property,
Fans, 323, 325, 416 1135–1137 1076–1079
Fan-assisted evaporative cooling, fire codes, authorities, standards, smoke management, 1079–1083
297, 299–300 1116–1117 Fire resistance, design for,
Fan-assisted stack effect, 291 flame stage detectors, 1067–1079
Fan coil with supplementary air 1131–1132 Fire-Safe Building Design for
HVAC system, 388, 389, 436, general recommendations for, Architects and Designers, 1697
438, 439 1138 Fire safety software, 1697
1708 INDEX
Fire suppression systems, Flutter (sound), 776 General diffuse lighting, 568, 569
1084–1111 Foams, fire suppression, General lighting, 565, 566
carbon dioxide, 1109–1100 1108–1109 General Mills building (Minneapolis,
clean agent gases, 1110 Foamability, water, 894 MN), 1089, 1090
foams, 1108–1109 Focusing (of sound), 777, 778 General practice, 11, 12
halogenated hydrocarbons, Footcandles (fc), 464 Geo Exchange systems, 362,
1107–1108 Footing drains, 877, 878, 880 408–413
intumescent materials, Footprints: Geographic scales of concern, 26
1106–1107 ecological, 41 George Washington Bridge (New
portable fire extinguishers, environmental, 40–41 York City), 65
1110–1111 Forced-air heating systems, Geothermal heat pumps, 362
water, 1084–1107 348–355 Geothermal systems, 77, 78
Fire tube boilers, 395 Forced-circulation hot water Giampolo and Associates, Inc.,
First cost, 11 systems, 921, 922 331
First Village (Santa Fe, NM), 1612 Form, building, 212–214 Gillies Stransky Brems Smith,
Fishbeck, Thompson, Carr & Huber, FormZ RadioZity, 611, 612, 1697 Architects, 431
429 Fort Ord (CA), 36 Gilman Ordway Campus (Woods
Fisk, Pliny, 36 Foster, Norman, 579 Hole Research Center), 20–24
Fixed shading, 165 Fox and Fowle, Architects, P.C., 453 Givoni, Baruch, 91, 99, 109, 247,
Fixtures, see Lighting fixtures; Fox Plaza (Los Angeles, CA), 282, 301, 310, 315
Plumbing fixtures 381–383 Glare, 490
Flame stage detectors, 1131–1132 Fox Plaza Building (San Francisco, direct (discomfort), 490–493
Flanking sound paths, 814–816, CA), 376–378 with industrial lighting, 705
825 Franklin cone, 1112, 1113 minimizing, 581
Flat-cable assemblies, 1238–1240 Frederick Meijer Gardens (Grand reflected (veiling), 492–498,
Fletcher-Munson equal loudness Rapids, MI), 427, 429 500–503
contours, 734–736 Free field, acoustic, 765 Glazing:
Flexible armored cable, 1234, 1235 Free-form open plan offices, 372 heat gain through glass,
Flexible metal conduit, 1244, 1245 Freight elevators, 834, 1435–1439 1615–1616
Flocculation (water filtration), 898 Frequency (of sounds), 730–732 for passive solar buildings,
Floodlighting, 711–713 Fresh water supply, 855 1605–1609
Floors: Fresnel lenses, 627 for passive solar heating, 259,
below-grade, 1583 Fuel. See also Energy 261–263
DETD for, 1613 calculating consumption of, solar optical properties of, 1589
full-access, 1253–1255 255–259 Gnomonic sunpath projection, 154,
and impact noise control, 832 for fires, 1067 155
R-values for, 1579 storage of, 347 Goenner, Sara, 614
slab-on-grade, 188–189, 1583 Fuel cells, 449, 450, 452–455 Graduate Theological Union Library
sound transmission data for, Full-access floor, 1253–1255 (Berkeley, CA), 584
1685–1694 Functional redundancy, 19 Graff, George P., 1052
and speech privacy, 829 Furnaces, 350–351, 355–357 Graphic daylighting design method
thermal performance of, 188 Furniture arrangement, speech (GDDM), 605–606
U-factors for, 1577–1578 privacy and, 825–826 Graywater, 1036
Floor drains, 994, 996 Fuses, 1186, 1187 for heat pumps, 942
Floor raceways, 1248, 1249 recycling of, 1036–1042
Fluid-filled transformers, 1176 G Grease traps, 997
Fluorescent lamps, 535–544 Garbage compactors, 1055, 1060 Green, Bailey, 1022
compact, 543–544 Garbage disposers, 1054, 1055 Green Building Advisor, 1695
construction of, 535–537 Gaseous discharge lights, 532–535 Green Building Assessment Tool
label designations, 537–538 Gas-fired cast iron hot water boilers, (GBTool), 1696
noise from, 841, 842 337, 338 Green design, 15, 144
operating characteristics of, Gas-fired heaters, 335–336 Green design rating systems, 14
539–541 Gas-sensing fire detectors, 1127 Greenhouses, 105
special types of, 542–543 GAX heat pumps, 360, 364 Greenhouse ecosystems,
standards for, 541–542 GBTool, 14 1025–1029
types of, 538–539 Geared traction machines, 1379 Greenhouse effect, 67, 68
Fluoridation (water), 905 Gearless traction machines, Green on the Grand (Kitchener,
Flush mode (IAQ), 112 1378–1379 Ontario), 439
INDEX 1709
Grid-connected photovoltaic sensible, through opaque air handling equipment, 414,

systems, 1312, 1313, walls/roofs, 176, 178–193 416, 418, 419
1318–1319, 1325–1328 in slab-on-grade floors, 1583 all-air systems, 385–388, 428,
Grilles (heating systems), 350, 353, through below-grade walls and 430–435
354 floors, 1583 all-water systems, 389–390,
Grondzik, Walter, 45, 153, 517, through transparent/translucent 444–447
585, 586, 616, 1110, 1329, elements, 195–200 basic organization of, 370, 371
1330 and trends in envelope thermal boilers, 393, 395–402
Grounding and ground-fault protection, 200–202 central equipment for, 393, 394
protection, 1273–1275 via air movement, 202–203 central equipment location, 378
Ground source heat pumps, Heat gain (cooling load): central vs. local systems,
362–365 from appliances, 257, 1619 370–372
Groundwater, 75, 78–79, 860, from building occupants, 1617 chillers, 399, 400, 402–406
895–896 calculating, 277–281, 285–287 cogeneration, 448–455
Grove, Sir William, 449 design, 205–206 comparing systems and zones,
Guidelines, 11, 12. See also Design due to infiltration/ventilation, 373–375
guidelines 1617 concealment/exposure of pipes,
Gutters, 877, 883, 886–887 from lighting, 257 ducts, conduits, 378
Gymnasiums, lighting for, 690 from office equipment, 1618 condensing water equipment,
with passive solar heating, 404–410
H 277–281 controls, 417–422
Haggard, Ken, 307 summer, 234–236, 1610–1611 direct refrigerant systems, 385
Haglund, Bruce, 4 through glass, 1615–1616 distribution trees, 375–384
Halogenated hydrocarbons Heating. See also Heating, district heating and cooling,
(halons), 1107–1108 ventilation, and air 446–448
Handbooks, 11, 12 conditioning (HVAC) energy conservation equipment,
Hanging panels (sound absorption), and building form, 214 406, 408, 410
792, 793 combined strategies for, 106–109 energy storage, 413–417
Harbortown design analysis software for, 1696 equipment space allocations,
apartments/townhouses design guidelines for, 1605–1624 390–393
(Detroit, MI), 449, 451 design strategies for, 102–108 Geo Exchange systems, 408–413
Hardin, Garrett, 51 psychrometric chart for, 285 mechanical-structural
Hardness, water, 894, 895 seasonal fuel consumption, integration or separation,
Harmonics (overtones), 731 256–259 378–379
Harmonic currents, 1303–1304 solar, see Solar heating and similarity of building
Hartley & Marks, 140 of ventilation air, 126–128 interiors, 371–373
Harvard Business School Class of Heating, ventilation, and air system variations, 385
1959 Chapel (Cambridge, MA), conditioning (HVAC). See also zoning, 370
273–274 Thermal comfort Heating, ventilation, and air
Hawaii Medical Services basic organization of systems, conditioning (HVAC) (for
Association building 370, 371 smaller buildings), 317–368
(Honolulu, HI), 163 central vs. local, 319–321, air-air heat pumps, 356–357,
Hay, Harold R., 307 370–372 359–364
Hayward, John, 111 electric loads for, 1266 ceiling electric resistance heat,
Header ducts, 1259 need for, 317–318 336, 337
Hearing, 733–738 noise from, 842 combustion, 346
Hearing protection, 752–755, 840 and smoke exhaust systems, controls, 321
Heater-type composting toilets, 1081 cooling coils added to warm air
968, 985 typical design processes for, furnaces, 355–357
Heat exchangers, 130, 132–134 318–319 cooling-only systems, 323,
Heat flow, 171–208 zoning in, 118–121 325–331
and building envelope, 171–178 Heating, ventilation, and air electric resistance heaters,
calculating, 203–207 conditioning (HVAC) (for large 334–335
and envelope thermal design buildings), 369–455 equipment efficiency, 346, 348
standards, 207–208 air and water systems, 388–389, equipment location and service
in human body, 84–85 435–444 distribution, 319–321
latent, through opaque envelope, air distribution within spaces, evaporative coolers, 327, 329
193–194 421–429 evaporative cooling, 325–331
1710 INDEX
Heating, ventilation, and air Heat sinks, 77, 101 Hourly heat gain calculations,
conditioning (HVAC) (for Heat stage detectors, 1132–1135 285–287
smaller buildings) (Continued) Heliodon, 614 Houses of worship, STC/IIC criteria
fuel storage, 347 Heliostat, 589 for, 846
gas-fired heaters, 335–336 Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum, Human Ecosystems, 40
ground source heat pumps, 118–120 Humidification, 135–136
362–365 Helmholtz resonators, 760, Humidity, 87–92. See also Relative
heating/cooling systems, 788–790 humidity
355–366 Heschong, Lisa, 86 Humidity ratio, 282
heating equipment efficiency, High-efficiency particulate Hunter Douglas, Inc., 262
346–348 arrestance (HEPA) filters, 136 Hursley, Timothy, 74
heating-only systems, 331–355 High-grade fuels, 29 Hybrid-interactive system, 1221
hot water baseboard and radiator High-intensity discharge (HID) Hybrid systems, 11
systems, 337–341 lamps, 532, 544–551 Hydraulic elevators, 1430–1436
hot water boilers, 336–338 low-pressure sodium, 551 Hydrogen fuel, 29–30
hydronic heating sizing, mercury vapor, 544–547 Hydrologic cycle, 858–860
342–344 metal halide, 547–549 Hydronic systems, see Hot water
hydronic zoning, 344–347 noise from, 841, 842 heating systems
indirect evaporative cooling, sodium vapor, 549–551 Hydrozone concept, 880, 883
329–331 High-mass cooling, 101 Hyndburn Borough Council
misting, 325–327 High-performance windows, 196 building (England), 409,
and need for mechanical High-rise buildings: 412–413
equipment, 317–318 fire alarm systems for, Hypothalamus, 83
psychrometric chart, 366–368 1141–1143 Hypotheses, 9
radiant panels, 342 lightning protection systems for,
refrigeration cycles, 321–325 1114–1115 I
roof spray, 326–328 High-temperature water (HTW) IAQ, see Indoor air quality
typical design processes for, distribution, 446–448 IBM Tower (Kuala Lumpur,
318–319 Hole-less hydraulic elevators, Malaysia), 161
unit air conditioners, 323, 325, 1434 Ice storage tanks, 413, 416
326 Holl, Steven, 587 IESNA lumen method, 592,
warm air heating systems, Hollow light guides, 717–719 606–610
348–355 Hong Kong International Airport, Illuminance, 464–465. See also
water source heat pumps, 579 Lighting
365–366 Hood River County Library (Hood average illuminance, 650–651
wood heating devices, 332–334 River, OR), 17 and cavity reflectances, 662–664
Heating capacity, 336 Horizontal conveyors, 1449 horizontal illuminance, 651
Heating-only systems: Horizontal illuminance, 521–522, levels of, 483–484
equipment efficiency for, 607 from linear and area sources, 668
346–348 Horizontal layering, 54, 55 measurement of, 468–469
for smaller buildings, 331–355 Horizontal shadow angle (HSA), North American
Heating seasonal performance 163, 164 recommendations for,
factor (HSPF), 359 Horizontal sunpath projection, 155, 487–490
Heat islands, 40, 53 156, 165, 1539–1542 at a point, 663
Heat loss: Horsepower, 180 from a point source, 666–667
design, 203–205 Hospitals, elevator/escalators for, recommendations for, 485–490
for slab-on-grade floors, 1583 1398, 1412 terminology used with, 604
whole-building heat loss criteria, Hotels: Illuminance “cone” charts, 666
223, 226–227 elevator/escalator requirements Illuminating Society of North
worst-hourly, 254–256 for, 1398 America (IESNA), 459
Heat pipes, 133, 136 HVAC for, 419 I.M. Pei and Partners, Architects,
Heat pumps, 359, 360 signal systems for, 1348–1349 177
air-air, 356–357, 359–364 Hot water boilers, 336–338 Impact insulation class, 1687
ground source, 362–365 Hot water heating systems, Impact isolation class (IIC), 833,
water loop, 388, 389, 438, 337–341. See also Domestic hot 843–847
440–444 water systems Impact noise control, 831–833
water source, 365–366 sizing of, 342–344 Impedance, 1148, 1154
Heat pump water heaters, 942 zoning for, 344–347 Imported energy, 211
INDEX 1711
Incandescent lamps, 523–531, Insulated conductors in closed Isolated-gain (SS) systems,

1669–1670 raceways, 1231 104–108
energy-saving, 527–528 Insulated masonry systems, 187 Isolux (isofootcandle) charts, 664,
filament, 523–526 Insulating concrete forms (ICFs), 665
reflector, 527 187 Isolux pattern, 605, 606
tungsten-halogen (quartz-iodine), Insulating forms, 1569 ITT Bell and Gossett, 345, 399
528–531 Insulation:
Incipient stage fire detectors, by clothing, 85–86 J
1124–1127 of heating system pipes, 340 J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles,
Inclined elevators, 1441, 1443 thermal properties of, CA), 587
Incremental paving, 875, 877 1547–1569 Jackaway, Adam, 6
Indirect evaporative cooling, of transformers, 1172, 1173, Jean Vollum Natural Capital Center
129–130, 329–331 1175–1176 (Portland, OR), 14
Indirect-gain (TW) systems, trends in, 201 Jestico + Whiles + Associates, 412
104–107, 930 Insulators, 183 Jet pumps, 908–910
Indirect lighting, 566–567 Integrated ceilings, 703 Jetted wells, 906
Indoor air pollution, 113–115 Integrated part load value (IPLV), John Andrews home (Australia),
Indoor air quality (IAQ), 111–144 348 869, 871–872
and building design, 112 Integration of systems, 16–17 John Andrews International Pty,
controls for, 142–144 Intelligent buildings, 38, Ltd., 871
equipment for control of, 1369–1372 John Graham & Associates,
129–144 Intelligent fire alarm systems, 1125 Architects, 173
and occupant Intelligent panelboards, 1194, John Hancock Center (Chicago, IL),
health/productivity, 144 1196–1197 1114–1115, 1429–1430
passive/low-energy approaches Intelligent residences, 1372 John Hancock Headquarters
to, 121–128 Intelligent UPS equipment, 1223 (Boston, MA), 177
pollutant sources and impacts, Intensity distribution curves, Johnson Fain Pereira Associates,
113–116 472–473 Architects, 382
predicting, 116–119 Interceptors, 997 Johnston, William, 27
zoning for, 118–121 Intercom systems, 1344, Jones, B. F., 661
Induction HVAC systems, 388, 389, 1351–1353 Joules, 180
436 Interior wiring systems,
Induction lamps, 551–553 1230–1231 K
Industrial buildings: Intermittent sand filters, 1020 Kallman, McKinnell and Knowles,
fire alarm systems for, 1143 Internal load dominated (ILD) Architects, 55
lighting for, 704–706 buildings, 212, 213 Karen Terry House (Santa Fe, NM),
signal systems for, 1358–1363 Internally reflected component 1612
Industrial noise levels, 753 (IRC) of daylight, 591 Kelbaugh House (Princeton, NJ),
Inertia block, 835 Internal rate of return (IRR), 1665, 1612
Information Age, design for, 38–39 1666 Kildow, William, 451
Infrared (IR) radiation detectors, International Building (San Kim, Casey and Harase, Inc., 382
1131–1132 Francisco, CA), 381, 384 Kira, Alexander, 944–948
Initial illuminance, 604 International Building Code, 11 Kiss Cathcart Anders, Architects,
Initial (simple) rate of return, International Electrotechnical 39
1664–1665 Commission (IEC), 1198 Kitchen equipment, electric loads
Inland Revenue Centre International Initiative for a for, 1267
(Nottingham, England), 291, Sustainable Built Environment, Kniepp, K. G., 719
292 1697 Knowles, Ralph, 59, 82
Inside Out (Brown, Reynolds, and Intrusion detection, 1337–1340, Krieger, Charles, 384
Ubbelohde), 154–156 1344 Kwok, Alison, 14–17, 23,
Insolation, 93, 149, 1512–1519 Intumescent materials, 1106–1107 161–163, 517, 579, 583,
Instantaneous water heaters, 917 Inverse square law, 470–472, 741 585–589, 613, 616, 1332,
Institutional facilities: Ion exchange, 904 1333
electric lighting for, 685–693 Iowa Public Service offices (Sioux
fire alarm systems for, City), 413, 417 L
1140–1142 Iris scanning system, 1364 Laboratories:
Insulated cables in open raceways, Irrigation, 31, 976–980, HVAC for, 419
1231 1039–1042 lighting for, 690, 691
1712 INDEX
Lagoons (sewage), 865, chromaticity, 511, 513 Lighting design, 555–578

1021–1022 color rendering index, 515 and apparent size of room, 577
Lai, Judy, 611 color temperature, 506–507 cost factors in, 558
Lamp shielding, 622 control of reflected glare, daylighting, see Daylighting
Land and Place, 903 500–503 design
Landfills, 1052 direct (discomfort) glare, for defining “territories” in large
Landfill gas, 1052 490–493 spaces, 578
Large buildings: electric loads for, 1266 direct-indirect lighting, 568, 569
HVAC for, 369–455 equivalent spherical illumination, direct lighting, 568, 570–572
liquid waste piping for, 498–499 electrical, see Electrical lighting
1004–1011 for escalators, 1468–1471 design
solid waste system in, exitance, 465–466 energy considerations, 561–564
1056–1059 heat gains from, 278–279 general diffuse lighting, 568,
Laser beam photoelectric detectors, illuminance, 464–465 569
1129, 1130 illuminance levels, 483–484 goals of, 555–556
Latent heat, 277 illuminance measurement, illumination methods, 565–566
Latent heat flow, 179, 193–194 468–469 indirect lighting, 566–567
Latent heat gains, 279 illuminance recommendations, power budget determination,
Lateral adaptation, 509–510 485–490 558–559
Lavatories, 943–944 intensity distribution curves, preliminary, 564
Law and Education Building 472–473 procedure for, 556–558
(Boston, MA), 177 inverse square law, 470–472 semi-direct lighting, 568, 570
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and light as radiant energy, semi-indirect lighting, 567–568
1696 460–461 size and pattern of luminaires,
Lawrence Berkeley National luminance, 465–468 572–577
Laboratory, 1697 luminance measurement, task analysis, 556, 557,
Leaders (downspouts), 877, 883, 469–470 559–561
889 luminance ratios, 503–504 types of lighting systems, 566
Lechner, Norbert, 109 luminous flux, 463–464 wall-lighting patterns, 577
Le Corbusier, 459 luminous intensity, 463, 472 Lighting fixtures, see Luminaires
Lecture halls, lighting for, 690 and object colors, 507–509, 514 Lighting Technologies, Inc., 1697
LEED-NC, 1629 patterns of luminance, 504–506 Lighting track, 1240
LEED (Leadership in Energy and quality of, 490 Light loss factor (LLF), 607, 608,
Environmental Design) rating reactions to colored light, 647, 651–653
system, 10, 14, 36–37, 144, 509–511 Lightning protection, 1111–1115
1629 reflectance, 461, 462 Light pipes, 588–590, 720
Levitt and Sons, 358 reflectance measurements, 470, Light pollution, 711, 712
Libraries, lighting for, 691–692 471 Light shelves, 580
Library Square (Vancouver, British relative visual performance, Light sources, 517–553
Columbia), 425 499–500 daylight, 517–523
Lidz, Jane, 889 and sight, 473–483 electric light, 518, 523–553
Lieberg, Owen S., 448 spectral distribution of light selecting, 518
Liebl, John, 358 sources, 511–514 spectral distribution of, 511–514
Life-cycle assessment software, transmittance, 461, 462 Lillis Business Complex (University
1695 uniformity of, 628, 630–635 of Oregon), 1331–1333
Life-cycle cost, 11, 1663–1664, veiling reflections (reflected Limit and safety controls, 417
1697 glare), 492–498 Linear elevator motor drive, 1446,
Life Safety Code, 707 Lighting Analysts, Inc., 1697 1449
Light-duty plug-in busway, Lighting control, 639–650 Linear heat detectors, 1133–1135
1238–1239 control initiation, 641–644 Line-interactive system, 1221
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 552 dimming, 641 Linen systems, pneumatic, 1453
Lighting, 459–515. See also requirement for, 639–640 Liquid-insulated transformers,
Daylighting; Electric lighting residential, 682, 685 1175–1176
applications for schools, 693 Liquid waste, 981–1045
brightness, 465 stand-alone systems for, backwater valves, 994, 996
British standards for, 485–487 1363–1364 drainage principles, 987–991
categorized by type of task, strategy for, 644–650 floor drains, 994, 996
484–485 switching, 640–641 interceptors, 997
INDEX 1713
larger-building waste piping, Lumen Micro 2000/Lumen Master-coded fire alarm systems,
1004–1011 Designer, 611–613 1123
larger-scale sewage treatment Luminaires, 562, 619–639. See also Materials:
systems, 1032–1036 specific types of lamps dynamic thermal effects with,
on-site individual building sewage characteristics of, 619–620 192–193
treatment, 1011–1020 construction of, 636–637 electrical, 1228–1229
on-site multiple-building sewage design considerations for, 619 environmentally responsible, 144
treatment, 1020–1032 diffusers, 625–629 phase-change, 230–232
piping and fittings for, 990–995 distribution characteristics of, reflectances of, 608
recycling of graywater, 620–622 for sound absorption, 760–763,
1036–1042 efficacy rating, 638–639 791–794
residential waste piping design, lamp shielding, 622 thermal classifications of,
998–1004 lighting fixtures, 636–638 183–184
sewage sumps and ejectors, luminous efficiency, 638 thermal properties of, 179–183,
996–997 mounting height, 630–636 1547–1569
stormwater treatment, reflectors, 623–625 for waste piping, 990–995
1042–1045 for residential lighting, 681–682 Material-handling equipment,
waterless toilets, 982–986 size and pattern of, 572–577 1446–1448
waterless urinals, 986–987 and speech privacy, 829 Material resources, 32–37. See also
Lithonia Lighting, 1697 uniformity of illumination, 628, Resource recovery
“Liveness” of space, 763–764 630–635 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS),
Living Machine, 16, 1025–1029 Luminance, 465–468 144
Load centers, 1192 average luminance, 671–673, Max Fordham and Partners, 126
Load center transformers, 1172 675–677 Mayer Art Center (Phillips Exeter
Load collector ratio (LCR), 265, measurement of, 469–470 Academy, NH), 346, 347
269–272 patterns of, 504–506 Mazria, Edward, 60, 62, 315, 588,
Load control principles, Luminance ratios (contrast), 1543
1193–1195 477–480, 503–504 Mazria/Schiff & Associates,
Load estimating, 1264–1267 Luminous efficiency, 638 Architects, 361
Load tabulation, 1296–1298 Luminous exitance, 465–466 Mean radiant temperature (MRT),
Lobbies: Luminous flux, 463–464 89, 90
elevator, 1412–1414 Luminous intensity (candela) Mean solar day, 152
escalator space in, 1463 (cd/cp), 463, 472 Mean spherical candlepower
Local Climate Data (LCDs), 98 Luminous transmittance, 461 (mscp), 472
Local heating/cooling, 319, Lux (lx), 464 Mechanical motion detectors, 1338
370–372 Lyle, Harriet, 40 Mechanical system noise control,
Local lighting, 565–566 Lyle, John, 15 833–843
Long-life lamps, 527 Lyle, John Tillman, 15, 40 active noise cancellation,
LonMark, 420 838–840
Lorsch, Harold, 145, 368, 393, M duct systems, 835–837
434, 455 McGuinness, William, 1037 electrical equipment, 840–842
Loudspeakers, 783–785 McPherson, E. G., 883 noise due to equipment location,
Louvers (light diffusion), 626, 627 Macroclimates, 26 842
Loveland, Joel, 315 Maekawa’s empirical equation, piping systems, 840, 841
Low-consumption toilets, 949–953 813, 814 quieting of machines, 834–835
Low-emittance (low-e) windows, Magnetic deviation, 153 sound isolation, 842–843
197 Magrab, E. B., 743, 772, 801, 805, sources of noise, 833–834
Low-grade fuels, 29 807 Media filters, 136–137
Low-pressure sodium lamps, 551 Maintained illuminance, 604 Meendering, Jonathan, 28, 69,
Lowry, William P., 51–53, 82, 980 Maintenance costs, 11 155, 185, 186, 192, 232, 237,
Low-voltage control, 1208 Manual load/unload dumbwaiters, 468, 469, 533, 537, 539, 594,
Low-voltage switching, 1449, 1450 741, 818, 822, 823, 826
1208–1211 Manufactured wiring systems, Meier, Richard, 587
Ludwig, Art, 1038 1257, 1259–1261 Membrane filtration (water), 899
Lumen (lm), 463 Marsh, Andrew J., 611 Mercury vapor lamps, 544–547
Lumen Designer, 1697 Masking, sound, 67, 736, 737, Merrick, Hedrick-Blessing, 433
Lumen maintenance, 647–649 829–830 Metabolism, 83–84
Lumen method, 592, 651 Masonry heaters, 334 Metal halide lamps, 547–549
1714 INDEX
Metering, electric, 1176, 1177 lighting, 1468–1471 National Wildflower Research

Methane, 116 location for, 1462–1465 Center (Austin, TX), 880, 882
Methane gas, 1052 major components of, 1466 Natural ventilation cooling,
Mexico, outside design conditions as noise source, 834 100–101
for, 1499 parallel escalators, 1461–1465 Near field, acoustic, 765
Microclimates, 26, 49–54 preliminary design data and Nelson, Glenn, 1039
Microfiltration (water), 899 installation drawings, Net I = B = R rating, 336
Microprocessors, 1184, 1188 1472–1473 Net metering, 1312
Miller, H., 291, 293–294, 315 safety features, 1467–1468 New Canaan (CT) Nature Center,
Millet, Marietta, 593 size, speed, capacity, rise, 231, 233
Milne, Murray, 1695–1696 1465–1466 New England Merchants’ Bank
Mirror boxes, 614 special-design escalators, 1472 (Boston, MA), 177
Mirror-glass windows, 63 Moving walks and ramps, New Orleans Convention and
Mist fire suppression systems, 1474–1477 Exhibition Center, 874
1102–1107 MR-16 precision reflector lamps, New York Institute of Technology
Model codes, 11 531 sewage treatment plant,
Modular ceilings, 703, 704 Multiple chemical sensitivity, 144 1029–1032
Modular lighting, 663, 665 Multiple-dwelling buildings: Nicol, J. F., 91, 93, 109
Modules, PV, 1315 elevator/escalators for, 1398, Night roof spray thermal storage
Mogesen, Budd, 1001 1412 system (NRSTS), 326–328
Moisture control, 193–194. See also fire alarm systems for, 1140 Night ventilation of thermal mass,
Psychrometry signal systems for, 1346–1349 239–243, 291, 293–299
Moore, Fuller, 122, 584, 588 STC/IIC criteria for, 843–844, Niles, Phillip, 307
Moreland-Unruh-Smith, Architects, 846–847 Noise, 64–67, 747–755
178 Multiplexing, 1122 acceptable background noise
Morgan Lewis Building Multipurpose rooms, 688–690, criteria, 748–749
(Washington, DC), 589 1697 annoyance concept with,
Moshe Safdi and Associates, Inc., Multizone elevator systems, 1410 747–748
273 Multi-zone HVAC systems, 386, due to equipment location, 842
Motels, signal systems for, 434 hearing protection, 752–755
1348–1349 Munsell Color System, 508 in mechanical systems, 833–834
Motion detectors, 1338–1339 Music rooms, 688, 774–775 noise criteria curves, 749–750
Motors, 1197–1198 room criteria curves, 750–752
Motor control, 1198–1202 N Noise cancellation, 838–840
variable-voltage, variable- Nanofiltration (water), 901, 902 Noise control:
frequency AC motor control, Napa Valley Museum (CA), 979, in buildings, 787–852
1390–1391 980 for mechanical systems,
variable-voltage DC motor National Audubon Society, 615, 833–843
control, 1390 1057 and room acoustics, 763–782
Mounds, leaching, 865 National Building Code (Canada), 11 Noise criteria (NC) curves, 749–750
Mt. Angel Abbey Library (OR), 16, National Climatic Data Center, 98 Noise reduction (NR), 767–771,
584 National Electrical Code (NEC), 787, 798
Mount Airy Library (Mount Airy, 1227, 1228, 1263 Noise reduction coefficient (NRC),
NC), 357, 361, 588 National Fenestration Rating 770, 772, 798, 823
Movable fixed shading devices, 165 Council (NFRC), 195, 196 Nonmetallic conduit, 1244, 1245
Moving electric stairways, National Fire Academy, 1697 Nonmetallic sheathed cable, 1234,
1459–1474 National Fire Protection 1236
budget estimating for, Association (NFPA), 1067, Nonrenewable resources, 25,
1473–1474 1116 27–28, 33
construction arrangements for, National Gallery, East Wing Normally-closed (NC) contact
1459 (Washington, DC), 579 sensors, 1337–1338
crisscross arrangement, National Institute of Building Normally-open (NO) contact
1459–1462 Sciences, 202 sensors, 1337–1338
electric power requirements, National Institute of Standards and North American illuminance
1472 Technology (NIST), 1695, recommendations, 486–490
elevators and escalators, 1697 North Central Airlines Hanger
1471–1472 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Building (Detroit, MI), 1108,
fire protection, 1468–1470 Administration (NOAA), 98 1109
INDEX 1715
O Opaque envelope assemblies, for apartment buildings, 1412

Objects: 1613–1614 arranging vertical travel of,
colors of, 480, 507–509 Open-celled pavers, 876, 877 1379–1380
visual, size of, 476 Open control system architecture, average trip time, 1399–1401
Observation cars, 1438, 420 cab and signal design,
1440–1442 Open-frame envelope approach, 1383–1384
Occidental Chemical Corporate 172, 174 car operating panel, 1395–1396
Office Building (Niagara Falls, Open sand filters, 1020 car speed, 1407–1408
NY), 127 Operating costs, 11 codes and standards, 1376
Occupancy sensors, for lights, Operative temperature, 89 dimensions and weights,
645–648 Optical lighting film (OLF), 720 1413–1418
Occupants, heat gain from, 1617 Optional standby systems, 1223 doors, 1380–1383
Occupational Safety and Health Orr, David, 18 drive control, 1388
Administration/Act (OSHA), Oswald, William, 1022 elevator operating control,
753 Outdoor acoustics, 847–848 1391–1395
Oceanside Water Pollution Control Outdoor air quality, 119 emergency power, 1421–1422
Plant (San Francisco, CA), Outlet boxes, 1245, 1247–1248, energy conservation, 1421
1032, 1035–1036 1281 energy requirements,
Ocosta Junior/Senior High School Ove Arup Partnership, 288, 292 1420–1421
(Westport, WA), 426, 428 Overall coefficient of thermal fire safety, 1422
Octagon (Liverpool, England), 111 transmittance, see U-factor geared traction machines, 1379
Octave bands, 732 Overcast sky, 518–520, 595 gearless traction machines,
Odors, 113 Overcurrent protection, 1282, 1286 1378–1379
Offending zone, 586 Overhead electric service, handling capacity, 1397–1399
Offices: 1167–1169 for hospitals, 1412
branch circuit design for, 1296 Overhead groundshield wire, 1113 intervals and average lobby
lighting for, 699–703 Owner’s project requirements, 4 waiting time, 1397
open-area, speech privacy in, Oxidation: lobby elevator panel, 1395
822–831 in combustion, 1067 multizone systems, 1410
STC/IIC criteria for, 846 in water systems, 902, 903 as noise source, 834
Office buildings: Ozonation (drinking water), novel designs for, 1424–1427
elevator/escalators for, 1398, 900–901 for office buildings, 1410–1412
1399, 1410–1412 power requirements, 1419–1420
fire alarm systems for, P principal components of,
1141–1143 Packaged filtration (water), 899 1376–1378
HVAC control for, 419–420 Package sewage plant drainfields, rehabilitation work, 1394, 1395
lighting for, 693–694 865 for retail stores, 1412
signal systems for, 1354–1348 Padre Dam Municipal Water District round-trip time, 1399,
Office equipment, heat gain from, (CA), 1032–1034 1402–1407
1618 Paging systems, 1359, 1360 safety devices, 1380, 1381
Office plans, 372 Panelboards, 1192–1197 security, 1422–1423
Ohms, 1148 Panel feeder load calculation, selection considerations for, 1396
Ohm’s law, 1148–1149, 1154 1301–1303 shafts and lobbies, 1412–1414
Oil-fired steel boilers, 337 Panel filters, 136 single-zone systems, 1408–1411
Oil-insulated transformers, 1175 Panel resonators, 788, 789 specifications for, 1423, 1426
O&K Rolltreppen, 1461, 1462, Panetta, Daniel, 1022, 1051 structural stresses, 1416
1464, 1465, 1471, 1475, Parallel circuits, 1150–1151 system relationships, 1407
1476 Parallel escalators, 1461–1465 terms related to, 1396–1397
Olgyay, Victor, 48–49, 96, 275 Particles/particle dispersoids (IAQ), thyristor control, 1389–1390
Olivier Theatre, Bedales School 115, 116 variable-voltage, variable-
(Hampshire, England), Particulate filters, 136–137, 140 frequency AC motor control,
124–126 Partitions: 1390–1391
On-line without bypass, 1221 AC rating for, 829 variable-voltage DC motor
On-site energy, 211 sound path and height of, 824, 825 control, 1390
cogeneration, 448–455 Passenger elevators (traction), Passive cooling, 73–75, 236–252
daylighting, 108–109 1375–1427. See also Elevators airflow for, 73
sources of, 211 ADA accessibility requirements, calculations for, 287–314
Opaque (software), 1696 1384–1388 comfort standards for, 92–96
1716 INDEX
Passive cooling (Continued) variations on reference systems, Physical models (daylighting

cooltowers, 243–249, 301–303 272–275 design), 613–614
cross-ventilation, 236–237, water walls, 265, 267–268 Phytoremediation, 1043
288–290 whole-building heat loss criteria, Pipe expansion, in heating systems,
design guidelines for, 235–252 223, 226–227 338
earth tubes, 249–250, 252, 307, Passive sub-slab depressurization Piping:
309–312 system, 125 for heating, 378
evaporative, 243, 244 Passive systems, 11, 15 for impact noise control, 833
fan-assisted evaporative cooling, Pasteur filters, 899 larger-building liquid waste,
297, 299–300 Pasveer oxidation stream, 1004–1011
integrating daylighting and 1029–1031 for liquid waste, 990–995
passive solar heating with, Payback period, 1666–1668 noise reduction in, 840, 841
252–254 Pei, Cobb, Freed & Partners, 588 rainwater, 889–891
night ventilation of thermal Pei, I. M., 579 residential liquid waste,
mass, 239–243, 291, Pellet stoves, 333 998–1004
293–299 Pendant sprinkler heads, for water distribution systems,
roof ponds, 245, 246, 249, 250, 1090–1092 963–976
303–307, 309 Perforated metal-faced absorptive Place Architecture LLC, 18, 19
stack ventilation, 237–239, materials, 791, 792 Plante, Russell, 919, 931
290–291 Performance codes, 10–11 Plants, 79–81
Passive infrared (PIR) “presence” Permeability, 193 irrigation for, 31, 976–980
detectors, 1338, 1339 Permeance, 193 for water conservation, 880, 883
Passive solar buildings: Perron, Robert, 233, 266 Plastic pipes/fittings, 966
characteristics of, 1612 Personal Environments® system, Plumbing fixtures, 942–957. See
glazing area for, 1605–1609 426 also Liquid waste
thermal mass for, 1609 Peterson, Larry, 8 accessibility and privacy issues
Passive solar heating, 54, 56, 57, PH, water, 894, 895 with, 953–957
259–277 Phase-change materials, 230–232 bidets, 945
annual performance of systems, Phase-change solar heating clothes washing machines, 953
1631–1661 systems, 931–932, 934, 938 dishwashers, 953
comfort standards for, 92–96 Philip Merrill Environmental Center lavatories, 943–944
comparison of systems for, (MD), 42–46 minimum number of, 863–865
260–261 Philosophy of design, 15–20 physiological design criteria for,
design guidelines for, 223, Phoenix composting toilets, 985 943
226–234, 259–277 Phoenix Public Library (AZ), 586 toilets, 944–953
direct-gain systems, 263 Phons, 735 urinals, 946
glazing performance, 259, Photoelectric intrusion detectors, and water conservation,
261–263 1338 942–953
heat gain (cooling load) Photoelectric smoke detection, whole-body cleansing, 944, 945
calculation, 277–281 1127–1131 Plunger-type hydraulic elevators,
for hot water, 927 Photovoltaic Industry Roadmap, 1430–1434
integrating daylighting and 1311–1312 Pneumatic trash and linen systems,
cooling with, 252–254 Photovoltaic systems, 1311–1333 1453
internal temperatures, 275–277 arrays, 1315–1316 Pneumatic tubes, 1453, 1455
LCR annual performance, 265, balance of, 1321 Polar sunpath projection, 155, 156
269–272 batteries in, 1320–1322 Pollution:
maximum hourly heat loss in, cells, 1313–1315 air, 50, 67–68, 112–115, 868
254–255 codes and standards, indoor, 113–116
orientation for, 231, 234 1328–1329 light, 711–712
roof ponds for, 101, 234 economic considerations, water, 893
selecting approach to, 259–261 1319–1320 Polycrystalline technology,
sensitivity curves, 272 grid-connected systems, 1314–1315
solar savings fraction, 227–229 1318–1319, 1325–1328 Population growth, 25
sunspaces, 263–265 installations, 1329–1330 Porous pavement, 874–877
thermal lag through mass walls, Lillis Business Complex case Porous stone filters, 899
275 study, 1331–1333 Portable fire extinguishers,
thermal mass, 229–233 sizing, 1315, 1322–1324 1110–1111
Trombe walls, 265, 266 stand-alone systems, Positive displacement pumps, 906,
U-factors for walls in, 1578 1317–1318, 1322–1325 908
INDEX 1717
Post-occupancy evaluation (POE), Puerto Rico, outside design Ray diagramming, 778–779
9–10 conditions for, 1499 RC Mark II method, 751
Potable water, 1036 Pumps: Real Goods Solar Living Center
Potomac Mills Mall (VA), 1080 as noise source, 833, 840, 841 (Hopland, CA), 4–7
Power, energy vs., 1153–1154 well water systems, 906–913 Receptacles, electric, 1201,
Power conditioning, 1212–1220 Pumped upfeed water distribution, 1203–1205
Power drawings, 1282 964–965 Recharge basins, 878–880
Power factor (pf), 1154 “Punkah” fan, 125 Reciprocating chillers, 404, 405
Power line carrier (PLC) systems, Pure tones, 731, 732 Reciprocating displacement pumps,
1210–1212 906, 908
Preaction fire suppression systems, Q Recirculating sand filters, 1020,
1102, 1106 Quartz-iodine lamps, 528–531 1021
Precast cellular concrete floor Quick-response, early suppression Recommended Practice of Daylighting,
raceways, 1252 (QRES) sprinklers, 1099 580
Precipitation, 860 Quick-response sprinklers, 1099 Rectilinear sunpath projection,
Precoat filters, 899 Quieting of machines, 834–835 155–159
Predesign activities, 4 Recyclable buildings, 37
Premise wiring, residential, R Recyclable materials, 1047–1050
1345–1346 Raceways, see Electric wiring and Recycled graywater, 1036–1042
Prescriptive codes, 10, 11 raceways Recycled materials, 33, 36–37
Pressure and temperature (P/T) Rack and pinion elevators, Redundancy, functional, 19
relief valves, 927 1443–1444 Reens, L., 574
Pressure tanks, well water, 910, Radiant asymmetry, 97–98 Reflectance (reflectance factor,
912–916 Radiant barriers, 183 reflectance coefficient), 461,
Principal exhaust fan, 129 Radiant energy, 460–461 462
Prismatic film light guides, 719–724 Radiant heat, 93 of building materials, 608
Prismatic lenses, 626, 627 Radiant panels, 342, 344 of daylighting modeling
Prismatic light guides, 718, 719 Radiant panels with supplementary materials, 1532
PROBE (post-occupancy review of air, 388, 389, 438–441 and glare, 490–498, 500–503
building engineering) project, Radiant temperature, 89 of lighting reflectors, 623–625
10 Radiation: measurement of, 470, 471
Productivity: blackbody, 513–514 Reflected glare, 490, 500–503
and daylighting, 581 heat flow in, 179 Reflective materials, 183
and indoor air quality, 144 in human body, 84, 85 Reflectors, 623–625
and lighting, 704 Radiative cooling, 109 Reflector lamps, 527
Profile shadow angle, 163 Radiator heating systems, 337–341 Refrigerant dehumidifiers, 135,
Program, 4 Radio frequency interference (RFI), 136, 139
Programmable controllers, 535, 1212 Refrigeration:
1184–1185 Radiosity techniques, 610 alternative refrigerants, 322–323
Programmable switches, Radon, 116, 125, 127 chillers, 399, 400, 402–406
1183–1184 Rainwater/stormwater, 75, design guidelines for, 393
Progressive Architecture, 377, 384, 866–891, 1036 and psychrometry, 366–368
895, 907, 965 cisterns for, 861, 863 sizing, 320
Project brief, 4 collection and storage of, solar-driven, 360, 362
Projected beam photoelectric smoke 868–873 Refrigeration cycles, 321–325
detector, 1128–1129 porous pavement for retention of, Refuge areas (fire safety), 1076,
Proprietary fire alarm systems, 874–877 1079
1120–1121 roof retention of, 874, 875 Regenerative design, 15
Protected premises fire alarm site design for recharging, Registers (heating systems), 350,
systems, 1119 877–883 352, 355
Protected zones (for solar and site planning, 873–874 Reiach & Hall and GMW
collection), 82 storm water system design, Partnership, 373
Psychrometric chart, 283–285, 883–891 Reif, Daniel K., 939
366–368, 1623–1624 treatment of, 1042–1045 Relative humidity, 89–91, 282
Psychrometry: Rammed earth, 1569 Relative visual performance (RVP),
and design for heating and Ramps, moving, 1474–1477 499–500
cooling, 282–285 Rate of return: Remote-control switches,
for HVAC systems, 366–368 initial (simple), 1664–1665 1181–1182
and refrigeration, 366–368 internal, 1665, 1666 Remote-control switching, 1208
1718 INDEX
Remote-control systems, 1361 Roof ponds: Sanitary sewers, 857

Remote source lighting, 712–724 calculating cooling from, Sanitary systems, 1266
fiber-optic lighting, 714–717 303–307, 309 San Luis Solar Group, 267
hollow light guides, 717–179 design guidelines for, 245, 246, San Luis Solar Group Complex
prismatic film light guides, 249, 250 (Santa Margarita, CA), 265,
719–724 for high-mass cooling, 101 267–268
prismatic light guides, 718, 719 other passive systems vs., Santa Anna Monastery (Santa
Remote-station protective signaling 260–261 Anna, Italy), 517
systems, 1119, 1120 for passive solar heating, 101, Santee Water Reclamation Plant
Renewable resources, 25, 27, 33 234 (CA), 1032–1034
Replacance, 117 Roof spray cooling, 326–328 Saturation line, 282
Residences: Room, lighting and apparent size of, Scales of concern, 26
branch circuit design, 577 Scattered light photoelectric smoke
1287–1295 Room acoustics, 763–782 detectors, 1129, 1130
electrical equipment spaces, auditorium design, 779–782 Schematic design, 4–6
1278 for music performance, 774–775 Schematic site plans, 53
elevators and chair lifts, noise reduction by absorption, Schenck, Gordon H., 361
1444–1448 767–771 Schools:
fire alarm systems, 1119, noise reduction coefficient, 770, branch circuit design for, 1290,
1139–1140 772 1291, 1296
intelligent, 1372 ray diagrams, 778–779 electric lighting for, 685–693
lighting, 679–685 reverberation, 763–765, lighting for, 498, 499
signal systems, 1339–1349 772–773 signal systems for, 1349–1354
sprinklers, 1098–1099 sound fields, 765 STC/IIC criteria for, 844–846
ventilation/exhaust air sound paths, 775–778 Screw compressor chillers, 404
requirements, 1600 sound power level, 765–767 Scroll compressor chillers, 404,
Resistance: sound pressure level, 765–767 405
electric, 1148 for speech rooms, 772–773 Seasonal energy efficiency ratio
thermal, 180, 182 Room criteria (RC) curves (noise), (SEER), 348, 359
Resonator sound absorbers, 793, 750–752 Security systems:
794 Roped hydraulic elevators, 1435, for hotels/motels, 1348, 1349
Resource-efficient building design, 1436 for multiple-occupancy dwellings,
1625–1629 Rosenthal, Steve, 447 1346–1347
Resource recovery, 1047–1054 Ross and Baruzzini, Inc., 500 for office buildings, 1354–1355
Retail stores, 1296, 1412 Rossetti Associates and Foss, 417 passenger elevators, 1422–1423
Reverberant field, acoustic, 765 Roth and Moore, 447 for schools, 1349–1350
Reverberation, 763–765, 772–773 Rothe-Johnson, 441 Sedimentation (water filtration),
Reverse osmosis (RO), 904 Roughing-in (plumbing), 897
Reynolds, John S., 26, 29 1005–1007 Seeley G. Mudd Library, Yale
Reynolds, Vaughan, 292 Rough service lamps, 527 University (New Haven, CT),
Riser diagrams, 1304–1305 Rousseau, D., 114, 140, 145 446, 447
Robie House (Chicago, IL), 344, Runaround coils, 408, 410 Seepage pits, 1015–1016
346 Runoff, 860. See also Selective-coded fire alarm systems,
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Rainwater/stormwater 1124
Museum (Cleveland, OH), Rusch, Charles, 1027 Selective surfaces, 183
1082 Rutherford, Alan, 106 Selective transmission films,
Rock beds, 231 R-values, 1579 197–198
Roofs, 176, 178–193 Selective vertical conveyors, 1453,
DETD for, 1613 S 1454
heat gains through, 277–278 Safety Code for Elevators and Self-charging mechanical filters,
rainwater/stormwater retention, Escalators, 1376 140
874, 875 Safety lighting (schools), 693 Self-propelled vehicles, 1455–1457
R-values for, 1579 St. Enoch’s Square (Glasgow, Selkowitz, Stephen, 199, 1586
thermal performance of, Scotland), 373 Semi-direct lighting, 568, 570
187–188 St. Ignatius Chapel, Seattle Semi-indirect lighting, 567–568
trends in, 201 University (WA), 587 Sensible evaporative refrigeration
U-factors for, 1577–1578 St. Louis Gateway Arch, 1443 units, 330
Roof drains, 889 Sand filters, 898–899 Sensible heat, 277
INDEX 1719
Sensible heat flow, 176, 178–193 Sidelighting, 108, 582–586, building relationship to site,
composite thermal performance, 594–597 52–53
184–188 Sidewall sprinkler heads, climates, 47–48
dynamic thermal effects, 1090–1092 daylight, 56–64
192–193 Sight, 473–483 microclimates, 49–52
latent heat flow vs., 179 in aging eyes, 482–483 plants, 79–81
with special envelope conditions, contrast and adaptation, rain and groundwater, 75–78
188–191 477–480 sound, 64–67
static vs. dynamic, 179 and exposure time, 480 Site planning, for
surface temperatures and eye, 473–475 rainwater/stormwater,
condensation, 191–192 observer-related visibility factors, 873–874
thermal classifications of 481–482 Site scale, 26
materials, 183–184 secondary task-related factors, Siting:
thermal properties of 480–481 for daylighting, 581–582
components, 179, 181–183 size of visual object, 476 outdoor acoustics in, 847–848
Sensitivity curves, 272 subjective brightness, 476, 477 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill,
Septic tanks: visual acuity, 474–476 Architects, 433, 451, 1089
drainfields for, 865 Signal processing (fire alarm Skin load dominated (SLD)
for individual-building sewage systems), 1124 buildings, 212, 214
treatment, 1011–1014 Signal systems, 1337–1372 Sky component (SC) of daylight,
Series circuits, 1149–1150 automated, 1360, 1361, 590, 591, 1526–1531
Sert, Jackson and Gourley, 1363–1372 Skylights:
Architects, 177 for industrial buildings, atubular, 589, 590
Service core, 1060–1062 1358–1363 heat flow through, 195–200
Sewage treatment systems: intrusion detection principles, solar heat gain coefficient for,
larger-scale, 1029–1036 1337–1339 1588
on-site, individual building, for multiple-occupancy Solatube®, 589
1011–1020 residences, 1346–1349 thermal properties of,
on-site, multiple-building, for office buildings, 1354–1348 1587–1588
1020–1029 for private residences, U-factors, 1587–1588
sumps and ejectors, 996–997 1339–1346 for ventilation, 121–123
Sewer systems: for school systems, 1349–1354 Skylines, 60, 62
total sewage flow estimation, for traction passenger elevators, Sky lobby elevator system,
865–866 1383–1384 1429–1430
types of, 857 Simon, Wolfgang, 382 Sky vault, 154
Shading, 160–169 Simulation, daylighting, 610–613 Slab-on-grade floors, 188–189,
design approaches for, 167, 169 Single-duct, variable-air-volume 1583
finite horizontal shading devices, (VAV) systems, 385, 386, Sling psychrometer, 90
165, 167, 168 430–431 Slow sand filters, 898–899
operable shading devices, Single duct HVAC systems with Small buildings:
160–161, 163 reheat, 434 air infiltration for, 1601–1604
for orientation, 160–163 Single duct with reheat HVAC cooling for, 323, 325–331
shading masks, 165–169 system, 386, 387 HVAC for, 317–368
shadow angles, 163–164 Single-effect absorption cycle, 323, solid waste system in,
Shading coefficient (SC), 196, 324 1054–1056
1590–1591, 1594–1596 Single-package heat pumps, 357 Smart houses/appliances, 38
Shading devices, thermal properties Single-wrap traction elevator Smart windows, 201
of, 1590–1596 machine, 1379 SmithGroup, 42–44
Shading masks, 165–169 Single-zone elevator systems, Smoke management, 1079–1083
Shadow angles, 163–164 1408–1411 Smoldering stage detectors,
Shepley Rutan & Coolidge, 177 Single-zone HVAC systems, 385, 1127–1131
Shielding (lighting), 621, 622 386, 430 Snow, 79
Shooshanian Engineering SIP, 1569 Society for the Preservation of New
Associates, Inc., 414 Site(s): Hampshire Forests building
Shoshani, Sharon, 106 design strategies for, 54, 56 (Concord, NH), 231, 232
Showers, 944 relationship of building to, 52–53 Sodium vapor lamps, 549–551
Sick building syndrome (SBS), 112, Site analysis, 47, 53–55 Softening water, 903–904
116, 176 airflow, 67–75 Soil gases, 116, 125
1720 INDEX
Soil moisture, 860 in large buildings, 1056–1059 sound isolation descriptors,

Sol-air temperature, 206 low-grade resources in, 817–818
Solar Aquatics System, 1025, 1027 1050–1052 standards for, 830–831
Solar constant, 149 resource recovery, 1052–1054 Speech rooms, acoustics for,
Solar Design Associates, 1331 and service core, 1060–1062 772–773
Solar energy, 31, 56 in small buildings, 1054–1056 Spot-type heat detectors,
design data for, 1501–1532 Solomon Inc., 74 1132–1133
insolation, 93 Sonoma Mountain Brewery Living Sprinklers:
and plants, 82 Machine, 1025, 1028 for escalators, 1468, 1470
for refrigeration, 360, 362 Sound, 64–67, 730–733 for fire suppression, 1088–1099
sunlight, 56–64 absorption of, 757–763 for landscaping, 977–978
Solar envelope, 38 airborne, 797–816 and smoke exhaust systems,
SOLAR 5, 1696 decibels, 741–745 1081
Solar geometry, 149–159, in enclosed spaces, 757–785 Sprinkler alarms, 1138
1533–1546 measuring, 745–748 Square One Research PTY LTD,
altitude and azimuth data, 1534 room acoustics, 763–782 1697
horizontal projection sunpath sources of, 738–739 Squirrel-cage induction motors,
charts, 1539–1542 Sound blocks, 792 1197
position of sun, 149–152 Sound envelopment, 775 SRG Partnership, 1331
solar vs. clock time, 152–153 Sound fields, 765 Stack effect, 123–126
sun, 149 Sound intensity, 732, 739–741 Stack vent, residential waste piping,
sunpath projections, 153–159 Sound intensity level, 732 999, 1000
sunpeg charts, 1535–1538 Sound isolation, 817–818, Stack ventilation:
true south and magnetic 842–843 calculating, 290–291
deviation, 153 Sound magnitude, 732, 739–748 design guidelines for, 237–239
vertical sunpath charts, Sound paths, 775–778, 822 Stairways, electric, see Moving
1543–1546 Sound power, 732, 739 electric stairways
Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), Sound power level (PWL), 732, Stand-alone photovoltaic systems,
195–196, 1588 744, 745, 765–767, 847 1312, 1317–1318,
Solar heat gain factors, 1502–1511 Sound pressure, 732, 733, 739 1322–1325
Solar heating, 102–108 Sound pressure level (SPL), 732, Standards, 11–12
active, 54, 234, 927, 930, 933 735, 745, 746, 765–767, 847 Standard overcast CIE sky, 519,
direct-gain systems, 101, 103, Sound reinforcement systems, 597
105 782–785 Standby line-interactive system,
for hot water system, 927, Sound shadows, 67 1221
930–942 Sound systems, 1352, 1353, 1359, Standby power equipment,
indirect-gain systems, 104–107 1360 1223–1225
isolated-gain systems, 104–108 Sound transmission: Standing waves (sound), 777–778
passive, see Passive solar heating for floors/ceilings, 1685–1694 Standpipe-and-hose fire suppression
Solar Hemicycle (Jacobs House II) for walls, 1673–1683 systems, 1085–1088
(Madison, WI), 54, 56, 57 Sound transmission class (STC), Steady-state conditions, 179
Solar intensity tables, 1502–1511 799, 800, 804–806, 843–847 Steel conduit, 1241–1244
Solar position tables, 1512–1519 Sovent system, 1008–1011 Stein, B., 495, 576, 577, 622,
Solar radiation spectrum, 149 Spacing criteria (SC) (luminaires), 689, 700, 711, 713, 1395,
Solar reflections, 63–64 630–634 1443
Solar savings fraction (SSF), 103, Specific heat, 192 Step-down (-up) transformers,
227–229 Specific volume, 282, 283 1171
Solar stills, 905 Specular reflection, 775, 776 Stereographic sunpath projection,
Solar time, clock time vs., 152–153 Speech, 738–739 156
Solar 2, 1695–1696 Speech intensity, 824–825 Storage, 19–20
Solar water heating, 1697 Speech privacy, 787, 815–831 Stores, retail, 1296, 1412
Solatube®, 589 between enclosed spaces, Storm sewers, 857
Solid-state switches, 1183 815–817 Stormwater, see
Solid waste, 1047–1048 for enclosed spaces, 819–822 Rainwater/stormwater
equipment for handling of, levels of, 827 Straw bale, 1569
1059–1060 in open-area offices, 822–826 Street lighting, 711, 713
high-grade resources in, open-office, 826–828 Stroumsa, J., 713
1047–1050 for open offices, 828–831 Structural fire protection, 1079
INDEX 1721
Structural insulated panels (SIPs), T solar optical properties,

187, 200–201, 1580 Tang, Stephen, 177 1589–1590
Structural stresses (passenger Tankless water heaters, 917, 919 structural insulated panels, 1580
elevators), 1416 Tanner Leddy Maytum Stacy, U-factors, 1577–1578,
Structure-borne sound, 794–795 Architects, 238 1580–1581, 1584,
Subjective brightness, 465, 476, Tarquina, Italy, fountain, 856 1587–1588
477 Task-ambient office lighting, walls, 1577–1580
Submersible pumps, 908 702–703 windows, 1584–1589
Substation transformers, 1172 Task analysis (for lighting), 556, Thermal properties of materials,
Subsurface irrigation, 1039–1042 557, 559–561 179–183, 1547–1569
Sulfur lamps, 552, 553 Task dehumidification, 135–136 conductance, 180–182
Sullivan, Louis, 54 Task ventilation, 118 conductivity, 179–181
Summer heat gain, 234–236 Technology, use of, 16 under dynamic conditions, 192
Sump pumps, 996–997 Telecommunication and data emittance, 182–183
Sun, see Solar geometry systems, 1344–1345, 1348, resistance, 180, 182
Sunlight, see Daylight 1349 Thermal resistance, 1571–1576
Sun-Mar “Compact” composting Telephone systems, 1347–1348 Thermal sailing, 176
toilet, 986 Television systems, 1347 Thermodynamics, laws of, 25
Sunpath projections, 153–159, 165 Temperatures. See also Thermal Thermosiphon hot water
horizontal, 1539–1542 comfort circulation, 921, 932, 936
vertical, 1543–1546 balance point, 256–257 Thin-film technology, 1314–1315
Sunpeg charts, 60, 154, 155, and comfort, 89–91 Thoreau Center for Sustainability
1535–1538 in fires, 1067 (San Francisco, CA), 238–239
Sun rooms, 105 for hot water systems, 894, Thyristor control, 1389–1390
Sunscreens, 79, 82 916–917 Time:
Sunshading, 198, 200 internal, 275–277 equation of, 152
Sunspaces, 105, 260–261, sol-air, 206 solar vs. clock, 152–153
263–265 Temperature swing, 276 visual exposure time, 480
Superwindows, 198, 259 Termodeck system, 413 Time-controlled electronic switches,
Supplementary lighting, 565–566 Thermal bridging, 185–186 1183
Surfaces, acoustically transparent, Thermal capacity, 192 Time-controlled switches,
790–791 Thermal comfort, 86–98. See also 1182–1183
Surface finishes: Heat flow Time lag (heat flow), 192–193
in fire safety design, 1070, 1071 and indoor air quality, 112 Time scales of concern, 26–27
lighting and, 563, 564 localized comfort, 94–95, TLCD Architecture, 424
Surface metal raceways, 97–98 Toilets, 944–953
1245–1247 passive building comfort cleansing features near, 943
Surface water, 76–78 standards, 92–96 conventional, 947–949
Surge suppression, 1215–1220 standards for, 87–92 flushing controls for, 953
Sustainability, 14, 15 Thermal gradient, 191 low-consumption, 949–953
Sustainable Buildings Industry Thermal lag, through mass walls, waterless, 981–986
Council, 1696 275 water-saver, 949
Sustainable design, 15 Thermal mass, 229–233, 275 Tolba, Mostafa, 31
Swamp coolers, 327 in fire safety design, 1070 Toldos, 101
Switches, 1177, 1179–1180 for passive solar buildings, 1609 Toplighting, 108, 586–588,
building envelope elements as, Thermal properties of air films/air 594–597
172, 174–178 spaces, 1570 Top Ten Green Project aware
electric service, 1177, Thermal properties of assemblies, (AIA/COTE), 20
1205–1207 1577–1596 Toronto District Heating
lighting control, 640–641 doors, 1581 Corporation, 448
location of, 1281 floors, 1577–1579, 1583 Total equivalent temperature
programmable, 1183–1184 glazing, 1589 differential, time-averaging
remote-control, 1181, 1182 heat flow, 1583 method (TETD/TA), 286
solid-state, 1183 heat loss coefficients, 1582–1583 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
time-controlled, 1182–1183 roofs, 1577–1579 Procedure (TCLP), 542
time-controlled electronic, 1183 R-values, 1579 Toxic particulate substances, 115,
Switchgear, 1187–1191 shading devices, 1590–1596 116
Szokolay, S. V., 1624 skylights, 1587–1588 Toxic substances, in water, 895–896
1722 INDEX
Transamerica Building (San UL (Underwriters Laboratories), Urinals, 946, 986–987

Francisco, CA), 1099, 1100, 1228 Utah Department of Natural
1102 UltraCool evaporative cooler, 329 Resources (Salt Lake City), 430,
Transfer function method (TFM), Ultrafiltration (water), 899 431
286 Ultraviolet radiation (UV), 142, UV lamps, 542
Transformers, 1171–1176 901, 902
building envelope elements as, Ultraviolet radiation (UV) fire V
172 detectors, 1131–1132 Vacuum waste disposal systems,
noise reduction with, 841 Under-carpet wiring system, 1254, 1060
unit substations, 1191–1192 1256–1258 Validation, 9–10
Transformer vaults, 1176 Undercroft, 125 Valley Architects, 244
Transient voltage surge suppression Underfloor air supply, 423–425 Van der Rohe, Mies, 346
(TVSS), 1215–1220 Underfloor duct, 1248–1252 Van der Ryn, Sim, 4, 5
Translucent diffusers, 625–626 Underground electric service, 1168, Van Geem, Martha, 35
Transmission loss (TL) (sound 1170–1171 Van Vleck, Roger, 429
barriers), 797–803, 805–808 Underslab ventilation, 125, 127 Vapor pressure, moisture flow and,
Transmittance (transmission factor, Underslung arrangement 193
coefficient of transmission), (elevators), 1414, 1418 Vapor retarders, 193, 194
461, 462 Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Variable air volume (VAV) systems,
Transparent insulation materials 1228 431–434, 836
(TIM), 259, 261–263 Uniform open plan offices, 372 Variable frequency drives (VFD),
Transparent plastics, solar optical Unilateral lighting, 582 1199
properties of, 1589 Uninterruptible power supply Variable-size fixed shading devices,
Transpired collectors, 127–128 (UPS), 1220–1223 165
Transportation: Units of measurement, conversion Variable-voltage, variable-frequency
design for, 39–40 factors for, 1482–1486 AC motor control, 1390–1391
moving stairways and walks, United Kingdom Pavilion (Seville Variable-voltage DC motor control,
1459–1477 World Expo), 287, 288 1390
vertical, see Vertical U.S. Green Building Council, 14, Vasoconstriction, 83
transportation 1696 Vasodilation, 84
Traps, drainpipe, 987–989 U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Vault-type composting toilets,
Trash systems, pneumatic, 1453 (Washington, DC), 588 983–985
Trees, 79, 81 U.S. National Drinking Water Veiling reflections (reflected glare),
Triple-effect absorption cycle, 323 Clearinghouse, 893 490, 492–498
Tristimulus value (color), 511 United States: Vent, drainpipe, 989, 990
Trombe walls, 260–261, 265, 266 average insolation/temperature/ Ventilation, 203, 1597–1604. See
True south, 153 daylight design data, also Heating, ventilation, and
Tubular skylights, 589, 590 1521–1524 air conditioning; Passive
Tungsten-halogen (quartz-iodine) outside design conditions for, cooling
lamps, 528–531 1488–1499 and comfort, 91
Tuning, lighting, 644–645 University of Arizona library for cooling, 100–101
Turbidity, 894 (Tucson, AZ), 163 cross-ventilation, 236–237
Turbine ventilators, 124, 125 University of California—Berkeley deliberate air infiltration for,
Two-stage electronic air cleaners, office, 613 200
140–141 University of Oregon, Eugene, 77 heat gain due to, 1617
Unthank Poticha Waterbury, minimum rates for, 1597–1600
U Architects, 878 natural, 73–75
U-factors, 184–185, 195, 200, Unthank Seder Poticha, Architects, preheating air for, 126–128
259 77 recommended rates of, 116–118
doors, 1581 Upfeed water distribution, 957–958 for smoke management,
floors, 1577–1578 Upright sprinkler heads, 1090, 1081–1083
roofs, 1577–1578 1092 and stack effect, 123–126
skylights, 1587–1588 Urban areas: stack ventilation, 237–239
structural insulated panels, 1580 noise in, 67 task, 118
walls, 1577–1578, 1580 solid waste generation in, 1053, underslab, 125, 127
walls in passive solar heating, 1054 windows for, 121–123
1578 Urbanization, changes in climate Ventilative cooling, 109
windows, 1584–1586 and, 50–52 Vent stacks, 999, 1000
INDEX 1723
Vertical shadow angle (VSA), 163, Voltage systems, 1267–1272 Water distribution systems,
164 Volume resonators, 788–790 957–965
Vertical sunpath projections, Vortechs™ Stormwater Treatment condensation, 968–969
155–159, 1543–1546 System, 1044 piping/tubing/fittings, 965–969
Vertical surface illuminance, 522, shock and hot water expansion,
523, 607, 706 W 968, 970
Vertical transportation, Walks, moving, 1474–1477 sizing of water pipes, 969–976
1429–1457 Walls: valves and controls, 966, 967
automated container delivery below-grade, 1583 Water fire suppression systems,
systems, 1453, 1455 DETD for, 1613–1614 1084–1107
automated dumbwaiters, 1449, heat gains through, 277–278 circulating closed-loop systems,
1451–1452 luminance of, 568 1100, 1104
automated self-propelled vehicles, opaque, sensible heat flows deluge systems, 1102, 1107
1455–1457 through, 176, 178–193 dry-pipe systems, 1101, 1105
chair lifts, 1444–1448 in passive solar heating systems, early suppression fast-response
electric loads for, 1267 1578 sprinklers, 1099
elevators, 1375–1427, R-values for, 1579 extended coverage sprinklers,
1429–1448 sound transmission through, 1099
horizontal conveyors, 1449 800, 802–808, 1673–1683 mist systems, 1102–1107
manual load/unload thermal lag through mass walls, preaction systems, 1102, 1106
dumbwaiters, 1449, 1450 275 quick-response, early suppression
material-handling equipment, thermal performance of, sprinklers, 1099
1446–1448 185–187 quick-response sprinklers, 1099
pneumatic trash and linen U-factors for, 1577–1578, residential sprinklers,
systems, 1453 1580 1098–1099
pneumatic tubes, 1453, 1455 Wall-lighting patterns, 577 sprinkler construction/
selective vertical conveyors, Wall panels, sound absorption by, orientation/rating,
1453, 1454 792, 793 1090–1093
traction passenger elevators, Ward, Greg, 611 sprinkler spacing and hazard,
1375–1427 Warm air heating systems, 1093–1098
Vibration: 348–355 sprinkler system design impacts,
acoustical, 730, 755 Wasley, James, 114, 140, 145 1088–1091
of machines, 834–835 Water, 30–32, 855–891 standpipes and hoses,
Vibration lamps, 527 architectural uses of, 855–858 1085–1088
Victor Gruen Associates, Inc., 377 biological characteristics of, wet-pipe systems, 1099–1104
Village Homes (CA), 881 897–898 Water heaters, 917
Virgin materials, 33, 36–37 in building construction, 860 conventional, 922–930
Visible consumption strategy, 942, chemical characteristics of, heat pump, 942
943 895–897 minimum capacities for,
Visible fire alarms, 1139 “grades” of, 1036 925–926
Visible transmittance (VT), 196 groundwater, 77–78 sizing of, 926, 928–929
Vision, see Sight hydrologic cycle, 858–860 solar, 927, 930–942
Visitor Center, Antelope Valley minimum plumbing facilities, tankless, 917, 919
Poppy Reserve (CA), 863–865 Water heat tank storage, 413–415
311–314 per capita use of, 41 Waterless No-Flush™ urinals,
Visitor Center, Zion National Park physical characteristics of, 895 986–987
(Utah), 248, 249 radiological characteristics of, Waterless toilets, 981–986
Visual (software), 1697 898 Waterless urinals, 986–987
Visual acuity, 474–476 rainwater/stormwater, 75, 78, Water loop heat pumps, 388, 389,
Visual comfort, 109 866–891. See also 438, 440–444
Visual comfort probability (VCP), Rainwater/stormwater Water pollution, 893
491–492 total sewage flow estimation, Water-saver toilets, 949
Visual display terminal (VDT) area 865–866 Water source heat pumps, 359,
lighting, 694–699 Water conservation, 860–862 360, 365–366
Vital Signs project, 7, 10 plumbing fixtures for, 942–953 Water storage tanks, 1070
VOC monitors, 144 residential opportunities for, Water supply, 893–916
Volts, 1148 981–982 aeration, 902, 903
Voltage rating, 1230 use of rainwater, 865–867 cisterns, 861, 863
1724 INDEX
Water supply (Continued) pumps, 906–913 trends in, 201

control of nuisance organisms, temperatures of water, 310 U-factors of, 1584–1586
904–905 Welton Becket & Assoc., 577 for ventilation, 121–123
corrosion control, 902, 903 Westcave Environmental Center view and daylighting from, 581
disinfection, 899–902 (Round Mountain, TX), 585 Winter, Erik, 70, 149, 150, 153,
distillation, 905 Westin Peachtree Plaza, 517 160–162, 228, 428, 436, 519,
distribution systems, 957–965 Wet-bulb depression, 90 582–585, 587–590, 876
electric loads for, 1266 Wet-bulb (WB) temperature, 89, 282 Winter gardens, 105
estimating, 860 Wetlands, 1024–1025 Wireless switching and control,
filtration, 897–899 Wet-pipe fire suppression systems, 1210
for fire fighting, 1076 1099–1104 Wiring, see Electric wiring and
fixtures for conservation of, White, F. A., 734, 735 raceways
942–953 White, Stuart, Jr., 232 Wiring devices, 1201
fluoridation, 905 Whitehead, L. A., 719 location of, 1281
fresh water, 855 Whole-building heat loss criteria, receptacles, 1201, 1203–1205
hot water systems, 916–942 223, 226–227 specialty, 1207
irrigation, 976–980 Wildlife Center of Virginia switches, 1205–1207
minimum plumbing facilities, (Waynesboro, VA), 364 Wood heating devices, 332–334
863–865 William McDonough + Partners, Woods Hole Research Center,
planning guide for, 862 20–22 20–24
quality of, 893–897 William Pereira & Associates, 1102 Wood stoves, 332–333
softening, 903–904 Williams, Douglas, 1051 Workstation air delivery systems,
for sprinklers, 1089–1090 Wilson cloud chamber detectors, 425, 426
total sewage flow estimation, 1135, 1136 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 54, 57, 344
865–866 Windbreaks, 69–70 Wright, Matsuzaki, 983
use of rainwater, 865–867 Wind control, 69–73
well water systems, 905–916 Windows, 172 X
Water table, 860 for air distribution, 426–428 Xeriscapes, 880
Water tube boilers, 395 air infiltration through,
Water walls: 1603–1604 Y
design guidelines for, 265, coefficients of utilization from, Yoklic, Martin, 302, 303
267–268 1526–1531
other passive systems vs., fenestration design guidelines, 212 Z
260–261 in fire safety design, 1070 Zonal cavity method, 653–657
Watson, Donald, Architect, 233 glazing performance, 259, by approximation, 660–662
Watt, 1154 261–253 calculation of, 655–660
Watt-hour, 180 heat flow through, 195–200 Zone-coded fire alarm systems,
Wavelengths: inert-gas-filled, 198 1123–1124
light, 460 mirror-glass, 63 Zoning:
sound, 730 solar optical properties of, 1589 design guidelines for, 216,
WEGroup, PC, Architects, 220, 221 sound transmission through, 218–219
Wells, Malcolm, 3 810–812 for HVAC, 344–347, 370,
Well water systems, 905–916 thermal characteristics of, 373–375
pressure tanks, 910, 912–916 1585–1586 for indoor air quality, 118–121

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Index

A Adsorption filters, 140 underfloor air supply, 423–425

Accessibility: 359–364 Air infiltration, 202

bathroom, 956–957 compound barriers, 800, Air pollution, 67–68

room, 763–782 diffraction: barriers, 812–814 and quality of rainwater, 868

Acoustic detectors, 1339

design aids, 664–666 gaseous discharge, 532–535 Electric utilization equipment,

Grid-connected photovoltaic sensible, through opaque air handling equipment, 414,

Incandescent lamps, 523–531, Insulated conductors in closed Isolated-gain (SS) systems,

Lagoons (sewage), 865, chromaticity, 511, 513 Lighting design, 555–578

Metering, electric, 1176, 1177 lighting, 1468–1471 National Wildflower Research

O Opaque envelope assemblies, for apartment buildings, 1412

Passive cooling (Continued) variations on reference systems, Physical models (daylighting

Remote-control systems, 1361 Roof ponds: Sanitary sewers, 857

Soil moisture, 860 in large buildings, 1056–1059 sound isolation descriptors,

Structural insulated panels (SIPs), T solar optical properties,

Transamerica Building (San UL (Underwriters Laboratories), Urinals, 946, 986–987

Water supply (Continued) pumps, 906–913 trends in, 201

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