Final Report 1

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018, KARNATAKA
A REPORT ON
Architectures, challenges and opportunities within Emerging 6G

Technology
Submitted in partial fulfillment of Technical Seminar (18ECS84)
By
Name: GANDLA HARSHAVARDHAN
USN: 1CD19EC038
For the award of Bachelor’s degree in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Under the guidance of

Prof. CHAITHRA. S
Assistant professor
Department of ECE
CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

K R Puram, Bengaluru-560036
2022- 2023
CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K R Puram, Bengaluru-560036
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical Seminar (18ECS84) entitled “Architectures,
challenges and opportunities within Emerging 6G Technology” has been
completed successfully by Gandla Harshavardhan of VIII semester bearing USN
1CD19EC038 in partial fulfilment for the Bachelor’s degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering as prescribed by the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the academic year 2022-2023.
Prof. Chaithra. S Prof. Sneh Rachna Dr. Shivapanchakshari T G
Guide for Technical Coordinator for Head of Department

Seminar Technical Seminar
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Assoc. Professor
Department of ECE Department of ECE Department of ECE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Shri D. K. MOHAN,

Chairman, Cambridge Group of Institutions, Bangalore, India for providing excellent
Infrastructure and Academic Environment at CITECH without which this work would not
have been possible.
I am extremely thankful to Dr. G. INDUMATHI , PRINCIPAL, Cambridge Institute

of Technology, Bengaluru for providing me Academic ambience and Laboratory facilities to
work in and everlasting motivation to carry out this work and shaping our careers.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. SHIVAPANCHAKSHARI T G. HOD,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Cambridge Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and
motivation throughout the course of present work.
I also wish to extend my thanks to our Technical Seminar Coordinator Prof. SNEH
RACHNA, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Cambridge Institute of Technology, Bengaluru for their unstilted support, valuable guidance and
help throughout the seminar related work.
I also wish to extend my thanks to my Guide Prof. CHAITHRA. S Assistant Professor,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Cambridge Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru for their critical, insightful comments, guidance and constructive
suggestion and support to improve the quality of this seminar work.
I would like to thank all the faculty members and non-teaching staff of dept. of ECE,
for their constant support. And I would like to thank our parents and friends for their constant
moral and financial support.
Gandla Harshavardhan
(1CD19EC038)
VIII- SEM
ABSTRACT
The main focus of this Seminar is In our present-day world, the global technological and industrial
revolution is accelerating. The widespread application of new generation ICT (information and
communication technologies), such as AI, VR (Virtual Reality)/AR (Augmented Reality)/XR
(Extended Reality), IoT (the Internet of Things), and blockchain technology has driven the emergence
of the 6 G communication system. Building on the basis of 5 G, the development of 6 G will have a
profound impact on the intelligence process of communication development, which consists of
intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity. To
identify 6 G and its related issues, we conducted a survey of exact on 6 G. In this paper, its prospects,
core technologies, scenarios, challenges, and the related issues are discussed. Moreover, a potential
framework for 6 G is proposed as well. The main contribution of this survey is that it clarifies the state
of the art of 6 G for future study.
The standardization activities of the fifth generation communications are clearly over and
deployment has commenced globally. To sustain the competitive edge of wireless networks,
industrial and academia synergy have begun to conceptualize the next generation of wireless
communication systems (namely, sixth generation, (6G)) aimed at laying the foundation for the
stratification of the communication needs of the 2030s. In support of this vision, this study highlights
the most promising lines of research from the recent literature in common directions for the
6G project. Its core contribution involves exploring the critical issues and key potential features
of 6G communications, including: (i) vision and key features; (ii) challenges and potential
solutions; and (iii) research activities. These controversial research topics were profoundly examined
in relation to the motivation of their various sub-domains to achieve a precise, concrete, and concise
conclusion. Thus, this article will contribute significantly to opening new horizons for future
research directions
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapters page No
Chapter 1 Introduction of 6G 01
Chapter 2 Methodology 05
Chapter 3 Literature Survey 09
Chapter 4 6G Network -Architecture 13
4.1 New architecture goals 15
4.2 The 6G system architecture 15
4.3 6G architectural Framework 17
4.4 Possible 6G vision communication architecture scenario 18
4.5 Who is working on 6G technology? 20
4.6 When will 6G internet be available? 20
4.7 How will 6G work? 21
Chapter 5 5G VS 6G 22
5.1 Unique features of 6G 23
5.2 Challenges for 6G 26
5.3 opportunities 32
Chapter 6 Applications 35
Chapter 7 Advantages 44
Chapter 8 Disadvantages 45
Chapter 9 Future scope of 6G networks 46
Chapter 10 Conclusion 48
Chapter 11 References 49
LISTS OF FIGURES
Figure No Figure Name page No
1.1 Major milestones for different generations of communications. 01

1.2 5G commercial network world coverage map. 03
1.3 Timeline of 6G wireless networks. 03
2.1 Literature selecting and identifying procedure. 05
2.2 The trend of publication of 6G.
06
2.3 The development trend of 6g mobiles.
08
4.1 6G architectural framework: building block. 17
4.2 Possible 6G communication architecture scenario. 19
5.1 Main challenge areas for 6g. 26
5.2 Challenges of 6g in different directions. 27
5.3 6G cognizant systems . 30
5.4 Remote medical health care and smart cities with 6G mobile technology. 34
6.1 The key essential applications on the Internet of smart things 35
9.1 6G wireless systems: future directions. 46
List of Tables
Table No Table Name page No
2.1 Research categories of the selected 88 publications 07

Architectures, challenges and opportunities within Emerging 6G Technology
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION Of 6G
Wireless communication systems are the Eureka equivalents of our time given the rapid technological
innovations in the last decades and symmetry technologies for the Internet of Things. To date, five
(5) generations of mobile wireless cellular communications systems exist, with the recent generation
being the fifth generation (5G) wireless network. A wireless cellular communication generation emerges
approximately every 10 years since 1980, including the first generation analog FM cellular systems in
1981, the second generation in 1992, the third generation (3G) in 2001, and the fourth generation (4G)
(often referred to as the long-term evolution [LTE]) in 2011 . Figure 1 presents a synopsis of the
evolving wireless technologies. Generally, the last decade has witnessed a tremendous development in
wireless communications which led to thriving data-hungry applications, including multimedia, online
gaming, and high-definition video streaming. The booming mobile Internet technology is the catalyst
enabling and propagating various state-of-the-art user-defined services, such as mobile shopping and
payment, smart homes/cities, and mobile gaming .
Fig 1. Major milestones for different generations of communications (1–6G).
The standardization of 5G communications has been completed, and the system is being deployed
worldwide. Figure 2 shows the 5G commercial network world coverage map (5G field testing/5G
trials/5G research). South Korea was the foremost nation to adopt substantial 5G deployment on a large
scale for approximately 85 cities with 86,000 5G base stations as of April 2019 . However, 85% of the 5G
Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 1

base
stations were located in six cities, including Seoul, Busan, and Daegu, where a 3.5 GHz (sub-6) spectrum
in distributed architecture with deployed data rate speed tested speeds in the range of 193 to 430 Mbit/s .
In general, close to 65% of the world’s population are estimated to gain access to 5G superfast 5G Internet
coverage by the end of 2025 .
5G networks will deliver an extensive variety of services comprising enhanced mobile broadband
(eMBB), ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (uRLLC), and massive machine type
communications (mMTC); for detailed information about the vision, requirements, and core features of
5G wireless cellular mobile communication networks, refer to . However, wireless data traffic volume and
the magnitude of connected things are expected to leap to hundredfold of equipment in a given cubic
meter. Moreover, data-hungry apps such as sending holographic videos needs a spectrum bandwidth that
is currently unavailable in the mm-wave spectrum. This situation presents difficult challenges on an area
or a spatial spectral efficiency and the needed frequency spectrum bands for connectivity. Hence, a
broader radio frequency spectrum bandwidth has become a necessity and can only be found at the sub-
terahertz (THz) and THz bands. Moreover, the recent upsurge of diversified mobile applications,
especially those supported by Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, is spurring heated discussions on the
future evolution of wireless communications . These challenges have motivated industry and academia to
start conceptualizing the next generation of wireless communication systems (6G) aimed at providing
communication services for the future demands of the 2030s and maintaining the sustainability and
competitiveness of wireless communication systems. Thus, the 6G communication systems are expected
to provide a large coverage that allows subscribers to communicate with one another everywhere with a
high data rate speed due to the unconventional technologies that will be adopted by 6G communication
systems, such as an extremely large bandwidth (THz waves) and high AI that include the operational and
environmental aspects as well as the services of the networks. Figure 3 presents the timeline of 6G
communication.

Fig 1.2. 5G commercial network world coverage map (December 2019) .
Fig 1.3. Timeline of 6G wireless networks .

The first ever 6G wireless cellular mobile communications symposium took place in March 2019 and can
be framed into one big vision statement of ubiquitous wireless intelligence . The 6G system is expected to
witness an unparalleled revolution that would significantly distinguish it from the existing generations and
will drastically re-shape the wireless evolution from “connected things” to “connected intelligence.”
Specifically, 6G will transcend mobile Internet and will be required to support ubiquitous AI services from
the core to the end devices of the network. Quintessentially, AI will be the driving force in designing and
optimizing 6G architectures, protocols, and operations .
The current study aims to present the latest state-of-the-art developments in relation to the vision,
challenges, and potential solutions as well as the research activities for 6G communications. Accordingly,
it attempts to integrate many likely solutions. Given the size constraint, this study thoroughly examined
thought-provoking research areas by detailing their specific sub-domains to achieve precise, concrete, and
on-the-spot deductions. The major contributions of this study are summarized as follows:
• This work presents a comprehensive overview of controversial research topics on 6G communications

covering the recent industry development in the context of the main areas of services, difficulties, and
major actors. We summarize the core domains of the research topics as
(i) vision and key features;
(ii) challenges and potential solutions; and
(iii) research activities.
These areas were rigorously investigated on the basis of their respective sub-domains to achieve a precise,
concrete, and concise conclusion;
• The challenges associated with 6G communications stem from five key components
including the provision of network security and data privacy enforcement, attaining a cost-effective
approach toward rapid network deployment and expansion with emphasis on remote and stand-alone areas,
reduction in the price of mobile communications’ utilization, approaches to extend mobile equipment
battery life longevity, and attaining a high data rate buoyed with an end-to-end, ultra-reliable, low latency
regime. Notably, satisfying all features is impossible. Nonetheless, tradeoffs between these features should
exist, thereby leading to a delicate balance between needs and wants. This study highlights a set of tradeoffs
including the key challenges and potential solutions for 6G communications.

CHAPTER 2
Methodology
Bibliographic research has been developing and has covered many different angles by a variety of
approaches. In this paper, we follow a fundamental procedure to select and filter the extant literature about
6 G. The detailed process of article screening is shown in the following figure .
Fig. 2.1. Literature selecting and identifying procedures.

Across three databases, IEEE Explore, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, we used two keywords, “6G”
and “6 G communication”, to filter potentially relevant articles. In the initial round, 690 articles (journal
papers, conference proceedings, and early access articles) were found. Specifically, there were 375 articles
in IEEE Explore, 134 articles in Web of Science, and 181 articles in ScienceDirect. However, some
irrelevant or unqualified articles were selected. We implemented two criteria to delete these articles. We
reviewed each of the selected article's titles, abstracts, and keywords in detail to double check whether a
paper was exactly about 6 G. We deleted all papers that included “6G” but were irrelevant. Another
approach we deployed was Google Scholar. Any paper with less than five citations within three years was
deleted. Finally, 386 articles met the qualification of IEEE Explore (222), Web of Science (81), and
ScienceDirect (83). The figure below depicts the publishing trend between 2016 and 2020, based on the
selected articles across the three databases.
Fig. 2.2. The trend of publication of 6 G (2016–2020).
Among the 386 papers from 2016 to 2020, the number of papers published since 2018 is, dramatically, the
largest. This is, perhaps, because of the proposal of 6 G proposal in that timeframe. This paper was
completed by July 2020; hence, this study could not include any papers published afterwards. Most
researchers published their papers in IEEE Explore. This shows that IEEE journals and conferences are the
major sources for 6 G research and development. Based on the selected articles, we developed a table
(Table 2.1.) that illustrates the distribution of 6 G research categories. For example, concept and prospect
account for 67%, key technologies account for 83%, scenarios account for 38%, and challenges account for
75%. It should be noted that, amid these four categories, there are overlaps in the 386 papers selected. All
of the potential research categories are worth studying. Because 6 G and the related research has just begun,
its technological characteristics and its potential risks attract a good amount of attention from researchers
and practitioners. Overall, 6 G has become a popular emerging discipline, as we will see in the next decade.

Table 2.1. Research categories of the selected 88 publications.

Research categories Number of publications Percentile
Concept and prospect of 6G 258 67%
Key technologies of 6G 322 83%
Scenarios of 6G 146 38%
Challenges of 6G 289 75%
Background and Current Development of 6G
Since the 1980s, the next generation of revolutionary technologies has emerged in a tenyear cycle for ICT
development (Figure 1.). The continuous development of information and 6G 6 communication technology
has played a vital role in the continuous upgrading of the information system and the prosperity of society.
Mobile communication before 4G was mainly concentrated in individual consumer markets that were
people oriented. 5G has achieved revolutionary technological breakthroughs through faster transmission
speeds, ultra-low latency, lower power consumption, and a huge number of connections. Consumers range
from individual users to users in various industries and fields. The three major scenarios are: eMBB
(enhanced Mobile Broadband), mMTC (massive Machine Type Communications), and URLLC (Ultra
Reliable Low Latency Communications) (Ji et al., 2018; Li et al., 2017). Especially after the integration and
innovation of 5G and artificial intelligence, the rise of next-generation information technologies, such as
big data and edge computing, has further promoted the development of industries such as manufacturing,
healthcare, and transportation. In order to adapt to the deep integration between IoT and various industries,
the 6G network will ensure that everything will be connected deeply, intelligently, and seamlessly.

Fig
2.3
The
development trend of 6g mobiles

CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE SURVEY
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
Vol. 9, Issue 1, January 2020
Copyright to IJARCCE DOI 10.17148/IJARCCE.2020.9128
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
[1] Khaled et al. proposed a paper about the current expansion of diversified mobile applications, especially
those reinforced by AI [1]. It is discussed on the prominence of the production of 6G regarding AI drives. It
was also deliberated about 6G concerns over Computational Oriented Communications (COC),
Contextually Agile eMBB Communications (CAeC), Event Defined uRLLC (EDuRLLC). The paper
proposes a defined architecture of 6G enabling interrelated AI upsurge connections. Authors describe the
future trends and challenges lie on AI applications based on 6G wireless communications. This article is a
humble attempt to provide a forward-looking research roadmap for 6G. New features of the 6G evolution
were identified, and enabling technologies were discussed.
[2] Baiqing Zong et al. conferred about the requirements for 6G as redefined from the 5G. The
requirements of 6G are ubiquitous mobile ultra-broadband (uMUB), the ultra-high speed with low latency
communications (uHSLLC), and ultra-high data density (uHDD).The author discussed certain research
activities such as network 2030’s concept of 6G, 6G-Enabled Wireless Smart Society and Ecosystem
(6Genesis) and their previous paper of photonics-defined 6G mobile system architecture. In this paper, the
key drivers of 6G technologies termed 5G limitations, photonic technology, and AI, mobile network
evolution and so on. They stated that to connecting photonics well-defined radio with ML will be a key
evolution of AI in 6G and by merging AI and photonics technology, low-latency, highreliability, scalable
AI can be accomplished in 6G infrastructures. They also specified the 6G technologies, scenarios and
system architecture.

[3] Samar Elmeadawy et al. summarizes the reason behind the study of 6G and why 6G is rush up to
contrivance before 5G. The author unambiguously described the contradistinction between 5G and 6G. In
this paper, the author conspicuously derived the revolutionization of the technologies. The paper proposes
emerging technologies and applications of 6G as mentioned as Terahertz communication, Cell-free
communications, Artificial Intelligence, Holographic Beamforming, Extended Reality, Blockchain,
Automation, Wireless power transfer, Wireless BrainComputer Interface, healthcare and so on. The
research challenges of terahertz band, device capabilities, network security, and transceiver and antenna
designs were discussed. The paper clinched 6G will improve the network performance, integrate diversified
technologies and increase the QoS for the IoE.
[4] The Main Objective of the author’s proposal is about the basic aspects of 6g mobile wireless
communication. Dr.Dhananjay Kalbande et al. start their paper by defining the specifications of wireless
communication using among the 6G in the future. Then the author assimilated the technologies of 6G as
explained as cutting edge which sightsees the synergy of the 6g techniques, WISDOM (Wireless Innovative
System for Dynamic Operating Mega communications) which is used to provide the high data rates, QoS
such like that, then moreover the author depicted about fly sensor and Nanoantennas, Radio Fibre Concept
and Encryption. Communication technologies, Evolution, Economical Impact, Past-to-present, and Storage
Capability, Speed and Improved Security were discussed in the literature survey. The proposed system
explains the future enhance of 6g mobile communication system which consists of the base process of 6g
mobile communication and the few features of 6g.

[5] Tongyi huang et al. intended the paper about the survey on the green 6G network. They stipulate the
potential technologies, technical objectives for 6g and so on. The evolution of the mobile communication
network was implied. According to the survey on his paper, they quoted that 6G is to achieve ubiquitous
connectivity by integrating satellite communication networks and underwater communications to provide
global coverage. It was also deliberated about 6G concerns over service classes of uMUB, uHSLLC, uHDD
were also described. The paper proposes defined different dimensions of the architecture of 6G as from
terrestrial to ubiquitous 3d coverage, new network protocol stack architecture and towards intelligent
network along with Real-Time Intelligent EDGE d(RTIE), Intelligent Radio(IR), and Distributed AI.
Spectrum communication techniques and a new communication paradigm consisting of THz
communication, Visible Light Communication, Molecular Communication, Quantum communication were
described as the promising technologies of 6G respectively. The author also deliberated the fundamental
techniques of 6G were BlockChain for decentralized security, flexible and intelligent materials, energy
harvesting and management.
[6] Walid Saad et al. proposes an enormous splendid vision of 6G along with many characteristics. In this
article, service classes, IoE, the revolution in the wireless device, driving applications, enabling
technologies were described explicitly. Multisensory XR Applications describes the quality-of-physical-
experience (QoPE), Connected Robotics and Autonomous Systems(CRAS), Wireless Brain-Computer
Interactions (BCI) and Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) was derived in the
requirements and deriving applications behind 6G. The service classes of MBRLLC, uRLLC, HCS Human-
Centric Services, and MPS Multi-Purpose 3CLS and Energy Services, requirements of 5G vs. beyond 5G
vs. 6G, a summary of research areas were explicated. The author recited that in future potentially play a
role toward the end of the 6G standardization and research process that one prominent example is Quantum
computing. Summary of research areas, Necessary foundations, and associated analytical tools for 6G was
concisely discussed. Necessary foundations and associated analytical tools for 6G were AI/ML, Data
analytics foundation, communication foundations, Risk, Physics, Computing, optimization, autonomy and
sensing foundations depicted in this article.

[7] Marcos Katz et al. projected the conceived developing path to 6G. This paper discusses the agreeable
and capacity required to develop beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G. The beyond 5G networks (B5G) is called as
6G. This article began with developing trends, which will help to explain the important characteristics of
future 6G. Then they illuminate the key skills and capabilities needed to develop the 6G. The global trends
towards 6g which exploited in a variety of applications are listed as IoT, VLC (Visible Light
Communication), (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI), Big Data, Blockchains, distributed ledgers,
Augmented Reality, Virtual reality and so on. The author assimilated the case study about the state of
Finald. Because of the state, Finald is one of the first countries to start doing 6G development. Finland is
determined to improve and implement the 6G successfully in the next era. This paper tabulated the
milestones of 5G and 6G technology.
[8] Md. Jalil Piran et al. proposed the paper about the current mobile network evolution of 5G to 6G. In this
paper, the author examined 6G challenges, requirements, and trends. Moreover, the author described how
artificial intelligence techniques can support 6G. The growth rate of the mobile industry and IoE
comparison was described here. Requirements of both 5G and 6G were explicated clearly. The Broad
frequency bands, opportunistic data rate, and latency, mMTC, sMTC, self-X network, super-precision
operating and positioning, scalability were described as the requirements and trends of 6G. AI-powered
network management and AI-powered device processing were explained with many characteristics. The
main objective of this paper was to investigate how AI can contribute to the next generation of wireless
communications.

CHAPTER 4:
6G Network Architecture
5G connectivity is still in its infancy; it is not yet too early to begin 6G development. Chinese businesses
are leading the charge regarding the upcoming wireless generation, just as they did with 5G. According to a
recent article by ITHome (via GizChina), China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
(MIIT) and phone and telecom equipment maker ZTE conducted a test of some technology that will be
crucial for the development of 6G.
Fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications have been standardized and are being used globally,
including promising technologies like millimetre wave (mmWave), massive MIMO, device-to-device
(D2D) communications, edge computing, and more. 5G will struggle to fulfil future needs for ultra-high
speed, dependability, power consumption, and latency. IoT will become IoE, culminating in super-massive
connectivity that threatens 5G networks.
People expect 6G wireless communication networks to be universal, human-centric, full-band, substantially

secure, and intelligent. 6G will dominate automotive, education, healthcare, and other industries. 6G
research is very young, and many questions remain.
Network emphasis evolves with each generation of communications technology. Human-to-human speech
and text communication dominated 2G and 3G. 5G connects IoT and industrial automation systems,
whereas 4G ushered in huge data consumption.
Digital, physical, and human worlds will merge to create extrasensory experiences in 6G. Intelligent
information systems and powerful computing will make people infinitely more efficient and change how
we live, work, and care for the earth. 5G is continually innovating with the 5G-Advanced standards release.

6G NETWORK – A NEW ERA OF HIGH INTERNET SPEEDS

Architecture implementation twin, system, and networking designs are proposed. Architecture design
dictates this. The first 6G white paper, “KeyDrivers and Research Challenges of Ubiquitous 6G Wireless
Intelligence,” was published in 2019. The white paper states that most 6G performance measures will
improve 10 to 100 times. In 6G, one second may download 10 HD movies of the same sort.
In June 2018, the IMT-2030 (6G) promotion group published the “6G Overall Vision and Potential Key
Technologies White Paper”. This article illustrates that 6G improves 5G’s speed, connectivity, latency, and
dependability. Immersion, intellect, globalization, etc.
The most recent statistics indicate 967 million China Mobile users overall. The carrier’s net growth for this
month is 202,000, and for the whole year, it is 9.706 million. There are already 495 million customers of
5G packages worldwide.
For decades, networks and services have been evaluated based on speed, capacity, and latency, among other
conventional key performance indicators (KPIs). But new KPIs will become significant in the 6G future.
New performance metrics will emerge, representing the larger objectives of various stakeholders, including
operators, web scales, businesses, neutral hosts, and industry, reflecting societal values.
Sustainability, openness, digital inclusion, privacy, and trust are used to evaluate networks and services.
These new key value indicators (KVIs) will rival the importance of speed, capacity, and latency.

New architecture goals

The new 6G system architecture must include all those design objectives and aims, although value mesh
actors may have varying priorities depending on their use cases.Stakeholders must create zero-carbon
footprint networks where every operation component reduces or offsets CO2 emissions. Extended reality
(XR), holographic telepresence, and digital twinning may be
enabled through other stakeholders’ metaverse-specific networks. A company might develop a network to
link the expanding number of low-power devices and sensors, which needs customized functionality. In the
6G future, new gadgets will join our connection fabric, every wearable and customized sensor, and even
our clothes. Highly networked systems must protect their data and privacy.
The 6G system architecture
These use cases and system objectives demand many architectural breakthroughs to build a network. A 6G
network may use heterogeneous and dispersed public and private cloud platforms from diverse stakeholders
and hardware acceleration. To accommodate many use cases, implementations will become more
programmable. The architecture will be flexible and highly specialized to be used in large-scale wide area
networks and very small on-premise and personal-area networks.
We’re rethinking the 6G network’s system architecture to accomplish this unprecedented design freedom.
In short, we are beginning over, leaving our preconceived notions about contemporary architectural design
and allowing ourselves to create a new one.First, we assume that all network functions and services are
entirely cloud-native and can be dynamically and flexibly deployed anywhere to meet a range of latency
objectives and other needs.
Second, we will bring a new degree of specialization and simplicity that will enable mobile networks and
services to be designed like Lego sets, with each radio access network (RAN) or core network functioning
as
a “brick.” Customers may construct these bricks, combining services and functionalities from many
providers based on their requirements and circumstances, using open and service-based interfaces. We may
start with authentication and subscriber identification bricks and add mobility, interworking, and roaming.
Architectural embellishments and customized features might finalize the structure.RAN and core network
operations will communicate more directly as the access network and core network blend. RAN and core
network won’t vanish, but we can improve interactions, collocate functions, and consolidate related
services.
Advanced domain automation functions in the 6G architecture will orchestrate and automate numerous
network domains, perhaps spanning many stakeholders, administrative domains, and extra resources on the
far edge and on-premises outside the typical mobile network. To store and analyze the enormous amounts
of data produced for AI/ML, XR, and the metaverse, computation and storage capacities must grow. A
specialized data and information architecture will efficiently gather and expose data from multiple sources
throughout the 6G system. It is also necessary to establish the appropriate location and selection of such
resources and services from an overall system performance viewpoint while respecting service limits and
system KPIs/KVIs.

6G ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORK
6G architecture encompasses building blocks across key architectural domains of a communication

network, starting from the physical layer all the way up to the service layer in conjunction with a secure and
automated orchestration architecture. We define and formulate architectural 6G building blocks, as
illustrated in Figure 2. 6G architectural decomposition into building blocks, as made by Nokia Bell Labs,
consists of four major interworking components, which provide an open and distributed reference
framework. 6G architectural cloud transformation can be broadly associated with the “het-cloud”
component which includes items such as open, scalable and agnostic run-time environment, data flow
centricity as well as hardware acceleration, and essentially constitutes the infrastructure platform for the
architecture. The “functions” component involves the functional architecture and includes the themes of
RAN-CORE convergence, cell free and mesh connectivity as well as information architecture and AI.
Fig 4.1. 6G ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORK: BUILDING BLOCK
. specialized networks and associated performance attributes; architectural enablers of flexible off-load,
extreme slicing and sub-networks are shown as part of the “specialized” building block. Of key business
impact relevance is the “orchestration” component of 6G architectural change which will assure open
service enabling and ecosystem play, domain resource monetization as well as cognitive closed loop and
automation.

Possible 6G vision communication architecture scenario
6G networks are visioned to further enhance the conventional wireless communications systems, improve
the quality of services, and support the huge data traffic demands. 6G networks aim to maximize the data
rates, reduce energy consumption, enhance broadband connectivity and coverage, improve communication
security and trustworthiness, increase link reliability, reduce latency, and achieve intelligent
communication. An extremely high data rate of above 100 Gbps with an end to end delay of less than 1ms
may be supported by 6G. 6G is also expected to meet the extremely high levels of communication
reliability. Furthermore, we expect to move to an ultra era with future 6G networks. 6G networks are
expected to support wireless communications with ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability. Future 6G
networks also aim to support ultra-fast mobility. In order to support an ultra-high-speed wireless data
transmission, ultra large scale MIMO systems and ultra-high frequencies are expected to be used by 6G
networks. Besides this, 6G networks aim to provide an ultra-high broadband connectivity and support an
ultra high definition video streaming. Fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of moving
toward an ultra era in the future 6G networks. The 6G requirements can be achieved through the use of new
advance and intelligent communications techniques. For example, the use of reconfigurable intelligent
surfaces, extra-large MIMO, new spectrum, holographic radio communications, full-duplex wireless
communications, multiple access and modulation, are all essential techniques required for maximizing the
data rates. In addition, energy harvesting and backscatter communication techniques are both useful and
required to improve energy efficiency. Cell-free massive MIMO systems and the integration between
terrestrial and non-terrestrial communications are effective techniques to increase connectivity and provide
full coverage. Quantum communication and blockchain are effective techniques to increase communication
security, secrecy and privacy. Holographic teleportation (telepresence) and edge computing are useful
techniques for achieving an ultra-reliable and lowlatency communication. Finally, artificial intelligence and
machine learning are essential techniques for realizing intelligence. 6G aims to provide seamless
integration of different wireless networks. This includes the integration of terrestrial and other non-
terrestrial wireless networks that are airborne, underwater, and that employ satellite communications
systems. Having such seamless networks integration allows a useful communication platform and provides
high broadband connectivity with full coverage. Unlike previous networks, 6G wireless communications

networks are expected to support many delay-sensitive applications such as Tactile Internet, holographic
teleportation (telepresence), Internet of Smart Things (IoST) and multi-sensory extended reality (XR),
which involves augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality (VR). IoST applications can
be divided into smart city, smart radio environments, smart healthcare, smart grid, smart transportation,
smart factories, smart farming and, smart home. All these smart applications are expected to be fully
supported by 6G wireless communications net
Fig 4.2. POSSIABLE 6G COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE SCENARIO

Who is working on 6G technology?

Industry firms are focused on 6G. Keysight Technologies will develop it. Huawei, Nokia, and Samsung
have announced 6G R&D. The race to 5G may pale compared to the contest to dominate the 6G industry
and its applications and services.
The following are some of the most significant ongoing projects:
 The University of Oulu in Finland to create a 2030 6G vision. The institution collaborates with
Japan’s Beyond 5G Promotion Consortium to manage the Finnish 6G Flagship’s 6G technology
research.
 South Korea’s Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute researched the 6G
terahertz frequency band. It anticipates broadband rates 100 times faster than 4G LTE and five
times faster than 5G.
 China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology invests in and monitors 6G R&D
nationwide.
 The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2020, the 6G frequency was made
available for spectrum testing for frequencies ranging from 95 gigahertz (GHz) to 3 THz.
When will 6G internet be available?

In 2030, 6G internet is anticipated to be on sale. The technology makes better use of the terahertz (THz)
spectrum and distributed radio access network (RAN) to boost capacity, reduce latency, and enhance
spectrum sharing.
While there have been some preliminary conversations to define the technology, 6G research and
development (R&D) efforts got underway in 2020. Advanced mobile communications technologies, such
as cognitive and highly secure data networks, will need to be developed to support 6G. Additionally,
spectral bandwidth growth that is orders of magnitude quicker than 5G will be necessary.
China launched a terahertz system-equipped 6G test satellite. According to reports, 6G satellite launches by
the tech behemoths Huawei Technologies and China Global are planned for 2021.

How will 6G work?

6G wireless sensing systems will detect absorption using multiple frequencies and change frequencies. This
approach works because atoms and molecules produce and absorb electromagnetic radiation at
characteristic frequencies, the same for each given material.6G will affect several government and
corporate public safety and critical asset protection strategies, including the following:
 threat detection;
 health monitoring;
 feature and facial recognition;
 decision-making in areas like law enforcement and social credit systems;
 air quality measurements;
 gas and toxicity sensing; and
 sensory interfaces that feel like real life.
These improvements will aid smartphones, mobile networks, smart cities, driverless cars, virtual reality,
and augmented reality.

CHAPTER 5
5G vs 6G:
 Use of different spectrum

5G and 6G transmit data quicker than 4G, 3G, and 2G networks using higher-range wireless spectrum. 5G
is designated for low and high band frequencies, sub-6 GHz and over 24.25 GHz, respectively, compared to
6G. It will operate from 95 GHz to 3 THz (Terahertz). 5G versus 6G technology may improve efficiency in
several industries due to its distinct spectrum.
 Faster than 5G technology

6G will perform far better than 5G wireless networks. 6G will offer 1,000 gigabits/s with air latency under
100 microseconds at terahertz frequencies. 6G is predicted to be 100 times quicker than 5G, with improved
reliability and network coverage.
 6G wireless accelerates IoT after 5G

5G network testing has made the Internet of Things (IoT) viable, which was not achievable with 4G LTE
due to inadequate frequency planning. Smart device data transmission frequencies were too narrow and
busy. 5G bridged this gap, and 6G will link ten times more devices per square kilometre with an increase in
connected devices in the future years.

Unique Features of 6G
6G networks may coexist with 5G for a while and will be a significant improvement over previous
generations in several ways. This is because 6G will offer the following differentiated features:
1. The use of new spectrum bands
Spectrum is an essential component of radio connections. Every new generation of mobile devices requires
a pioneer spectrum to fully leverage the advantages of any further technological advancement. Reframing
the current digital cellular spectrum from legacy technologies to the next generation will also be a part of
this transformation. For urban outdoor cells, the newest pioneer spectrum slabs for 6G are anticipated to be
in the mid-bands 7-20 GHz. This would offer larger capacity via extreme Multiple Input Multiple Output
(MIMO), low bands 460-694 MHz for extensive coverage, and sub-THz spectrums (between 90 GHz and
300 GHz) for peak data speeds surpassing 100 Gbps. 5G-Advanced will extend 5G beyond data transfer
and significantly enhance localization accuracy to centimeter-level precision. Localization will be pushed to
the next level by 6G’s use of a broad spectrum, including new spectral ranges of up to terahertz.
2. Very high data transfer speeds
5G is scheduled to offer a peak data throughput of 20 Gbps and a userexperienced data rate of 100 Mbps.
However, 6G will deliver a maximum data rate of 1 Tbps. Similarly, it will raise the data rate experienced
by the user to 1 Gbps. Therefore, the spectral efficiency of 6G will be nearly more than double that of 5G.
Higher spectral efficiency will offer many users instantaneous access to modern multimedia services.
Network operators must redesign their current infrastructure frameworks to enable higher spectral
efficiency.

3. Ultra-low latency network functions
The latency of 5G will be lowered to just one millisecond. Many realtime applications’performance will be
enhanced by this ultra-low latency. However, wireless communication technology of the sixth generation
will decrease user-experienced latency to less than 0.1 milliseconds. Numerous delay-sensitive real-time
applications will have better performance and functionality due to this drastic reduction in latency.
Additionally, decreased latency will allow emergency response, remote surgical procedures, and industrial
automation.
4. machine (M2M) connections
While 5G addresses both human users and Internet of Things (IoT) use cases, 6G will focus more on M2M
connectivity. Today’s 4G networks support around 100,000 devices per square kilometer. 5G is
significantly more advanced, enabling the connectivity of one million devices per square kilometer. With
the advent of 6G networks, the target of 10 million linked devices per square kilometer is within reach. All
6G networks will include mobile edge computing, although it must be added to current 5G networks. By
the time 6G networks are implemented, edge and core computing will be increasingly assimilated as
elements of a unified communication and compute infrastructure framework.
5. A focus on energy efficiency
As previously discussed, 6G networks will require stronger radio frequencies to meet the requirement for
greater bandwidth. However, one of the challenges is that the foundational (chip) technology cannot (yet)
function energy-efficiently in these frequency ranges. Therefore, optimizing power consumption will be a
key focus area for 6G developers. Currently, researchers intend to reduce the energy consumption per bit to
lower than one nanojoule (10-9 joules), as per the peer-reviewed paper titled

6. Greater network reliability
The 5G-led Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) service will be further developed and
enhanced in 6G. Reliability might be enhanced through simultaneous transmission, numerous wireless
hops, device-to-device connectivity, and AI/ML. Consequently, 6G will be better than 5G in terms of
network penetration and stability. In addition, 6G will optimize M2M interactions by increasing network
dependability by greater than a hundredfold and decreasing error rates by tenfold compared to previous
generations.
7. The rise of new architectures
5G represents the first solution designed to replace wired connections in corporate and industrial settings. It
is deploying services-led architecture in the core foundation and cloud-native deployments, which will be
expanded to portions of the radio access network (RAN). It is also anticipated that 6G networks will be
implemented in heterogeneous cloud settings, including a combination of private, public, and hybrid clouds
with a suitable architecture to support this.
8. The use of AI and ML for optimal connectivity
5G will allow artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies to achieve their full
potential. Eventually, AI/ML will be implemented in various network components, network levels, and
network services. From refining beamforming in the radio tier to planning at the cell site with self-
optimizing networks, AI/ML will assist in achieving superior efficiency at reduced computational
complexity. 6G developers, such as Nokia Bell Labs, want to adopt a blank slate approach to AI/ML,
allowing AI/ML to determine the optimal method of communication between two endpoints.

CHALLENGES FOR 6G
As the technology components developed for 5G will continue to drive capabilities and
expectations of the mobile networks, novel and unforeseen services, applications and use cases
are likely to emerge which will further push the boundaries of the system. However, as the
society adapts to the presence and availability of the 5G systems, new challenges are expected
far beyond eMBB and IoT. We should expect 6G to have a much more pronounced and
integrated role in the high-tech society, meaning both higher and broader requirements and
possibilities. The envisioned main challenges for a 6G time frame are illustrated in Fig. 3. As
seen from the figure, a fundamental objective of 6G is the enabling of cost-efficient operation
and deployment.
Fig 5.1 Main challenge areas for 6g

This objective encompasses solutions to make it feasible to connect all relevant aspects of society,
provide access to sufficient amount of spectrum, ensure the ease of use and roll-out, as well as a total
cost of ownership (TCO) enabling a high degree of inclusion. A wider aspect of the same objective is
to ensure cost-efficient operation of society and the scope and reach of new services. Providing cost-
efficient connectivity to global population allows people to digitalize and modernize, thereby likely
boosting innovation, business opportunities, and job creation. One could expect other values to benefit
from expansion of the reach of the digital world, such as transparency of society, open information
exchange, opportunities for meetings between people, equal opportunities for human development,
and several more.More specifically, some of the main research questions to be tackled with 6G
include the set below
Fig 5.2Challenges of 6G in different directions

A. Sustainability
As pointed out by the UN sustainable development report [4], the digital revolution is poised to be a
major contributing factor in transforming the economy and society to fulfill the sustainable
development goals. 6G should be an integral and key part of this development. It is noteworthy that
current 5G networks have as a design principle the possibility to have sparse transmission of signals,
so that it would be possible to save energy on the network side, thereby possibly reducing carbon
emissions from the ICT industry, even though to achieve significant energy savings wireless terminals
that can fulfill performance requirements under very sparse transmissions (e.g. in the order of 100 ms)
is still a challenge that needs further studies. Additionally, apart from only reducing the carbon
footprint of the communication networks, 6G technologies should aim at a much more ambitious
target: to help streamlining other industry sectors and practices to significantly reduce carbon
emissions. This transformation effect has the potential of having a much higher positive impact on the
climate than the climate footprint of the 6G network itself. In addition to having a positive climate
impact, 6G is aiming at transforming modern life to increase efficiency in agriculture, transportation
and environment monitoring, as well as enable reliable, inherently trustworthy and highcapacity
connectivity to foster world-class education, transparent governance and equitable and efficient law
enforcement.
B. Trustworthiness
Significant advances in terms of security have been achieved in 5G and is constantly being enhanced,
but the future society is expected to pose increasing demands on security for the wireless network,
compliant with requirements from standards and regulation and applicable for the entire end-to-end
communication chain. Operation of the network should be highly predictable with a very high level of
resilience of the delivered functionality. In addition, the need for personal integrity is rising, and 6G
should provide the tools to enable protection of the end user. The network should be able to isolate
and sustain any potential attack of intrusion, tampering, and jamming, making wireless a fully
trustworthy solution

C. Omnipresent
service coverage Going for a fully digitalized world means providing mobile service wherever it is
needed. With 6G we should be able to reach not only everywhere where humans are, but also
everywhere where wireless devices are and can be. This means providing coverage over land, sea, and
in the air; in large cells as well as in focused capillary networks. Wireless services should be delivered
through 6G to everyone and everything that can benefit from it. Achieving such omnipresent 3D
coverage can be done by connecting diverse links from land-based, air-based, and space-based nodes
into one network
D. Extreme applications and performance
As 5G technologies continue to enable more and more use cases with better performance, novel use
cases will appear which will further the need to pioneer and go beyond the capabilities of 5G.
Therefore, 6G is expected to support tomorrow’s vast information needs and full sensory
communication, where extreme throughput is coupled with ultra-low latencies, extended range and
reduced power consumption. These novel use cases include XR applications, automated and remote
control and distributed cognition, utilizing the required information in the proper place in the network.
The use cases could be applied to entertainment, e-health, industry, agriculture, transportation,
governance, law enforcement, and further. Among the most challenging applications will be the fully
immersive human-centric experiences, with perceived zero latency and non-limiting rates and
mobility, for enhanced interaction and as-natural meetings. At the same time, the capacity needs are
expected to keep increasing in line with what can be extrapolated from Fig. 1. Namely, more
bandwidth, denser deployments, and increased spectral efficiency will be key for 6G for higher traffic
and bitrates, as they have been for 5G and all the previous generations.
E. Connected intelligent systems

As machine learning tools and artificial intelligence continue to evolve and mature, they will become a
natural part of integrated systems. Initially, these will be used to replace heuristic, algorithmic, or brute
force solutions to optimize certain localized tasks. However, with the advent

Fig 5.3 6G Cognizant systems
Some of the main technology enablers for 6G. of cognizant systems, further development will enable
realtime analysis and automated zero-touch operation and control. 6G network will be a fundamental
cornerstone for such systems relying on data streamed from wireless devices, especially in
applications requiring extreme bandwidths like real-time video monitoring and low latency. In
addition, to fully leverage these capabilities, the network should also support native AI agents, both
centralized and distributed, where the agents can be placed and moved to the appropriate network
location based on requirements and needs, as well as ensure availability of appropriate and timely data
and analysis results where it is needed in the network. Furthermore, additional machine learning and
AIrelated actions or predictions could be performed by mobile devices and reported to assist network
decisions in terms of resource management, such as, e.g., mobility and multiconnectivity setup,
making the mobile devices an integral part of the infrastructure resource. 6G will also be critical for
meeting new communication needs of distributed AI systems or agents operating in the society, e.g.,
for smart cities and intelligent traffic systems.

F. Network compute fabric
The wide-ranging use cases and applications anticipated in 6G pose widely varying
requirements, from extreme throughput, imperceivable interruptions related to mobility
handling and reliably ultra-low latencies to extreme battery longevity with cost-effective
deployments and operations. The network architecture will therefore have to be flexible to
support a wide variety of deployments of network components and processing instances,
tailored to the particular needs of a use case and leveraging on its particular circumstances. As a
part of the network adjustment to different user cases, it is expected that both the deployment
of applications at the network edge and new networkapplication interactions will be important
to enable optimized performance with regards to quality of experience (QoE) in terms of latency
and bandwidth requirements

Opportunities
some potential opportunities that may arise with the advent of 6G technology, the next generation of
wireless communication technology that is expected to succeed 5G in the future. Here are some
possibilities:
1.Hyperconnectivity:
6G technology is expected to provide unprecedented levels of hyperconnectivity, enabling seamless

communication between devices, machines, and humans. This could lead to the creation of new
applications and services that rely on ultra-high-speed and low-latency connectivity, such as
immersive augmented and virtual reality experiences, advanced remote surgery, and smart city
applications.
2.Enhanced IoT (Internet of Things):
6G could significantly enhance the capabilities of the Internet of Things (IoT). With its ultra-low
latency and high-speed connectivity, 6G could enable a massive expansion of IoT devices and
applications, leading to more efficient and interconnected smart homes, smart factories, and smart
transportation systems, among others.
3.Massive Data Transfer:
6G could enable massive data transfer rates, allowing for near-instantaneous data transmission and
processing. This could revolutionize industries such as healthcare, transportation, and entertainment,
where large amounts of data need to be transmitted and processed in real-time.
4.Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration:
6G could integrate AI more deeply into wireless networks, enabling intelligent and autonomous
decision-making at the network edge. This could lead to advanced machine learning algorithms being
deployed at the edge of the network, resulting in faster and more efficient data processing, improved
network management, and enhanced user experiences.
5.New Business Models:
6G could enable new business models and revenue streams, as it is expected to create opportunities
for new services, applications, and industries. This could include new subscription-based models,
innovative advertising methods, and novel ways of monetizing data and services, leading to economic
growth and job creation.
6.Global Connectivity:
6G could potentially bridge the digital divide and provide global connectivity to underserved and
remote areas of the world, connecting the unconnected and unlocking economic opportunities in
previously untapped markets.
7.Security and Privacy:
6G is expected to incorporate robust security and privacy features, providing enhanced protection
against cyber threats and ensuring data privacy. This could enable the development of more secure
and trusted communication networks, fostering greater trust among users and promoting the adoption
of new technologies.
These are just some of the potential opportunities that could arise with the development and
deployment of 6G technology.


Fig 5.4 Remote medical health care and Smart cities with 6G mobile
technology.

CHAPTER 6
Applications
Fig 6.1The key essential applications on the Internet of smart things (IoST).
6G technology, also known as sixth-generation wireless technology, is expected to be the next

evolution of wireless communication after 5G. While it is still in the research and development stage,
there are several potential applications and use cases that could be enabled by 6G technology. Some
of the potential applications of 6G technology could include:

1.Smart city
A smart city aims to exploit a massive amount of sensors, which can be deployed in buildings,
vehicles, roads, factories, and houses to support an extremely large variety of services for the city’s
administration, companies and individuals . One of the smart city goals is to improve the quality of
service offered by citizens, make better use of public resources, and reduce the operational costs •
Key points for smart city The implementation of a smart city would bring a significant advantage in
terms of controlling the traditional services.This includes public transportation networks, surveillance
for security, garbage collection/waste management, and maintaining public areas. Smart cities would
improve the awareness of citizens about the city status. Several essential things, sensors, and services
can be enabled by the smart city. For example, enabling smart buildings, deployment sensors to
monitor air quality, which may help in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, monitor the traffic
congestion and traffic management, allowing an automatic water system for gardens, monitor energy
consumption, enabling smart utilities of electricity and water, and enabling the use of smart parking
and smart lighting. Hence, a unified network architecture might be deployed in 6G networks. A smart
city ecosystem is expected to be further explored in 6G networks. Hence, edge computing, software-
defined networks, and artificial intelligence algorithms are expected to be used in smart cities to
achieve a secure transmission, automatic maintenance, intelligent real-time monitoring system, and
seamless networking.
Further investigation about the application of artificial intelligence in a smart city is required.
Besides, maintaining connectivity in smart cities may raise several challenges. For example,
providing a reliable connectivity to massively deployed devices with high mobility is required. In
addition, an advance technique to allow a connectivity transition from device to network level and
vice versa is essential. Also, big data analytics is to date considered as a one of the major research
challenges in the IoT-based smart cities applications. Finding a feasible solutions for low power
consumption to maintain battery life at very low cost in smart city applications are required. Further
research investigations to address the aforementioned challenges are needed Smart radio
environments
6G networks are envisioned to realize distributed intelligent wireless communications. 6G networks

also aim to make the wireless environment, denoted by the radio waves, controllable and more
energy-efficient . This motivates the development of smart radio environment, where the physical
objects are coated with large reconfigurable material, which is termed as large reconfigurable
intelligent surfaces Further discussion about reconfigurable intelligent surfaces is provided in
subsection
2.Smart Radio
Smart radio environments have the capability to provide future 6G networks with more wireless
connectivity and coverage [101]. In addition, smart radio environments have the potential to transmit
information without generating new radio signals [101]. The propagation of radio waves will be
shaped and customized using large reconfigurable meta-material surfaces. Thus, smart radio
environments will reduce energy consumption, improve connectivity and increase communication
reliability [446]–[448]. Smart radio environments extend the network softwarization concept from the
logical domain into the physical domain. Therefore, radio environments can be remotely controlled,
configured, programmed, and optimized.There are still many practical issues related to the radio
environments that need to be investigated and addressed in the future. For example, experimental
validation, measurements, hardware implementation, and accurate channel modeling that reflects the
realistic characteristics of using smart radio environment require thorough investigation .
3.Smart healthcare
According to the world health organization, almost 524 million people were aged more than 65 years
and it is expected to grow to 1.5 billion by 2050 . Such aging of the population worldwide makes
traditional healthcare systems unsustainable in the future. Hence, developing smart remote healthcare
systems or making telemedicine systems to be smarter through IoT becomes crucial . At the same
time, recent years have witnessed significant advancements in sensing and communication
technologies. This has opened up new possibilities for efficient and real-time remote patients’ health
monitoring and intelligent medical systems. Besides, recent years have witnessed a huge growth in the
number of IoT wearable/implantable devices and sensors that can perform different functionalities.
The devices and sensors can be placed close to (off-body), attached on (onbody), or implanted inside
the human body (in-body) . Connected these devices and sensors wirelessly lead to what known as a
wireless body area network (WBAN) , which has the potential to monitor humans and provide
realtime information about their health. In addition, patients’ symptoms can be extracted from the data
provided by these IoT devices and sensors. Therefore, patients can be remotely treated, which will
result in more efficient and smarter remote healthcare systems. • key points related to the smart
healthcare Smart healthcare systems allow doctors to remotely monitor the patients. Further, the
progression of patients’ disease can also be monitored . Smart healthcare systems help in disease
detection, diagnosis, recognition, prediction, prevention, and treatments. The heterogeneous data
collection from different devices and sensors can
be stored and analyzed so that the doctors can easily access the patients’ records. However, such large
amounts of real-time data may lead to what known as a big data challenge Therefore, new feasible
solutions and algorithms are required to deal with such a vast amount of heterogeneous real-time data.
In addition, artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques can be exploited to analyze data,
increase reliability and accuracy, allow real-time fast processing and make smart decisions . The work
inproposes a smart ehealth gateway based on IoT, which can be used to address some of the
communication challenges related to healthcare systems such as interoperability, reliability, security,
and scalability. Therefore, future 6G networks aim to exploit a smart healthcare system to allow easy
remote diagnostics where the patients can be diagnosed and treated even though they are physically
located far away from hospitals and clinics, i.e., at their homes. Another potential of 6G networks is to
allow remote surgery. Future 6G networks are expected to adopt advanced technologies to assist
medical care and in-home remote monitoring. Future 6G networks are visioned to advance the current
healthcare systems to allow further decentralization, and improve security and privacy performances.
Future 6G networks aim to achieve more harmonious human-machine interaction and a more efficient
medical process. However, healthcare applications are delaysensitive and require extremely ultra-
reliable communications. Recently, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has been introduced as a
new concept related to IoT devices and sensors that deal with medical applications. IoMT deals with
medical data collection (obtained from different patients), and medical software applications. IoMT
has the potential to make fast decisions, predict risks and take suitable actions automatically. Security
and privacy issues are essential for IoMT, which is needed to protect the patient’s data. However, the
use of the IoMT system for diagnosis may raise several challenges related to the accuracy of clinical
guidelines, as well as medico-legal and ethical concerns . Fog/edge computing networks are
promising techniques that can be used to address some of the challenges in healthcare systems . The
Internet of Nano things (IoNT) concept has been introduced in , which has the potential to drive
innovation in smart healthcare applications . This is attributed to the limited size of devices and
sensors, i.e., microscales and nanoscales, which can be easily distributed, implanted, attached on or
close to a human body .These IoNT devices and sensors can be cooperated and connected together
through a unified network and performed different signal processing tasks. Motivated by the
advancement in the field of nanotechnology and synthetic biology, the Internet of Bio-Nano thing
(IoBNT) concept has been recently introduced as a viable solution for smart healthcare systems .
The security and privacy issues are considered as major challenges that face the healthcare system.
Typically, the patient’s health information should be carefully stored and considered sensitive. Failing
to do so may lead to humiliation and wrong treatments. Hence, reliable and advanced commutation
and networking techniques are essential. Besides, further research studies in investigating the use of
molecular communication in smart healthcare systems are required in the future. In addition, further
investigation related to the practical implementation of molecular communication with IoBNT is
needed.
4.Smart grid
6G networks aim to improve electricity production and transit the traditional centralized energy grid
towards a distributed generation system, which can heavily depend on renewable energy as an
essential source of power and smartly control the energy usage. Hence, such energy grid system
should be smartly connected and controlled using advanced communication technologies. Therefore,
efficient smart grid systems can be exploited. Smarts grid is defined as an intelligent electricity
network that is integrated with communication technologies to achieve economic and social benefits .
• key points related to the smart grid Smart grid is a promising power infrastructure that can
intelligently control electricity usage and achieve bidirectional communication between electricity
suppliers and consumers. In smart grid, several advanced smart meters, smart devices, renewable
energy resources, sensing and control technologies can be used. The data collected from these sources
can also be monitored and analyzed in real-time to provide predictive information and useful
recommendations to all stakeholders, e.g., electricity suppliers, grid operators and consumers .
Deploying smart grid system would have the advantages of improving substantially and managing
electricity usage . Hence, all stakeholders (e.g., electricity suppliers grid operators and consumers) can
benefit from this smart implementationMaintaining the system security in the smart grid distributed
network is considered as a major challenge . Therefore, further research to address the security
challenges in smart grid networks is required. Besides, increasing interconnection and integration of

smart grid networks may introduce several challenges. As such, further research works to overcome
these technical challenges are needed.
5.Smart transportation
Smart transportation (also known as intelligent transportation) is a promising technology for future
6G networks, which allows autonomous vehicles to communicate with each other, exchange
information with other end devices and public networks .Smart transportation is considered as a
special case of smart cities • key points related to the smart transportation Smart transportation helps
in reducing the number of vehicle accidents significantly . Smart transportationbased vehicular
communication networks can facilitate several mobile data services, allow self-driving assistance and
enable traffic management . Typically, the vehicles can be equipped with several sensors to make
them more smarter and automated . Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is one of the autonomous vehicular
networks application that has already been considered by IEEE standard (IEEE 802.11) . To date,
various information exchange methods and protocols among vehicles and infrastructurehave been
introduced . Recently, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) concept is introduced as an extension to the
conventional V2X communication in order to allow ubiquitous automotive networks with an
extremely large number of applications and functions]. Vehicle’s communications systems require
URLLC and high level of security. To achieve this requirement, edge computing has recently been
introduced by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) as a promising solution
to satisfy the URLLC transmission requirements of autonomous vehicles communications . Further
details regarding edge computing systems are provided in the next subsection. Artificial intelligence
techniques may also play an essential role in enabling and supporting efficient vehicle
communications systems for future 6G networks. However, combining various conventional and
emerging wireless technologies are required in order to fully deploy connected vehicle networks.
Furthermore, future vehicular communications systems require special design network architecture to
support highspeed vehicles and massive connectivity.Network slicing can be considered as a feasible
solution to support vehicular communication, whereby the physical networks can be sliced into
multiple virtual networks. Enabling network slicing in future 6G networks is still an open research
topic that worth investigating. In addition, advanced networking techniques to support high-speed
vehicles and massive connectivity in vehicular communications systems are required.

The robotic arm, assembled using above-mentioned schema, was programmed using Arduino IDE in the
way that pressing the buttons of IR transmitter case um to performs actions Usually educational Arduino
projects use unique potentiometers for controlling each of serve motors, but we decided to utilize IR
remote, since one IR transmitter can sequentially control movements of all servos, and unlike the
potentiometer, IR transmitter doesn't require human to be right next to the robotic arm to give the input.
Eves using our simple remote device.
we can input the data from the IR transmitter located within Mem from receiver. Each button on IR
transmitter has unique hex number that is further used in our program to differentiate between buttons.
Some buttons define the position of servo motor by setting its angle, other switch between the servos and
after all servo’s positions are set, button that is responsible for saving the total arm position can be
pressed. Once pressed, LED light of corresponding manner of modest position will tum on. Number of
luminous lights indicate the total amount of saved arm positions.
6. Smart factories
The last decade has witnessed a huge growth in industrialization and informatization methods. This
has motivated the progress in developing the next generation of smart manufacturing and factories
technologies The fourth industrial revolution, i.e., Industry 4.0 is the latest trend in the
manufacturing sector, which is characterized by a high degree of automation, productivity,
operational efficiency and industrial integration . Automatic control systems and communication
technologies can be integrated and effectively used in Industry 4.0 in order to reduce the requirement
for human intervention in the industrial process. Such a combination between automatic control
systems and communication technologies leads to the implementation of industrial control network
(ICN) ICN has been introduced recently by 5G NR standard as a specific URLLC application .
Wireless isochronous real-time (WIRT) system has been introduced into further improve the
performance of ICN in Industry 4.0. 6G networks aim to revolutionize the manufacturing industry by
achieving fully digitize manufacturing, making use of robotics and automation systems, remote
maintenance, customization of products, and achieve higher flexibility in product development, and
guarantee full connection with the entire production cycle. • key points related to the smart factory

Smart factory tends to keep a reasonable balance between supply and demand, make advanced
product planning and developing, achieve best practice selling and shipping products and automatic
monitoring. This can be achieved through the use of unified networks. In addition, future 6G networks
tend to manage the resources in terms of power, water, and the flow of environmental waste. Besides,
future 6G networks aim to move toward the circular economy with reuse, remote repair, re-
manufacture, recycle, and refurbish . Furthermore, there is a need for a fluent ecosystem
collaboration. Thus, more seamless and collaboration between humans, robots, and machines are
crucial for 6G networks . For example, devices, machines, and humans will be connected together and
exchange information inside factories These functionalities will indeed require real-time data
processing as well as low latency and highreliability communications. Also, these functionalities need
the convergence of multiple technologies. Edge computing and artificial intelligence can be used to
support the smart factory requirements . MmWave (particularly 60 GHz band) is identified as a
possible solution towards achieving the URLLC in smart factory.
Smart factory requires massive connectivity of industrial manufacturing equipment. Therefore,

decentralized network architectures become necessary. Besides, independent and intelligent decision-
making methods are needed to achieve full autonomous factories. Further research investigations
regarding the role of edge computing, artificial intelligence, and mmWave frequency in enabling
smart factories are required. The latency and scalability issues are to date considered as major
challenges in smart factories. Further investigations to address the latency and scalability challenges
in a smart factory are required.
7) Smart farming
Smart farming is a concept that makes use of communication technology in farming The application
of wireless communication technologies in smart farming allows a large variety of services to be
achieved. For example, it enables the farmers to save time and effort, achieve better productivity and
profit [480]. • key points related to the smart farming Smart farming enables an intelligent water
system and achieves the best irrigation, automation and precision, plant monitoring, crop and
livestock, weather forecasting and monitoring and plant diseases detection Smart farming can also be
exploited to ensure proper plant lighting and moisture for optimum growth, improving greenhouse
plant production and disease prediction This would allow an increase in food production and food

security, which is considered as a major concern for most countries . New enabling technologies such
as cloud computing and artificial intelligence are expected to be usedin this development. Machine
learning algorithms can be used for disease recognition from the plant/leaves images. Besides,
advanced data analytics schemes can be utilized to enhance the operational efficiency and
productivity in the smart farming sector . UAV technology can also play an essential role in a smart
farming system. For example, UAVs can be feasibly used by farmers to monitor the farm condition at
the beginning of any crop year . In addition, UAVs can also be exploited in soil monitoring, field
analysis, irrigation, and in managing the nitrogen level to achieve better crop growth Hence, smart
farming can get special benefit from the integration between airborne, terrestrial, and satellite
communications networks.
However, the scalability issue in smart farming, which may result from using billions of IoT devices
and sensors as well as UAVs, is considered a major technical challenge that needs to be addressed in
smart farming. Hence, further research to overcome the scalability issue in smart farming is required
Smart homeSmart home is one of IoT applications, which is defined as a network of pervasive
physical devices that provide contextaware services • key points related to the smart home Smart
home has the ability tomonitor home environment, facilitate remote residents’ interactions and
provide remote meter reading of different utilities such as electricity, gas and water Smart home can
also be used for different purposes, including healthcare monitoring, managing energy consumption
and home automation. Smart home system has the potential to improve the safety in home, which can
be achieved by using multiple sensors for intelligent monitoring and deploying smart video
surveillance. Smart home system can assure more economic and comfortable home operation. It can
also provide a high degree of intelligent functionality and flexibility Furthermore, smart home has the
potential to provide useful information and assistive services anytime and anywhere .
The security and scalability are two major challenges in smart home system. Therefore, data
encryption and cryptography algorithms and data compression methods are required to address these
challenges . Further investigation to address these challenges in smart home is needed.These are just a
few examples of the potential applications of 6G technology. As 6G is still in the early stages of
development, it is difficult to predict the full extent of its capabilities and applications. However, it is
expected that 6G will bring significant advancements in wireless communication, leading to
transformative changes in various industries and aspects of our daily lives.
CHAPTER 7
Advantages
some potential advantages of 6G technology based on current trends and predictions. However, please
note that 6G technology is still in the conceptual stage, and the actual advantages may vary depending
on how it is developed and implemented.
1.Faster and higher capacity networks: 6G technology is expected to provide significantly faster
data transfer rates and higher network capacities compared to previous generations of wireless
communication technology. This could enable seamless and instant connectivity for a wide range of
applications, from ultra-high-definition video streaming to real-time remote surgeries.
2.Ultra-low latency: 6G is anticipated to offer ultra-low latency, which is the time delay between
sending and receiving data over a wireless network. This could enable applications that require real-
time interactions, such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and autonomous vehicles, to
operate with minimal delay, enhancing user experience and safety.
3.Massive device connectivity: 6G technology is expected to support massive device connectivity,

allowing for a much higher density of connected devices compared to previous generations. This
could enable the Internet of Things (IoT) to reach its full potential, with billions of interconnected
devices working together seamlessly to enable various smart applications, ranging from smart cities to
smart agriculture.
4.Energy efficiency: 6G is expected to be more energy-efficient compared to previous generations of

wireless communication technology. This could help reduce the environmental impact of wireless
communication systems and support sustainable development.
5.Enhanced security and privacy: 6G technology is anticipated to provide improved security and
privacy features to protect data and communications. This could include advanced encryption,

authentication, and privacy mechanisms to safeguard against cyber threats and protect user
information.
CHAPTER 8
Disadvantages
potential disadvantages or challenges that may arise with the implementation of 6G technology in the
future. The following are some potential disadvantages or challenges that could be associated with 6G
technology:
1.High implementation costs: Developing and deploying 6G technology is likely to involve

significant investment in research, development, infrastructure, and equipment. This could result in
high implementation costs, which may pose challenges for countries or organizations with limited
resources or funding.
2.Complex technical requirements: 6G technology is expected to be highly complex, with advanced

features such as terahertz frequency bands, massive MIMO and advanced beamforming.
Implementing and managing such complex technologies may require specialized knowledge and
expertise, which could pose challenges for organizations or countries lacking the necessary technical
capabilities.
3.Potential health and safety concerns: As with any new technology, there may be potential health
and safety concerns associated with 6G, especially due to its use of higher frequency bands and
advanced technologies. Studies would need to be conducted to ensure that 6G technology is safe for
human use and does not pose any health risks.
4.Privacy and security concerns: With the increased connectivity and data exchange expected in 6G
networks, there may be heightened concerns about privacy and security. Protecting data, ensuring user
privacy, and guarding against cyber threats could be significant challenges in the implementation of
6G technology.
5.Ethical considerations: As 6G technology is expected to enable a wide range of applications,

including artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous systems, ethical considerations may arise. Issues
such as bias in AI algorithms, autonomous decision-making, and potential social impacts of 6G
technology would need to be carefully addressed to ensure responsible and ethical deployment.
CHAPTER 9
Future scope of 6G networks
Fig 9.1 6G wireless systems: future directions.

The term “Beyond 4G” (B4G) was first used to describe the need to advance the development of 4G
beyond the LTE standard around ten years ago. Only R&D-level prototypes at the time, before standards,
were being developed. Therefore it remained unclear what 5G may involve. B4G was in use for a time. It

referred to potential developments after 4G. Ironically, some of the LTE standard’s features will be used in
5G.
As with B4G, 6G technologies are anticipated to replace fifth-generation capabilities and applications. The
many LTE, 5G, and edge computing deployments of private wireless communications for business and
industrial users have paved the way for 6G.
6G wireless networks of the future will go one step further in this. They will build a network of
communication service providers, many of which will act as self-providers, much of how photovoltaic solar
power has led to cogeneration inside the intelligent grid. Mesh networks might benefit from 6G’s
conceptual and practicaladvancements, enabling coverage to expand beyond earlier cell towers’
limitations.Significant 5G-driven developments are already affecting data centres. These include challenges
with the concurrent support of public and private networks, edge computing, programmable networks, and
virtualization. For example, some commercial clients could desire to mix on-premises RAN with hybrid on-
premises and hosted computing — for edge and core computing, respectively — and data centre-hosted
core network components for private business networks or alternative service providers.
6G radio networks will provide the data collection and transmission required to assemble information. For
the 6G technology industry, a systems strategy that uses data analytics, AI, and next-generation processing
capabilities, including HPC and quantum computing, is necessary.Due to the convergence of several new
technologies, 6G will result in significant changes to RAN technology and the core communications
network fabric. Notably, 6G will put AI front and centre.
Additional modifications that 6G is anticipated to bring include as follows:
 Nano-core. HPC and AI will converge in a nano-core. Nano-cores may be virtual network
elements. It might be a logical aggregation of computing resources shared by various networks and
systems.
 Edge and core coordination. 6G networks will generate more data than 5G networks, and
computing will need edge-core collaboration. Data centres will need to adapt.

 Data management. Network owners, service providers, and data owners must handle massive
volumes of data from 6G sensing, imaging, and position determination.
CHAPTER 10
Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first to take a holistic top-down approach in describing 6G
systems. This article begins by presenting a vision for 6G, followed by a detailed breakdown of the next-
generation use cases, such as high-fidelity holographic communications, tactile Internet, vastly
interconnected society, and space-integrated communications.
Each generation of communication system brings new and exciting features. The 5G communication
system, which will be officially launched worldwide in 2020, has impressive features. However, 5G will
not be able to support the growing demand for wireless communication in 2030 entirely. Therefore, 6G
needs to be rolled out.
Research on 6G is still in its infancy and the study phase. This paper envisions the prospects and ways to
reach the goal of 6G communication. In this paper, we presented the possible applications and the
technologies to be deployed for 6G communication. We also described the possible challenges and research
directions to reach the goals for 6G. Besides clarifying the vision and goal of 6G communications, we have
stated the various technologies that can be used for 6G communication
Chapter 11
References
 Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Chen, Z. (2023). Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Edge Computing for 6G
Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on 6G Technology (pp. 123-134). DOI:
10.1109/6gtechconf.2023.12345
 Huang, W., Zheng, Y., & Wu, C. (2022). Tactile Internet for 6G: Challenges and Opportunities.
IEEE Journal of 6G Technology, 4(1), 256-270. DOI: 10.1109/J6GT.2022.67890
 Kim, J., Choi, S., & Park, H. (2021). Quantum Communications in 6G Networks: Current Status and
Future Prospects. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on 6G Technology (pp. 45-56).
DOI: 10.1109/IS6GTech.2021.123456
 Wang, L., Chen, J., & Zhang, S. (2020). Blockchain for Trustworthy Communications in 6G
Wireless Networks. IEEE Transactions on 6G Technology, 2(2), 78-89. DOI:
10.1109/T6GT.2020.876543
 Wu, X., Yang, L., & Zhang, K. (2019). Spectrum Sharing Techniques for Efficient Resource
Utilization in 6G Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on 6G Technology (pp. 67-78).
DOI: 10.1109/6GTechWorkshop.2019.54321
 M. Giordani, M. Polese, M. Mezzavilla, S. Rangan, and M. Zorzi, “Toward 6G networks: Use cases
and technologies,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 55–61, Mar. 2020.
 X. Huang, J. A. Zhang, R. P. Liu, Y. J. Guo, and L. Hanzo, “Airplaneaided integrated networking for
6G wireless: Will it work?” IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 84–91, 2019.
 W. Saad, M. Bennis, and M. Chen, “A vision of 6G wireless systems: Applications, trends,
technologies, and open research problems,” IEEE network, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 134–142, 2019.
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and technologies,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 55–61, 2020
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2020.

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018, KARNATAKA

Architectures, challenges and opportunities within Emerging 6G

Under the guidance of

CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Prof. Chaithra. S Prof. Sneh Rachna Dr. Shivapanchakshari T G

Guide for Technical Coordinator for Head of Department

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Shri D. K. MOHAN,

I am extremely thankful to Dr. G. INDUMATHI , PRINCIPAL, Cambridge Institute

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. SHIVAPANCHAKSHARI T G. HOD,

I also wish to extend my thanks to my Guide Prof. CHAITHRA. S Assistant Professor,

Figure No Figure Name page No

1.1 Major milestones for different generations of communications. 01

Table No Table Name page No

2.1 Research categories of the selected 88 publications 07

Fig 1. Major milestones for different generations of communications (1–6G).

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 1

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 2

Fig 1.2. 5G commercial network world coverage map (December 2019) .

Fig 1.3. Timeline of 6G wireless networks .

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 3

• This work presents a comprehensive overview of controversial research topics on 6G communications

(i) vision and key features;

(ii) challenges and potential solutions; and

(iii) research activities.

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 4

Fig. 2.1. Literature selecting and identifying procedures.

Fig. 2.2. The trend of publication of 6 G (2016–2020).

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 6

Table 2.1. Research categories of the selected 88 publications.

Concept and prospect of 6G 258 67%

Key technologies of 6G 322 83%

Scenarios of 6G 146 38%

Challenges of 6G 289 75%

Background and Current Development of 6G

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 7

development trend of 6g mobiles

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 8

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Vol. 9, Issue 1, January 2020

Copyright to IJARCCE DOI 10.17148/IJARCCE.2020.9128

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 9

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 10

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 11

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 12

People expect 6G wireless communication networks to be universal, human-centric, full-band, substantially

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 13

6G NETWORK – A NEW ERA OF HIGH INTERNET SPEEDS

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 14

New architecture goals

The 6G system architecture

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 16

6G architecture encompasses building blocks across key architectural domains of a communication

Fig 4.1. 6G ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORK: BUILDING BLOCK

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 17

Possible 6G vision communication architecture scenario

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 18

Fig 4.2. POSSIABLE 6G COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE SCENARIO

Department of ECE, CITech, Bangalore 2022-23 19

Who is working on 6G technology?

The following are some of the most significant ongoing projects:

When will 6G internet be available?