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Advanced
Mathematics
Review Refresher Course

Advanced Mathematics Review Refresher Course
Differential
Equations
Engineers Esplana Realuyo & Co. Review Center Engr. Jemar Angelo G. Viloria, CE, SO2
Differential Equations
Separable
Equations
Separable Equations
1. Find the general solution of (y + 2)dx + (x − 2)dy = 0.
𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=−
𝑦+2 𝑥−2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
9 = −9
𝑦+2 𝑥−2
ln 𝑦 + 2 + 𝐶 = −ln 𝑥 − 2 + 𝐶
ln 𝑦 + 2 + ln 𝑥 − 2 = 𝐶
ln (𝑥 − 2)(𝑦 + 2) = ln 𝐶
𝑒 !" ($%&)(()&) = 𝑒 !" *
𝑥−2 𝑦+2 =𝐶
𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 4 = 𝐶
𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝐶
Separable Equations
2. Find the general solution of y’ + y2sinx = 0 .
𝑦 , + 𝑦 & sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 & sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 &
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑦&
𝑑𝑦
+ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦&
9 𝑦 %& 𝑑𝑦 + 9 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦 %-
+ − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0
−1
1
+ cos 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦
Homogenous
Equations
Homogenous Equations
3. Find the general solution of (x + y)dx + (x − y)dy = 0.

𝑑𝑦 𝑣+1 $
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 + & 𝑑𝑣 = 0 but: 𝑣 = (
𝑦 𝑣 + 2𝑣 − 1
let: 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦; but: 𝑑 𝑣 & + 2𝑣 − 1 = 2𝑣 + 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 𝑥 & 𝑥
&
𝑦 +2 −1 =𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑣+1 2 𝑦 𝑦
𝑣𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 + & 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑦 𝑣 + 2𝑣 − 1 2 𝑥 & 2𝑥 𝑦 𝑦&
𝑦 𝑣 + 1 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 + 𝑦 𝑣 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑦 2𝑣 + 2 1 𝑦& + −1 & =𝐶
𝑦 𝑣 + 1 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 + 𝑦 𝑣 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 + & 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑦& 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 𝑣 + 2𝑣 − 1 2
𝑣 + 1 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣 + 1 𝑦𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 & 2𝑥𝑦 𝑦 &
𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑣 + 2 𝑦& + & − & =𝐶
𝑣 & + 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣 + 1 (𝑦)𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 9 + 9 & 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑦& 𝑦 𝑦
𝑣 & + 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣 − 1 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣 + 1 𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑦 2 𝑣 + 2𝑣 − 1
𝑣 & + 2𝑣 − 1 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣 + 1 𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = 0 - 𝑥 & + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 & = 𝐶
ln 𝑦 + ln(𝑣 & +2𝑣 − 1) = ln 𝐶
𝑣 & + 2𝑣 − 1 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣 + 1 𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = 0 &
2 ln 𝑦 + ln(𝑣 & +2𝑣 − 1) = 2 ln 𝐶
𝑣 & + 2𝑣 − 1 (𝑦) ln 𝑦 & + ln(𝑣 & +2𝑣 − 1) = ln 𝐶 &
𝑑𝑦 𝑣+1
+ & 𝑑𝑣 = 0 ln 𝑦 & 𝑣 & + 2𝑣 − 1 = ln 𝐶 &
𝑦 𝑣 + 2𝑣 − 1 𝑦 & 𝑣 & + 2𝑣 − 1 = 𝐶
Exact
Equations
Exact Equations
4. Find the general solution of (2x3 − xy2 − 2y + 3)dx – (x2y + 2x)dy =0.
𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘: = 2𝑥 / − 𝑥𝑦 & − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2 + 0 = −2𝑥𝑦 − 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕
= − 𝑥 & 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦 − 2 ∴ 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Solution 1: Solution 2:
9 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝜕𝑥 + 9 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 9 𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 9 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 0
9 2𝑥 / − 𝑥𝑦 & − 2𝑦 + 3 𝜕𝑥 + 9 0 𝑑𝑦 = 0 9 2𝑥 / + 3 𝜕𝑥 + 9 − 𝑥 & 𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝜕𝑦 = 0
2𝑥 0 𝑥 & 𝑦 & 2𝑥 0
− − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 𝐶 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 & 𝑦 & + 2𝑥𝑦 = 0
4 2 4
𝑥 0 − 𝑥 & 𝑦 & − 4𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 = 0 𝑥 0 − 𝑥 & 𝑦 & − 4𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 = 0
by
Inspection
by Inspection
𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑑 ln 𝑥𝑦 =
𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑢
𝑑 ln 𝑢 =
𝑢
𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑 =
𝑦 𝑦@
by Inspection 5. Find the general solution of (y + 2)dx + (x − 2)dy = 0.
𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑 ln 𝑥𝑦 =
𝑥𝑦
𝑑 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑢
𝑑 ln 𝑢 =
𝑢
9 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + 2 9 𝑑𝑥 − 2 9 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑑 = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑦 𝑦!
6. Find the general solution of (x + y)dx + (x − y)dy = 0.
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦) − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
9 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 9 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) − 9 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥& 𝑦&
+ 𝑥𝑦 − =𝐶
2 2
𝑥 & + 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 & = 𝐶
Linear Equation of
Order One
Linear Equation of Order One
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ D E FE
𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑒 ∫ D E FE
= = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ D E FE
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑃 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ D G FG
𝑥𝑒 ∫ D G FG
= = 𝑄(𝑦)𝑒 ∫ D G FG
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑦𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑥 7. Find the general solution of dy/dx + ycot(x) − 3 = 0.
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ # $ %$
𝑦𝑒 ∫ # $ %$
= 0 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ # $ %$
𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 2 $ 3$
= 9 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 2 $ 3$
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑃 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 ; 𝑄 𝑥 = 3 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 9 3 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 sin 𝑥 = −3 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 2 $ 3$
𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 456 $ 3$
1 cos 𝑥
𝑏𝑢𝑡, cot 𝑥 = = if in terms of y:
tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑑 sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = −3 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦 sin 𝑥 = −3 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 !" 78" $ = sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝑦 = −3 cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 csc 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 8. Given is the function dy/dx + 3y/x = x2. If it is known that y = 5 when
+ 𝑦𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑄 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 x = 2, what is y when x = −1?
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ # $ %$
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 5
+ = 𝑥&
𝑦𝑒 ∫ # $ %$
= 0 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ # $ %$
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 6𝑥 / 𝑦 = 𝑥 : + 𝐶
/
𝑃 𝑥 = ; 𝑄 𝑥 = 𝑥& 6 2 / 5 = 2 :+𝐶
9
𝐶 = 176
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 2 $ 3$
! 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −1,
∫" 3$
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 6𝑥 / 𝑦 = 𝑥 : + 𝐶
!
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 / !" $ = 𝑒 !" $ = 𝑥 / 6(−1)/ 𝑦 = (−1): +176
𝑦 = −29.5
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 2 $ 3$
= 9 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 2 $ 3$
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 / = 9 𝑥 & 𝑥 / 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 :
𝑥/𝑦 = +𝐶
6
6𝑥 / 𝑦 = 𝑥 : + 𝐶
Linear Equation with

Constant Coefficients
Separable Equations
9. Find the general solution of (D3 + 6D2 + 11D + 6)y = 0.
𝐷 / + 6𝐷 & + 11𝐷 + 6 𝑦 = 0
By transforming to the auxiliary form:

𝑚/ + 6𝑚& + 11𝑚 + 6 = 0
Use ModeàEquationàCubic EQN:

𝑚 = −1, −2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3
Use Auxiliary Equation with Distinct Roots:

𝑦 = 𝐶- 𝑒 ;#$ + 𝐶& 𝑒 ;$$ + 𝐶/ 𝑒 ;!$ + ⋯ + 𝐶< 𝑒 ;%$
𝑦 = 𝐶- 𝑒 %$ + 𝐶& 𝑒 %&$ + 𝐶/ 𝑒 %/$
Separable Equations
10. Determine the third order differential equation whose general solution is y = C1e−2x + C2e2x + C3e3x.
𝑦 = 𝐶- 𝑒 %&$ + 𝐶& 𝑒 &$ + 𝐶/ 𝑒 /$
By inspection of values for m using Auxiliary Equation:

𝑚 = −2, 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3
By generating the auxiliary form:

𝑚+2 𝑚−2 𝑚−3 =0
𝑚& − 4 𝑚 − 3 = 0
𝑚/ − 3𝑚& − 4𝑚 + 12 = 0
By transforming from the auxiliary form:

𝐷 / − 3𝐷 & − 4𝐷 + 12 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 ,,, − 3𝑦 ,, − 4𝑦 , + 12𝑦 = 0
Separable Equations
11. Find the particular solution of y’’’ − 3y’ − 2y = 0, when x = 0, y = 0, y’ = 9, and y’’ = 0.
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0:
𝑦 = 𝐶& 𝑒 '( + 𝐶' 𝑒 )( + 𝐶* 𝑥𝑒 )(
𝑦 ,,, − 3𝑦 , − 2𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶& 𝑒 '(,) + 𝐶' 𝑒 )(,) + 𝐶* (0)𝑒 )(,)
𝐷 / − 3𝑦 − 2 𝑦 = 0 0 = 𝐶& + 𝐶' → Eqn. 1
𝑚/ − 3𝑚 − 2 = 0 𝑎𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑚−2 𝑚+1 & =0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦′ = 9:
𝑚 = 2, −1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1 𝑦 = 2𝐶& 𝑒 − 𝐶' 𝑒 )( + 𝐶* 𝑒 )( − 𝐶* 𝑥𝑒 )(
. '(
9 = 2𝐶& 𝑒 '(,) − 𝐶' 𝑒 )(,) + 𝐶* 𝑒 )(,) − 𝐶* (0)𝑒 )(,)

9 = 2C& − C' + C* → Eqn. 2
𝑦 = 𝐶- 𝑒 &$ + 𝐶& 𝑒 %$ + 𝐶/ 𝑥𝑒 %$
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦′′ = 0:
𝑦,= 2𝐶- 𝑒 &$
− 𝐶& 𝑒 %$
+ 𝐶/ − 𝑒 %$ x𝑒 %$ 𝑦 ..
= 4𝐶& 𝑒 '(
+ 𝐶' 𝑒 )( − 2𝐶* 𝑒 )( + C* x𝑒 )(
𝑦 = 2𝐶- 𝑒 − 𝐶& 𝑒 + 𝐶/ 𝑒 − 𝐶/ 𝑥𝑒 %$
, &$ %$ %$ 0 = 4𝐶& 𝑒 '(,) + 𝐶' 𝑒 )(,) − 2𝐶* 𝑒 ) , + C* (0)𝑒 )(,)
0 = 4𝐶& + 𝐶' − 2𝐶* → Eqn. 3
𝑦 ,, = 4𝐶- 𝑒 &$ + 𝐶& 𝑒 %$ − 𝐶/ 𝑒 %$ − 𝐶/ (𝑒 %$ −x𝑒 %$ )
By Mode à Equation à3unk-3eqn
𝑦 ,, = 4𝐶- 𝑒 &$ + 𝐶& 𝑒 %$ − 𝐶/ 𝑒 %$ − 𝐶/ 𝑒 %$ + C/ x𝑒 %$ 𝐶& = 2; 𝐶' = −2; 𝐶* = 3
𝑦 ,, = 4𝐶- 𝑒 &$ + 𝐶& 𝑒 %$ − 2𝐶/ 𝑒 %$ + C/ x𝑒 %$
𝑦 = 2𝑒 &' − 2𝑒 (' + 3𝑥𝑒 ('
Exponential
Growth and Decay
Exponential Growth and Decay
3=
Let: 3>
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
𝐴? = present amount
𝐴@ = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝐴
∝𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
= 𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝐴
𝐴A 𝑡BC<DE
ln 𝐴 ] =k𝑡 ]
𝐴@ 𝑡C<C>CDE
ln 𝐴A − ln 𝐴@ = 𝑘(𝑡BC<DE − 𝑡C<C>CDE )
=/
ln = = 𝑘∆𝑡
0
=/
= 𝑒 F∆>
=0
𝐴A = 𝐴@ 𝑒 F∆>
Exponential Growth and Decay
𝐴A = 𝐴@ 𝑒 F∆>
12. The half-life of radium is 70 years. Find the percentage remaining after 80 years if the radium
decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount at present.
𝐴A = 𝐴@ 𝑒 F∆> 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔:

𝐴A
%JK;DC<C<L = 100%
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝐴@
𝑡 = 70 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴@ = 100%
1 𝑡 = 80 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
“ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 − 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒” → 𝐴A = 𝐴@
2
𝐴A = 𝐴@ 𝑒 F∆>
1 𝐴A = (100%)𝑒 %I.IINNI&-I&OH(PI(JQ)
𝐴@ = 𝐴@ 𝑒 F∆>
2
1
= 𝑒 F∆> 𝐴A = 45.2681%
2
1 = 2𝑒F(HI)
𝑘 = −0.00990210257
Newton’s Law
of Cooling
Newton’s Law of Cooling
Newtons law of cooling states that the

temperature of an object changes at a rate
proportional to the difference between the
temperature of the object itself and a
temperature of its surroundings (the ambient
air temperature in most cases).
3R
Newtons law of cooling Let: 3>
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
states that the
temperature of an object
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
changes at a rate 𝑇Q = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
proportional to the
difference between the
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
temperature of the object
itself and a temperature 𝑑𝑇
of its surroundings (the ∝ (𝑇 − 𝑇Q )
ambient air temperature 𝑑𝑡
in most cases). 𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇Q )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑇 − 𝑇Q
𝑇BC<DE 𝑡BC<DE
ln(𝑇 − 𝑇Q )] = k 𝑡]
𝑇C<C>CDE 𝑡C<C>CDE
ln(𝑇BC<DE − 𝑇Q ) − ln 𝑇C<C>CDE − 𝑇Q = 𝑘(𝑡BC<DE − 𝑡C<C>CDE )
R12%34 %R5
ln = 𝑘∆𝑡
R2%26234 %R5
R12%34 %R5
= 𝑒 F∆>
R2%26234 %R5
𝑇B − 𝑇Q = 𝑇C − 𝑇Q 𝑒 F∆>
13. If the body in air at 0° will cool from 200°C to 120°C in 40 minutes, how many more minutes will it take the
body to cool down from 120°C to 50°C?
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑡 = 40 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑇C = 200°𝐶; 𝑇B = 120°𝐶; 𝑇Q = 0°𝐶
120 = 200𝑒 F(0I)
𝑘 = −0.01277064059
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑:
𝑡 = ? 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑇C = 120°𝐶; 𝑇B = 50°𝐶; 𝑇Q = 0°𝐶
50 = 120𝑒 %I.I-&HHI:0ION(>)
𝑡 = 68.5532 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠.
14. A thermometer reading 20°C is brought into a room where the temperature is 80°C. One minute later, the
thermometer reading is 31°C. Determine the reading 6 minutes after it is brought into the room.
𝑇C = 20°𝐶; 𝑇B = 31°𝐶; 𝑇Q = 80°𝐶
31 − 80 = (20 − 80)𝑒 F(-)
𝑘 = −0.2025242641
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑:
𝑇C = 20°𝐶; 𝑇B =? °𝐶; 𝑇Q = 80°𝐶
𝑇B − 80 = (20 − 80)𝑒 %I.&I&O&0&:0-(:)
𝑇B = 62.20°𝐶
Chemical
Solutions
Chemical Solutions
15. A tank contains 400 liters of brine holding 100kg of salt in solution. Water containing 0.125kg of salt per
liter flows into the tank at the rate of 12 liters per minute, and the mixture (kept uniform by stirring), flows
out at the same rate. Find the amount of salt at the end of 90 minutes.
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝐿 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡:

𝑄 = 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑄
= 𝐶CD 𝑅CD − 𝐶BHI 𝑅BHI
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 (𝑘𝑔/𝐿) 𝑑𝑡
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛) 𝑑𝑄 𝑄
= 0.125 12 − 12
𝑑𝑡 400
@𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡 = 0: 𝑑𝑄
= 1.5 − 0.03𝑄
𝑉B = 400𝐿; 𝑄B = 100𝑘𝑔; 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑄 −0.03
𝐶CD = 0.125 EFKG; 𝑅CD = 𝑅BHI = 12 G⁄JCD = 𝑑𝑡
1.5 − 0.03𝑄 −0.03
R SQ
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 1 −0.03𝑑𝑄
X = X 𝑑𝑡
−0.03 PQQ 1.5 − 0.03𝑄 Q
@ any time, t: ln 1.5 − 0.03𝑄 − ln 1.5 − 0.03(100) = −0.03 90 − 0
𝑉 = 400𝐿, (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 R KL = R MNO ) 1.5 − 0.03𝑄
ln = −2.7
−1.5
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝑄 1.5 − 0.03𝑄 = −1.5𝑒 (&.T
𝐶= = 𝑄 = 53.3603𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 400
Laplace and
Inverse Laplace
Transform
Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transform
"
#$%
ℒ 𝑡 =$ 𝑒 𝑡𝑑𝑡
!

S
ℒ 𝑡 = 9 𝑒 %Q> 𝑡𝑑𝑡 16. Evaluate ℒ cosh 𝑏𝑡 .
I
𝑡 = cosh 𝑏𝑡
S
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠:
ℒ cosh 𝑏𝑡 = 9 𝑒 %Q> cosh 𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡
I 𝑠 = 0.22; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 0.00065
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒:
𝑠𝑎𝑦, 𝑠 = 0.22; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 0.00065 𝑏 0.00065
𝑎. ) = = 0.0134298693
𝑠 & − 𝑏 & 0.22& − 0.00065&
S
9 𝑒 %Q> cosh 𝑏𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑠 0.22
I 𝑏. ) & = = 4.545414867
S 𝑠 + 𝑏 & 0.22& + 0.00065&
= 9 𝑒 %I.&&> cosh 0.00065𝑡 𝑑𝑡
I 𝑠 0.22
= 4.545494225 𝑐. ) = = 4.545494225
𝑠 & − 𝑏 & 0.22& − 0.00065&
𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐸: 𝑏 0.00065
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟, T𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 “𝑡” 𝑎𝑠 “𝑥”. 𝑑. ) & = = 0.013429634
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒. 𝑠 + 𝑏 & 0.22& + 0.00065&
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 “𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟”, 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟.
“99999” 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 “∞” 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒. 𝐴𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠.
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔. 𝐽𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟.

S
ℒ 𝑡 = 9 𝑒 %Q> 𝑡𝑑𝑡 17. Evaluate ℒ %-
-
.
I Q(Q)/)
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔:

S
ℒ 𝑡 = 9 𝑒 %Q> 𝑡𝑑𝑡
I
S
1
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑠 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒: 𝑎. ) 9 𝑒 %/.:> (1 − 𝑒 %/> )𝑑𝑡 = 0.04208754209
I 3
𝑠𝑎𝑦, 𝑠 = 3.6
S
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑏. ) 9 𝑒 %/.:> 3 (1 − 𝑒 /> )𝑑𝑡 = “𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟”
1 1 I
= = 0.04208754209
𝑠(𝑠 + 3) 3.6(3.6 + 3) S
𝑐. ) 9 𝑒 %/.:> (3)(1 + 𝑒 %/> )𝑑𝑡 = 1.2878787878788
I
S
1
𝑑. ) 9 𝑒 %/.:> (1 + 𝑒 /> )𝑑𝑡 = “𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟”
I 3
Evaluation
Evaluation
1. Find the general solution of xydx + (x+1)dy = 0.
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝐶 𝑥+1
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = ln
𝑦
𝑦(𝑥 + 1) 𝐶 𝑥+1
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑒$ =
+ =0 𝑦
𝑥+1 𝑦 𝑦𝑒 $ = 𝐶 𝑥 + 1
𝑥 (+1 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 + =0
𝑥+1 𝑦
(𝑥 + 1) − 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 + =0
𝑥+1 𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦
1− 𝑑𝑥 + =0
𝑥+1 𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦
d𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 + =0
𝑥+1 𝑦
𝑥 − ln 𝑥 + 1 + ln 𝑦 = ln 𝐶
𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 1 − ln 𝑦 + ln 𝐶
𝐶 𝑥+1
𝑥 = ln
𝑦
Evaluation
2. Find the general solution of y’ = cos2x cos22y.
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑇𝑒𝑐ℎ:
𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑖 𝑘𝑎 𝑠𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠𝑎
𝑦 , = cos & 𝑥 cos & 2𝑦
− 𝑖𝑠𝑎ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 , 𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑛𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑖 𝑚𝑜 𝑦𝑎𝑛
𝑑𝑦
= cos & 𝑥 cos & 2𝑦 𝑛𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑥 𝑠𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
&
= cos & 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑(𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
cos 2𝑦 − =0
1 𝑑(𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
&
sec 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 1 + cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1 1 Kung sino sa choices yung lumabas na
tan 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶 sagot is 0 or malapit sa zero, yun yung
2 2 2
1 piliin mo.
tan 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
tan 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 Tas, dat derivatives lang kasi need ng
limits kapag nagintegrate ka sa Caltech.
So sa ibang problem, hanap ka ng way
para magawa mo yung Caltech, pero
usually ganyan lang oks na. Thank you
Evaluation
>? @AB UV
3. Find the particular solution of = if y(0)=1.
>@ ?CB W
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑒 %$
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑒(
𝑦 + 𝑒 ( 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑒 %$ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦& 𝑥 &
+ 𝑒( = + 𝑒 %$ + 𝐶
2 2
𝑦 + 2𝑒 = 𝑥 & + 2𝑒 %$ + 𝐶
& (
𝐴𝑡 𝑦 0 = 1 → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
1 & + 2𝑒- = 0 + 2𝑒 %I + 𝐶
𝐶 = 2𝑒 − 1
𝑦 & + 2𝑒 ( = 𝑥 & + 2𝑒 %$ + 2𝑒 − 1
Evaluation
4. A body was discovered in a hotel room at midnight and its temperature was 80°F. The temperature
of the room is kept constant at 60°F. Two hours later, the temperature of the corpse dropped to 75°F.
Find the time he was murdered. (Normal temperature of the body is 37°C).
𝑡 = 2 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑇C = 80°𝐹 ; 𝑇B = 75°𝐹; 𝑇Q = 60°𝐹
75 − 60 = 80 − 60 𝑒 F(&)
𝑘 = −0.1438410362
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑:
𝑡 =?
𝑇C = 37°𝐶 = 98.6°𝐹; 𝑇B = 80°𝐹; 𝑇Q = 60°𝐹
80 − 60 = (98.6 − 60)𝑒 %I.-0/P0-I/:&(>)
𝑡 = 4.571157301 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑀𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 12: 00 − 4.5711 = 7: 25: 43.83 𝑝𝑚

Evaluation
Situation 1: Suppose that the temperature of the coffee cup obeys Newton’s Law of Cooling. If the coffee has a
temperature of 90°C when freshly poured and 1 minute later has cooled to 85°C in a room at 20°C:
5. While waiting for a friend, determine when the coffee cools down from 90°C to 65°C.
𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑇C = 90°𝐶 ; 𝑇B = 85°𝐶; 𝑇Q = 20°𝐶
85 − 20 = 90 − 20 𝑒 F(-)
𝑘 = −0.07410797215
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑:
𝑡 =?
𝑇C = 90°𝐶; 𝑇B = 65°𝐶; 𝑇Q = 20°𝐶
65 − 20 = (90 − 20)𝑒 %I.IH0-IHNH&-O(>)
𝑡 = 5.9620 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Evaluation
6. Your friend arrived and asked you to go to another place. Your coffee has a temperature of 65°C when you
started walking outside where the temperature is 32°C. Determine when the coffee cools down from 65°C to 40°C.
𝑘 = −0.07410797215
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑:
𝑡 =?
𝑇C = 65°𝐶; 𝑇B = 40°𝐶; 𝑇Q = 32°𝐶
40 − 32 = (65 − 32)𝑒 %I.IH0-IHNH&-O(>)
𝑡 = 19.1216 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Evaluation
7. From your smartwatch, you noticed that you and your friend have walked 2958 steps in 30 minutes from the
coffee shop to your new destination. Determine the temperature of the coffee by the time you arrived.
𝑘 = −0.07410797215
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑:
𝑇B = ?
𝑇C = 65°𝐶; 𝑇B = ? °𝐶; 𝑇Q = 32°𝐶
𝑇B − 32 = (65 − 32)𝑒 %I.IH0-IHNH&-O(>)
𝑇B = 35.5725°C
Evaluation
8. Find the general solution of (2x + 3y)dx + (3x − 4y)dy = 0.
(
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 but: 𝑣 = $;
let: 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥;
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 𝑥 & 2 + 6𝑣 − 4𝑣 & = 𝐶
&
𝑦 𝑦 &
2𝑥 + 3𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 4𝑣𝑥 (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 𝑥 2+6 −4 =𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 2 + 3𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 4𝑣 (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 𝑥 &
6𝑦 𝑥 4𝑦 &
2 + 3𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 3 − 4𝑣 (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 𝑥& 2 & + − & =𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2 + 3𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑣 − 4𝑣 & 𝑑𝑥 + 3 − 4𝑣 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0 & &
2𝑥 6𝑥𝑦 4𝑦
2 + 6𝑣 − 4𝑣 & 𝑑𝑥 + 3 − 4𝑣 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑥& + & − & =𝐶
2 + 6𝑣 − 4𝑣 & 𝑑𝑥 + 3 − 4𝑣 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0 𝑥& 𝑥 𝑥
2𝑥 & + 6𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 & = 𝐶
𝑥 2 + 6𝑣 − 4𝑣 &
𝑑𝑥 1 6 − 8𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑥 & + 3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 & = 𝐶
+ =0
𝑥 2 2 + 6𝑣 − 4𝑣 &
1
ln 𝑥 + ln 2 + 6𝑣 − 4𝑣 & = 0
2
2 ln 𝑥 + ln 2 + 6𝑣 − 4𝑣 & = ln 𝐶
𝑥 & 2 + 6𝑣 − 4𝑣 & = 𝐶
Evaluation
9. Find the general solution of (6x + 3y)dx + (3x + 7y)dy = 0.
6𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
6𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 7𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
6𝑥𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑑𝑦) + 7𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
6𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑 𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥& 𝑦&
6 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 7 =0
2 2
6𝑥 & + 6𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑦 & = 0
Evaluation
10. Determine the differential equation whose general solution is 𝑦 = 𝐶D 𝑒 @ + 𝐶E 𝑥 E + 𝐶F 𝑥𝑒 AF@ .
𝑦 = 𝐶- 𝑒 $ + 𝐶& 𝑥 & + 𝐶/ 𝑥𝑒 %/$

𝑦 = 𝐶- 𝑒 $ + 𝑪𝟒 𝒆𝟎 + 𝑪𝟓 𝒙𝒆𝟎 + 𝐶& 𝑥 & 𝒆𝟎 + 𝑪𝟔 𝒆%𝟑𝒙 + 𝐶/ 𝑥𝑒 %/$
𝑚 = 1, 0, 0, 0, −3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3
𝑚−1 𝑚 / 𝑚+3 & =0
𝑚0 − 𝑚/ 𝑚& + 6𝑚 + 9 = 0
𝑚: + 6𝑚O + 9𝑚0 − 𝑚O − 6𝑚0 − 9𝑚/ = 0
𝑚: + 5𝑚O + 3𝑚0 − 9𝑚/ = 0
𝐷 : + 5𝐷 O + 3𝐷 0 − 9𝐷 / 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 ,,,,,, + 5𝑦 ,,,,, + 3𝑦 ,,,, − 9𝑦 ,,, = 0
Evaluation
Situation 2: A pond initially contains 1,000,000 gallons of water and an unknown amount of an undesirable chemical. Water
containing 0.01 g of this chemical per gallons flows into the pond at a rate of 300 gallons per hour. The mixture flows out at the
same rate, so that the amount of water in the pond remains constant. Assume that the chemical is uniformly distributed
throughout the pond.
11. How many days elapsed when the amount of chemical in the pond became 2,300 grams from an amount of 100 grams.
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑙

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙:
𝑄 = 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝑔 𝑑𝑄
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑔/𝑔𝑎𝑙) = 𝐶CD 𝑅CD − 𝐶BHI 𝑅BHI
𝑑𝑡
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (𝑔𝑎𝑙/ℎ𝑟) 𝑑𝑄 𝑄
= 0.01 300 − 300
𝑑𝑡 1𝑀
@𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡 = 0: 𝑑𝑄
𝑉B = 1,000,000 𝑔𝑎𝑙; 𝑄B =? 𝑔; = 3 − 0.0003𝑄
𝑑𝑡
𝐶CD = 0.01 FKFYZ; 𝑅CD = 𝑅BHI = 300 FYZK[\ 1 &XQQ −0.0003𝑑𝑄 I
X = X 𝑑𝑡
−0.0003 PQQ 3 − 0.0003𝑄 Q
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 3 − 0.0003 2300
ln = −0.0003𝑡
3 − 0.0003(100)
@ any time, t:
1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑉 = 1,000,000 𝑔𝑎𝑙, (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 R KL = R MNO ) 𝑡 = 837.7147ℎ𝑟𝑠
24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝑄 𝑡 = 34.9048 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝐶= =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 1,000,000
Evaluation
Situation 2: A pond initially contains 1,000,000 gallons of water and an unknown amount of an undesirable chemical. Water
containing 0.01 g of this chemical per gallons flows into the pond at a rate of 300 gallons per hour. The mixture flows out at the
same rate, so that the amount of water in the pond remains constant. Assume that the chemical is uniformly distributed
throughout the pond.
12. How much of the chemical will be in the pond after a very long time?
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙:
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑄
𝑄 = 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝑔 = 𝐶CD 𝑅CD − 𝐶BHI 𝑅BHI
𝑑𝑡
𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑔/𝑔𝑎𝑙) 𝑑𝑄 𝑄
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 (𝑔𝑎𝑙/ℎ𝑟) = 0.01 300 − 300
𝑑𝑡 1𝑀
𝑑𝑄
= 3 − 0.0003𝑄
@𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡 = 0: 𝑑𝑡
R ]
𝑉B = 1,000,000 𝑔𝑎𝑙; 𝑄B =? 𝑔; 1 −0.0003𝑑𝑄
X = X 𝑑𝑡
𝐶CD = 0.01 FKFYZ; 𝑅CD = 𝑅BHI = 300 FYZK[\ −0.0003 PQQ 3 − 0.0003𝑄 Q
1 3 − 0.0003 𝑄 ∞
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∗ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ln = 𝑡]
−0.0003 3 − 0.0003(100) 0
100 𝑄 ∞
@ any time, t: − = 𝑒 (Q.QQQXI ]
99 9900 0
𝑉 = 1,000,000 𝑔𝑎𝑙, (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 R KL = R MNO ) 𝑄 = lim 10000 − 9900𝑒 (Q.QQQXI
I→]
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝑄 𝑄 = 10,000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝐶= =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 1,000,000
Evaluation
Situation 3: Solve the following:
_
AD F G_ AE
13. ℒ 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔:
EG`
S
I
S 0
3 𝑡
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑠 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒: 𝑎. ) 9 𝑒 %&./> − 3𝑡 & + 𝑑𝑡 = 0.2522573766
2 4
𝑠𝑎𝑦, 𝑠 = 2.3 I
S
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: %&./>
3 &
𝑡0
𝑏. ) 9 𝑒 − + 3𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡 = −0.2522573766
3 𝑠 & − 2 & 3 2.3& − 2 & I 2 4
= = 0.2522573766
2𝑠 O 2 2.3 O S
%&./>
3 &
𝑡0
𝑐. ) 9 𝑒 − + 3𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡 = “𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟”
I 2 4
S 0
3 𝑡
𝑑. ) 9 𝑒 %&./> − 3𝑡 & − 𝑑𝑡 = “𝑀𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟”
I 2 4
Evaluation
14. ℒ 1

𝑠 = 0.22; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 0.00065
S
ℒ 1 = 9 𝑒 %Q> 1𝑑𝑡
I
𝑎. )𝑠 %& = 0.18903591686
𝑠𝑎𝑦, 𝑠 = 2.3 𝑏. ) 1
S S 𝑐. ) 𝑠 = 2.3
%Q> %&./>
9 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 9 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 0.4347826087
I I
𝑑. )𝑠 %- = 0.4347826087
Evaluation
15. ℒ 𝑡

𝑠 = 0.22; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 0.00065
S
I 𝑎. )𝑠 %& = 0.18903591686
𝑠𝑎𝑦, 𝑠 = 2.3 𝑏. ) 1
S S
%Q> %&./> 𝑐. ) 𝑠 = 2.3
9 𝑒 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 9 𝑒 𝑡𝑑𝑡
I I
= 0.18903591686 𝑑. )𝑠 %- = 0.4347826087
Thank you!

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Review Refresher Course

1. Find the general solution of (y + 2)dx + (x − 2)dy = 0.

2. Find the general solution of y’ + y2sinx = 0 .

3. Find the general solution of (x + y)dx + (x − y)dy = 0.

9 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 9 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) − 9 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Linear Equation with

9. Find the general solution of (D3 + 6D2 + 11D + 6)y = 0.

By transforming to the auxiliary form:

Use ModeàEquationàCubic EQN:

Use Auxiliary Equation with Distinct Roots:

𝑦 = 𝐶- 𝑒 %$ + 𝐶& 𝑒 %&$ + 𝐶/ 𝑒 %/$

𝑦 = 𝐶- 𝑒 %&$ + 𝐶& 𝑒 &$ + 𝐶/ 𝑒 /$

By inspection of values for m using Auxiliary Equation:

By generating the auxiliary form:

By transforming from the auxiliary form:

9 = 2𝐶& 𝑒 '(,) − 𝐶' 𝑒 )(,) + 𝐶* 𝑒 )(,) − 𝐶* (0)𝑒 )(,)

𝐴A = 𝐴@ 𝑒 F∆> 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔:

Newtons law of cooling states that the

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝐿 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡:

Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transform

Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transform

Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transform

𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔:

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑀𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 12: 00 − 4.5711 = 7: 25: 43.83 𝑝𝑚

𝑦 = 𝐶- 𝑒 $ + 𝐶& 𝑥 & + 𝐶/ 𝑥𝑒 %/$

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑙

𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠:

𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠:

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