4-The first Law of Thermodynamics

closed system

Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Closed system (control mass) Open system ( control volume)

➢ A fixed quantity of matter ➢ A fixed region of space through which mass flows
➢ No transfer of mass ➢ Mass crosses the boundary
➢ Energy may cross the boundary ➢ Energy may cross the boundary

➢ eg. A gas in a piston cylinder ➢ eg. An automobile engine

If energy is not allowed to cross the boundary,

that system is called an isolated system.

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process; it can only change forms.

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Kinetic Energy
( Energy due to motion)
Macroscopic
Total Energy

(of the system as a whole

Potential Energy
( energy due to position)

Microscopic Internal Energy

(The sum of the kinetic and potential
(related to molecular activity) energies of the molecules

Per unit mass

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Ways for Energy transfer

Heat : Work:
Energy transferred by virtue of temperature difference Energy transferred to the system that is not heat

Boundary
Conduction
work

Convection Other work

Radiation Electric

Shaft

Spring

A process during which there is no heat

transfer is called an adiabatic Process 5
Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Any characteristic of a system is called a property

A quantity is a property if, and only if, its change in value between two states is independent of the process.

Point function vs path function

Small change in volume

Small amount of work

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න 𝛿𝑄 = 𝑄1−2 ( 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ∆𝑄) Small amount of heat
1

Work and heat are path functions (i.e., it depends on the path followed as well as the end states).

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process; it can only change forms.

𝑸𝒏𝒆𝒕 − 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑲𝑬 + ∆𝑷𝑬 𝑲𝒋

𝑸 − 𝑾 = ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑲𝑬 + ∆𝑷𝑬 𝑲𝒋

For a system making a cycle:

∆𝑬 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 = 𝟎 Ein - Eout = 0 or Ein = Eout. Or Q=W 7

Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

𝑸 − 𝑾 = ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑲𝑬 + ∆𝑷𝑬

𝑽𝟐 𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 𝟐
𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏 + 𝒎( ) + 𝒎𝒈(𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏)
𝟐

𝑽𝟐 𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 𝟐
𝑸 − 𝑾 = 𝒎(𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏) + 𝒎( ) + 𝒎𝒈(𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏)
𝟐
Per unit mass:

𝑽𝟐 𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 𝟐
𝒒 − 𝒘 = (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏) + ( ) + 𝒈(𝒁𝟐 − 𝒁𝟏) kJ/kg
𝟐

For stationary system: ∆𝑲𝑬 + ∆𝑷𝑬=0 8

Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

In a rate form:

𝒅𝑼 𝒅𝑲𝑬 𝒅𝑷𝑬 𝑲𝒋/s

𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ = + +
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

In a differential form:

dEin-dEout= 𝐝𝐄𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
𝜹𝑸 − 𝜹𝑾 = 𝒅𝑼 + 𝒅𝑲𝑬 + 𝒅𝑷𝑬
𝜹𝑸 − 𝜹𝑾 = 𝒅𝑼
𝜹𝒒 − 𝜹𝒘 = 𝒅𝒖
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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

A force acting on a body through a distance in the direction of the force

𝒔𝟐
𝝏𝐖 = 𝐅. 𝐝𝐬 >> 𝑾𝟏−𝟐 = න 𝐅. 𝐝𝐬
𝒔𝟏
𝒔𝟐
𝑾𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐅 න 𝐝𝐬 >> 𝑾𝟏−𝟐 = 𝐅 s
𝒔𝟏

𝑽𝟐
𝝏𝐖 = 𝐅. 𝐝𝐬
𝑾𝟏−𝟐 = න 𝑷. 𝐝𝑽
𝝏𝐖 = 𝐏𝐀. 𝐝𝐬 𝑽𝟏
the area under the process
𝝏𝐖 = 𝐏. 𝐝𝐕 >> curve on a P-V diagram

The boundary work is positive during an expansion process

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( work out )and negative during a compression process( work in )
Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

x2

W = න 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
x1

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Ein-Eout= 𝐄𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
??
𝑸 − 𝑾 = ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑲𝑬 + ∆𝑷𝑬 For stationary system: ∆𝑲𝑬 + ∆𝑷𝑬=0

𝑸 − [𝑾𝒃 − 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉] = ∆𝑼

𝟐 0
𝑾𝟏−𝟐 = න 𝑷. 𝐝𝑽 = 𝟎 If the Woth=0
𝟏

𝑸 − [𝑾𝒃 − 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉] = ∆𝑼

For Steam: 𝑸 = 𝒎(𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏)

For gas: 𝑸 = ∆𝑼
𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒔 𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆, 𝒌𝒆𝒆𝒑 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒆𝒚𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏
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 Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

The first law Constant volume process, gas, no other work, ➔ 𝑸 = ∆𝑼

Remember the definition of specific heat, Cv ➔ 𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪𝒗∆T

𝜹𝒖 ∆𝑼 = 𝒎𝑪𝒗∆T
𝑪𝒗 = 𝒅𝑼 = 𝒎𝑪𝒗𝒅T
𝜹𝑻 constant volume
𝒅𝒖 = 𝑪𝒗𝒅T
Cv ➔ is the change in the internal energy of a gas at constant volume 𝒅𝒖
𝑪𝒗 =
𝒅T

Joule’s experiment showed that the internal energy of an ideal gas Is only a
function in temperature not volume.

𝒅𝒖
𝑪𝒗 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑪𝒗𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝑻
𝒖𝟐 𝑻𝟐
𝚫𝒖 = 𝑪𝒗𝚫𝑻
න 𝒅𝒖 = න 𝑪𝒗𝒅𝑻
𝒖𝟏 𝑻𝟏
𝚫𝑼 = 𝒎𝑪𝒗𝚫𝑻 13
Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Joule submerged two tanks connected with a pipe and a valve in a water
bath. Initially, one tank contained air at a high pressure and the other tank
was evacuated. When thermal equilibrium was attained, he opened the
valve to let air pass from one tank to the other until the pressures
equalized. Joule observed no change in the temperature of the water bath
and assumed that no heat was transferred to or from the air. Since there
was also no work done, he concluded that the internal energy of the air did
not change even though the volume and the pressure changed. Therefore,
he reasoned, the internal energy is a function of temperature only and not
a function of pressure or specific volume.

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Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

Ein-Eout= 𝐄𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦
𝑸 − 𝑾 = ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑲𝑬 + ∆𝑷𝑬 For stationary system: ∆𝑲𝑬 + ∆𝑷𝑬=0

𝑸 − [𝑾𝒃 − 𝑾𝒐𝒕𝒉] = ∆𝑼

𝟐 𝟐
𝑾𝟏−𝟐 = න 𝑷. 𝐝𝑽 = 𝟎 = 𝑷 න 𝐝𝑽 = 𝑷 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 = 𝒎𝑷 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏
𝟏 𝟏

If the Woth=0
𝑸 − 𝑷 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑼𝟐 − 𝑼𝟏 For Steam 𝑸 = 𝒎(𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏)

𝐐 = (𝐔2+PV2)-(U1- PV2)
For gas:
𝐐 = 𝐇𝟐 − 𝐇𝟏
Enthalpy
𝐐 = 𝚫𝐇 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐻
𝑢 + 𝑃𝑣 = ℎ 15
Thermodynamics
Dr. Amr Ibrahim

The first law : Constant Pressure process, no other work 𝑸 = ∆𝑯

𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑∆T
𝜹𝒉
𝑪𝒑 = ∆𝑯 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑∆T
𝜹𝑻 constant pressure
𝒅𝑯 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑𝒅T
Cp ➔ is the change in the enthalpy of a gas at constant pressure 𝒅𝒉 = 𝑪𝒑𝒅T
𝒅𝒉
𝒖 + 𝑷𝒗 = 𝒉 𝑪𝒑 =
𝒅T
𝑷𝒗 = 𝑹𝑻
𝒖 + 𝑹𝑻 = 𝒉
R is constant, u is only function in temperature, then the enthalpy of ideal gas is also function in temperature only

𝒅𝒉
𝑪𝒑 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒉 = 𝑪𝒑𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝑻
𝚫𝒉 = 𝑪𝒑𝚫𝑻
𝒉𝟐 𝑻𝟐
න 𝒅𝒉 = න 𝑪𝒑𝒅𝑻
𝒉𝟏 𝑻𝟏 𝚫𝑯 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑𝚫𝑻 16