DYALBAGH EDUCATION INSTITUTE

SEMINAR SCRIPT
TOPIC : INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM IN RANA
COURSE : ZOM202
SUBMITTED TO : DR RESHMA BHATNAGAR
SUBMITTED BY AMAN VERMA
Roll no :2203849
Class : BSC (ZC)
INTRODUCTION

● INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM IS THE BODY’S OUTER LAYER .IT IS MADE UP OF YOUR SKIN
,NAILS , HAIRS AND THE GLANDS AND NERVES ON YOUR SKIN .YOUR INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM ACT AS A PHYSICAL BARRIER-PROTECTING YOUR BODY FROM BACTERIA ,
INFECTION , INFECTION,INJURY AND SUNLIGHT . IT ALSO HELPS TO REGULATE YOUR
BODY TEMPERATURE AND ALLOWS YOU TO FEEL SKIN SENSATION LIKE HOT AND COLD .
● HERE , WE HAVE TO TALK ABOUT THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM OF RANA TIGRINA
(HOPLOBATRACHUS TIGERINUS) IT ALSO KNOWN AS INDIA BULLFROG .
ITS HISTOLOGY
Histology of Skin: Like other vertebrates, the skin of frog consists of two layers: the outer epidermis and
inner dermis.

Epidermis:-
● Epidermis is the outermost later of skin.
● It is thin, non-vascularized and stratified layer.
● It is composed of several layers of epithelial cells, which are ectodermal in origin.
● Epidermis can be distinguished into stratum corneum and stratum malpighii layer.
Stratum corneum
● The stratum corneum is the outermost layer.
● It is made of flattened, squamous epithelial cells arranged in four to five layers.
● The outer layer of the stratum corneum consists of keratinized cells (dead cells).
● The keratinized cells are shed off periodically and replaced by cells from the underlying layer.
● The shed off layer is eaten by the frog.

STRATUM MALPHIGHII
● The stratum malphighii is the innermost layer of the epidermis.
● It is composed of active columnar cells, resting on a thin basement membrane.
● The columnar cells get nourishment from the blood vessels of underlying dermis.
● They grow and divide mitotically to produce new cells of the stratum corneum, which are
pushed towards the surface.
● During their journey to the surface, the cells become flattened and then scale like.
 DERMIS

● Dermis is the inner layer of the skin.

● It is thick, vascularised and consists of the connective tissue, muscle fibres, nerve fibres, blood vessels,
capillaries, chromatophores and cutaneous glands.
● The dermis is mesodermal in origin.
● It consists of two layers stratum spongoiosum and stratum compactum.
 STRATUM SPONGIOSUM

● The stratum spongiosum is a loose spongy layer lying just under the basement membrane.
● It consists of connective tissue, fibres, lymph spaces, blood capillaries, blood vessels, nerve fibres, cutaneous
glands and chromatophores.
● The cutaneous glands are of two types: the mucous glands and the poison glands.
● These glands are the derivatives of the epidermis but they lie in the dermis.
● they open to the exterior by narrow ducts lined with a layer of small flattened epithelial cells.
● the mucous glands are small, flask- shaped, more numerous, uniformly distributed over the entire surface of
the body.
● The poison glands are large and fewer in number.
● They are less evenly distributed.
● The mucous gland secrete a color less watery fluid that keeps the skin moist and sticky .
● The poison glands secrete a milky white and probably poisonous substance which serves to protect it
from enemies.
● There are three types of pigment cells or chromatophores present in dermis.
● They are
● i) Melanophores containing black pigment called melanin.
● ii) Xenthophores containing yellow pigment called xanthophyll.
● iii) Guanophores containing a white refracting pigment called guanine.
● These pigment provide specific colouration to the skin.
● The dark green colour of the dorsal surface of skin of frog is a combined effect of all these pigments,
while the black patches are due to the concentration of melanin only.
● The animals like frog, toads, salamanders, some fishes and lizards respond to changes in their
surrounding environment by reversible change of skin colour. This ability of animals is called
metachrosis.
STRATUM COMPACTUM

● The stratum compactum is made up of compact fibrous connective tissue, smooth muscle fibres
and blood vessels and capillaries.
● It does not contain cutaneous glands but may have few chromatophores.
FUNCTION OF SKIN

● The skin provides a protective covering over the body. it also protects the frog against the invasion of many
germs.
● It exhibits protective colouration to the body.
● The mucous glands secrete a colourless watery fluid that keeps the skin moist and sticky.
● The moist surface of skin helps in exchange of respiratory gases between the environment and the body.
Thus, it takes part in respiration.
● The keratinized cells shed off periodically and helps in removing certain wastes of the body.
● Frogs never drink water through mouth but they absorb water through their skin
● It acts as an important sensory organ.
● The membrane bones usually found in the skull are formed of the connective tissue sheaths of dermis.
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