SECTION ONE

1.1 Introduction

The Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was started in 1974

by Industrial Training Fund (ITF) with about 748 students from 11 institutions of

higher learning. This became very necessary when it is discovered that theoretical

knowledge alone would not usually prepare an educated person for the world of

work. Therefore the need to set up a scheme to train students ( particularly for

those pursuing careers in sciences, engineering and technology disciplines SET )

not only to be knowledgeable in their fields but to be able to apply the acquired

knowledge and skills to perform defined jobs or work. There is a demand for a new

cadre of workers having a range of skills across related disciplines and not

theoretical experts in a single discipline. Such a wide range of skills, as being

demanded by the world of works today, cannot be readily acquired through

theoretical training alone but in combination with training. By 1978, the scope

participation in the scheme had increased to about 5,000 students from 32

institutions.

The Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a Skill Training

Programme designed to prepare and expose students of the University to the

industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation. The need for the

establishment of the scheme arose when there is a growing concern among

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industrialists that graduates of institutions of higher learning lacked adequate

practical background required for employment in industries.

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme has contributed immensely to

the building the common pool of technical and allied skills available to the

Nigerian economy which are needed for the nation’s industrial development. These

contributions and achievements have been possible because of regular innovations

and improvement in the modalities employed for the management of the scheme.

SIWES forms part of approved minimum academic standard in the various degree

programmes for all the Nigerian Universities. It serves as an effort to bridge the

gap existing between theoretical knowledge Obtained during lectures with the

actual industrial conditions.

1.2 Objectives of the students’ industrial experience scheme (SIWES)

Theoretical Knowledge alone would not usually prepare an educated person for the

world of work. The worker or productive individual must not only be

knowledgeable but must also be versatile in the application of skills to perform

defined jobs or work.

SIWES is an integral part of most degree and diploma programmes in institutions

of higher learning in Nigeria. The scheme is designed to take place in institutions

outside the schools and it has a realistic relevance to development of manpower in

Nigeria.

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The reality of the programme can be illustrated using a simple analogy. While it is

possible for someone to learn and imbibe all the available information on driving a

car in the classroom, it is unlikely that the individual would, based on the

knowledge alone, be able to drive a car at the first opportunity. On the other hand,

someone else without the theoretical information on how to drive a car, on being

told and shown what to do, followed by hands-on practice and supervision by an

instructor, would at the day be able to drive a car successfully. Of course, someone

who has been exposed to both theoretical underpinnings of driving a car and the

hands-on experience of doing so would and should be a better driver.

Consequently, there are two basic forms of learning – education and training –

both of which are indispensable to the production world of work and the

functioning of the society at large. In the illustration given above, the first

individual had abundant education on how to drive a car; the second individual had

adequate training on how to drive a car; the third individual had the advantage of

being able to combine theoretical knowledge with practical skills to become a

better driver.

1.2.1 Training in the formation of set graduates

Scientists, engineer and technologists cannot be produced purely by education.

They need practical training to equip them with the tools of their trade in order to

enable them make contributions to industrial development. It is impossible for a

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fresh SET graduate from a university or polytechnic to be competent to carry out

the functions of his or her chosen field effectively. The knowledge in one’s head

does not translate directly into goods and services. It is though the intermediation

of practical application that theoretical knowledge becomes productive. While

institutions of learning provide the basic education, competence in carrying out

tasks, jobs, work and functions is acquired through training in the work place.

Industrial training, therefore, provides the avenue for undergraduates to acquire the

basic tools of their future professions while still being students.

1.2.2 Expectations and perceptions of employers

Gap between the learning acquired by graduates of Nigeria’s tertiary institutions,

particularly SET graduates and the skills repertoire required in the workplace.

Employers believe that Nigeria graduates bring sufficient theoretical knowledge to

the job but that they generally lack hands-on or practical skills and orientation that

would make them productive. Industrial training provide a veritable means of

addressing and redressing the gaps between the skills repertoire possessed by

students and the relevant production skills (RPSs) required by employers.

1.3 Relevance of SIWES

One of the significant features of advanced industrial societies is the degree to

which they have achieved progress in the field of science and technology. This had

enabled the citizens to enjoy a good standard of living, which exceeds that of the

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developing Countries. Thus, formal education comprising of field or industrial

work is vital for the production of graduates with increasingly specialized skill.

Therefore, Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is relevant for;

i. Improvement of science and technological education

ii. Skilled manpower development

iii. Creation of a community with increased standard of living

iv. Development of critical and scientific approach to problems and their

solutions.

v. New innovations in the field of science and technology.

As a matter of fact, the student’s industrial work Experience scheme (SIWES) is a

promotion for the growth of science and technology, Engineering, Agriculture,

Medical, Management, and other professional programmes in the Nigerian tertiary

Institutions.

1.4 Benefits of industrial training to students

The major benefits accruing to students who participate conscientiously in

industrial training are the skills and competencies they acquire. These relevant

production skills (RPSs) remain a part of the recipients of industrial training as

lifelong assets which cannot be taken away from them. This is because the

knowledge and skills acquired through training are internalised and become

relevant when required to perform jobs or functions.

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Several other benefits can accrue to students who participate in industrial training.

These include the following:

i. Opportunity for students to blend theoretical knowledge acquired in the

classroom with practical hands-on application of knowledge required to

perform work in industry.

ii. Exposure of students to the environment in which they will eventually work,

thereby enabling them to see how their future professions are organized in

practice.

iii. Minimization of the bewilderment experienced by students, particularly

those from non-technological background, pursuing course in science,

engineering and technology with regard to different equipment, processes,

tools etc, available in industry.

iv. Enabling SET students appreciate work methods and gain experience in

handling equipment and machinery which may not be available in their

institutions

v. Preparing students to contribute to the productivity of their employers and

national development immediately after graduation.

vi. Provision of an enabling environment where students can develop and

enhance personal attributes such as critical thinking, creativity, initiative,

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 resourcefulness, leadership, time, management, presentational skill,

interpersonal skills, amongst others.

vii. Preparing students for employment and making the transition from school to

the world of work easier after graduation.

viii. Enhancing students’ contacts with potential employers while on training.

ix. Enabling students bridge the gap between the knowledge acquired in

institutions and the relevant production skills (RPSs) required in work

organizations.

x. Making SET students appreciate the role of their professions as the creators

of change and wealth and indispensable contributors to growing the

economy and national development.

xi. Enabling students appreciate the connection between their courses of study

and other related disciplines in the production of goods and services.

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 SECTION TWO

2.1 About the company

Silver Eagles Limited, a wholly owned Nigeria company was incorporated in 2004

in Nigeria (CAC-RC: 507142). The business of paper milling and tissue production

started in the year 2015. Silver Eagles, based in Western part of Nigeria was

established to manufacture among other things a range of quality industrial

cleaning paper and domestic tissue paper products for the Nigeria market.

Research found that huge quantities of toilet tissue and towel were imported and

there were very few producers of quality paper in Nigeria.

The successful supply of quality paper products has led to increased demand and

has allowed us to continually upgrade our existing machinery. There have been

significant investments in new technology and we now have more, fully automatic,

paper converting lines enabling us to bring a range of high quality paper products

to the Nigeria market, and indeed beyond the shores of Nigeria.

2.2 Our Vision

To be a continuously growing manufacturing company, a truly world class, a

Nigerian preference in production of high quality, affordable tissue paper and other

products

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2.3 Mission Statement

To continue to produce tissue of international standards, and meet the aspirations

of the shareholders of making the company world-class paper making company.

2.4 Vision and mission

- Harness our growth potential and sustain profitable growth.

- Deliver High Quality and Cost competitive products and be the first choice of

customers.

- Create an inspiring work environment to unleash the creative energy of people.

- Achieve excellence in enterprise management.

- Be a respected corporate citizen, ensure clean and green environment and develop

vibrant communities around us.

2.5 Objectives of the company

- Expand plant capacity for higher production in the nearest future.

- Be amongst top three tissue manufacturers in Nigeria.

- Achieve customer satisfaction levels on par with world class organisations.

- Make Silver Eagles the employer of choice by caring for employees.

- Contribute to improving quality of life.

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 SECTION THREE

3.1 Tissue paper

Tissue paper is produced on a paper machine that has a single large steam heated

drying cylinder (Yankee dryer) fitted with a hot air hood. The raw material is paper

pulp. The Yankee cylinder is sprayed with adhesives to make the paper stick.

Creping is done by the Yankee's doctor blade that is scraping the dry paper off the

cylinder surface. The crinkle (crêping) is controlled by the strength of the adhesive,

geometry of the doctor blade, speed difference between the Yankee and final

section of the paper machine and paper pulp characteristics.

The highest water absorbing applications are produced with a through air drying

(TAD) process. These papers contain high amounts of NBSK and CTMP. This

gives a bulky paper with high wet tensile strength and good water holding

capacity. The TAD process uses about twice the energy compared with

conventional drying of paper.

The properties are controlled by pulp quality, crêping and additives (both in base

paper and as coating). The wet strength is often an important parameter for tissue.

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3.2 History

Before paper was widely available, a variety of materials were employed. The

Romans used an L-shaped stick (like a hockey stick) made of wood or precious

metal; at public toilets people used sponges on sticks that were kept in saltwater

between uses. In arid climates, sand, powdered brick, or earth was used. Until the

late nineteenth century, Muslims were advised to use three stones to clean up. One

favorite tool was a mussel shell, used for centuries. Until the early twentieth

century, corn cobs were used.

In the late fifteenth century, when paper became widely available, it began to

replace other traditional materials. Sometimes old correspondence was pressed into

service, as were pages from old books, magazines, newspapers, and catalogs.

People also used old paper bags, envelopes, and other bits of scrap paper, which

were cut into pieces and threaded onto a string that was kept in the privy.

Toilet paper is a fairly modern invention, making its debut around 1880 when it

was developed by the British Perforated Paper Company. Made of a coarser paper

than its modern incarnation, it was sold in boxes of individual squares. In America,

the Scott Paper Company made its Waldorf brand toilet paper in rolls as early as

1890. The first rolls were not perforated, and lavatory dispensers had serrated teeth

to cut the paper as needed. It was a nearly "unmentionable" product for years, and

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consumers were often embarrassed to ask for it by name or even be seen buying it.

Timid shoppers simply asked for "Two, please," and the clerk presumably knew

what they wanted. To keep things discreet, toilet paper was packaged and sold in

brown paper wrappers.

3.3 Applications

Hygienic tissue paper is commonly for personal use as facial tissue (paper

handkerchiefs), napkins, bathroom tissue and household towels. Paper has been

used for hygiene purposes for centuries, but tissue paper as we know it today was

not produced in the United States before the mid-1940s. In Western Europe large

scale industrial production started in the beginning of the 1960s.

3.3.1 Facial tissues

Facial tissue (paper handkerchiefs) refers to a class of soft, absorbent, disposable

paper that is suitable for use on the face. The term is commonly used to refer to the

type of facial tissue, usually sold in boxes, that is designed to facilitate the

expulsion of nasal mucus although it may refer to other types of facial tissues

including napkins and wipes.

The first tissue handkerchiefs were introduced in the 1920s. They have been

refined over the years, especially for softness and strength, but their basic design

has remained constant. Today each person in Western Europe uses about 200 tissue

handkerchiefs a year, with a variety of 'alternative' functions including the

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treatment of minor wounds, the cleaning of face and hands and the cleaning of

spectacles.

The importance of the paper tissue on minimising the spread of an infection has

been highlighted in light of fears over a swine flu epidemic. In the UK, for

example, the Government ran a campaign called "Catch it, Bin it, Kill it", which

encouraged people to cover their mouth with a paper tissue when coughing or

sneezing.

Pressure on use of tissue papers has grown in the wake of improved hygiene

concerns in response to the coronavirus pandemic.

3.3.2 Paper towels

Paper towels are the second largest application for tissue paper in the consumer

sector. This type of paper has usually a basis weight of 20 to 24 g/m 2. Normally

such paper towels are two-ply. This kind of tissue can be made from 100%

chemical pulp to 100% recycled fibre or a combination of the two. Normally, some

long fibre chemical pulp is included to improve strength.

3.3.3 Wrapping tissue

Wrapping tissue is a type of thin, translucent tissue paper used for

wrapping/packing various articles & cushioning fragile items.

Custom-printed wrapping tissue is becoming a popular trend for boutique retail

businesses. There are various on-demand custom printed wrapping tissue paper

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available online. Sustainably printed custom tissue wrapping paper are printed on

FSC-certified, acid-free paper; and only use soy-based inks.

3.3.4 Toilet paper

Rolls of toilet paper have been available since the end of the 19th century. Today,

more than 20 billion rolls of toilet tissue are used each year in Western Europe.

3.3.5 Table napkins

Table napkins can be made of tissue paper. These are made from one up to four

plies and in a variety of qualities, sizes, folds, colours and patterns depending on

intended use and prevailing fashions. The composition of raw materials varies a lot

from deinked to chemical pulp depending on quality.

Colored paper napkins can be a source of carcinogenic primary aromatic amines

(paAs) when used as a wrapper for food as a result of degradation of Azo

compounds used as paper dyes.

3.3.6 Acoustic disrupter

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a sound recording engineer named Bob

Clearmountain was said to have hung tissue paper over the tweeter of his pair of

Yamaha NS-10 speakers to tame the over-bright treble coming from it.

The phenomenon became the subject of hot debate and an investigation into the

sonic effects of many different types of tissue paper. The authors of a study for

Studio Sound magazine suggested that had the speakers' grilles been used in

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studios, they would have had the same effect on the treble output as the improvised

tissue paper filter. Another tissue study found inconsistent results with different

paper, but said that tissue paper generally demonstrated an undesirable effect

known as "comb filtering", where the high frequencies are reflected back into the

tweeter instead of being absorbed. The author derided the tissue practice as

"aberrant behavior", saying that engineers usually fear comb filtering and its

associated cancellation effects, suggesting that more controllable and less random

electronic filtering would be preferable.

3.3.7 Road repair

Tissue paper, in the form of standard single-ply toilet paper, is commonly used in

road repair to protect crack sealants. The sealants require upwards of 40 minutes

curing enough to not stick onto passing traffic. The application of toilet paper

removes the stickiness and keeps the tar in place, allowing the road to be reopened

immediately and increasing road repair crew productivity. The paper breaks down

and disappears in the following days. The use has been credited to Minnesota

Department of Transportation employee Fred Muellerleile, who came up with the

idea in 1970 after initially trying standard office paper, which worked, but did not

disintegrate easily.

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3.3.8 Packing industry

Apart from above, a range of speciality tissues are also manufactured to be used in

the packing industry. These are used for wrapping/packing various items,

cushioning fragile items, stuffing in shoes/bags etc. to keep shape intact or, for

inserting in garments etc. while packing/folding to keep them wrinkle free and

safe. It is generally used printed with the manufacturer’s brand name or, logo to

enhance the look and aesthetic appeal of the product. It is a type of thin, translucent

paper generally in the range of grammages between 17 and 40 GSM that can be

rough or, shining, hard or soft, depending upon the nature of us.

3.4 Toilet Paper Manufacturing Process

The biggest difference between toilet papers is the distinction between virgin paper

products (formed from chipped wood) and those made from recycled paper. So

there are two kind of manufacturing process for the toilet paper.

The toilet paper manufacturing process starts by creating a paper. Paper is

sometimes created from recycled materials, but materials like virgin tree pulp is

also used. The toilet paper we use today is usually a paper made from trees, but the

paper from hemp plant is used too. When hemp plants are used, we get the paper

from hemp’s fiber and pulp. However, most toilet paper today is made from a

“chemical pulp”.

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17
3.5 Materials needed

 Trees

 Water

 Chemicals for extracting fiber

 Bleaches like chlorine dioxide

For paper recycling, companies use oxygen, ozone, sodium hydroxide, or peroxide

to whiten the recycled paper. Toilet paper is often perforated, scented, embossed

and colored. There are several differences in manufacturing process depending on

what materials are used to make toilet paper.

If toilet paper is made of recycled paper, process starts by many different kinds of

paper being mixed together. Next step is choosing a solution to remove ink.

Recycled paper needs to be washed and is often deinked prior to being pulped.

Toilet paper is then pulverized and reformed into very thin and soft paper. At the

end of process toilet paper is bleached and scented.

3.6 Making toilet paper from the trees

Manufacturers don't use all types of trees to make paper. Toilet paper is generally

made from "virgin" paper, using a combination of softwood and hardwood trees (a

combination of approximately 70% hardwood and 30% softwood).

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The paper manufacturers try to find a compromise between durability and a fine

writing surface on their product. Other materials for final product of toilet paper

include water, chemicals and bleaches.

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Steps:

1. Preparing trees (a combination of softwood and hardwood trees). Trees are

stripped of their bark.

2. The logs are carefully debarked with machine to leave as much wood as

possible.

3. The logs pass through machines that chip them into small pieces.

4. The wood chips are separated into batches.

5. A massive pressure cooker (a digester) cooks the wood chips with other

chemicals for approximately 3 hours. The moisture in the wood is evaporated and

the mass is reduces to cellulose fibers, lignin and other substances. Result is usable

fiber, called pulp. The pulp is what paper is made from.

6. The pulp is then washed clean of the lignin and the cooking chemicals

7. The washed pulp is bleached until all the color is removed. The adhesive that

binds fibers together (lignin) must be removed from the pulp or the paper will

become yellow over time.

8. The pulp is mixed with a lot of water to produce paper stock (99.5% water and

0.5% fiber). The paper stock is sprayed onto screens of mesh that drain the water.

9. The paper is then pressed and dried to final moisture (content about 5%).

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10. The paper is scraped off with metal blades and wound on jumbo reels. Then the

paper is moved to machines that cut it into long strips and perforate it into squares.

Finally, the paper logs are cut into rolls and wrapped packages.

3.7 Recycled toilet paper

Toilet tissue made from recycled paper is made from both colored and white stock,

with staples and pins removed. The paper goes into a huge vat called a pulper that

combines it with hot water and detergents to turn it into a liquid slurry. The

recycled pulp then goes through a series of screens and rinses to remove paper

coatings and inks. The pulp is whitened somewhat and sanitized with oxygen-

based products like peroxide. It then goes through steps 7 through 10 like virgin

paper products, producing a cheaper, less-white paper.

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3.8 Quality Control

Paper companies often maintain their own tree stands in order to ensure the quality

of the paper they manufacture. The chemicals used in the pulping process are also

carefully tested and monitored. Temperatures at which a slurry is cooked is

ensured, too, by checking gauges, machinery, and processes. Completed paper may

be tested for a variety of qualities, including stretch, opacity, moisture content,

smoothness, and color.

3.9 Byproducts/Waste

The first waste product produced in the papermaking process, the bark removed

from tree trunks, burns easily and is used to help power the paper mills. In

addition, black liquor, the fluid removed from the pulp after cooking, is further

evaporated to a thick combustible liquid that is also used to power the mill. This

reduction process, in turn, yields a byproduct called tall oil that is widely used

many household products. About 95% of the cooking chemicals are recovered and

reused.

But other problems associated with the industry are less easily solved. The

production of virgin toilet paper has spawned two current controversies: the

destruction of trees, and the use of chlorine dioxide to bleach the paper. While

virgin paper processing does necessitate the destruction of trees, they are a readily

renewable resource and paper companies maintain large forests to feed their

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supply. Despite this, some activists have proposed that toilet paper be

manufactured only from recycled products and suggest that consumers boycott

toilet paper made of new materials.

These activists object to new paper processing because it often uses chlorine

bleaching, which produces dioxins, a family of chemicals considered

environmental hazards, as a byproduct. Paper and pulp mills are the primary

producers of dioxins, and manufacturers must carefully assess their effluvia to

counteract the emission of dioxins. Increasingly, virgin paper makers use

alternative bleaching methods that substitute oxygen, peroxide, and sodium

hydroxide for chlorine. Some simply reduce the amount of chlorine used in the

process. Others experiment with cooking the wood chips longer, removing more

lignin earlier in the process, which requires less bleach. Better pulp washing also

removes more lignin, and reduces the amount of bleach needed for whitening.

3.10 Tissue Napkins and Tissue Napkin Manufacturing

Tissue napkin is a type of cloth which is used at the table for wiping the mouth and

fingers. It is generally small and folded.

Tissue napkins are documented to be first used in ancient China where the paper

was invented in 2nd century B.C. They were folded in squares and used for tea

serving. Napkins were also seen in ancient Roman times. The earliest references in

English to napkins were made in 1384-85.

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3.11 Types of Tissue Napkin

Tissue napkins are produced in different sizes. There are seven types: cocktail

napkins (25×25), lunch napkins (33×33), dinner napkins (40×40), bistro napkins

(40×40), silverware napkins (40×40), snack napkins (33×33) and rondo napkins

(32×32). Lunch napkins are the most widely produced and used type of tissue

napkin and a lunch napkin is 30 GSM.

Tissue napkins can be folded in various ways. They are not necessarily used for

hygienic reasons; they can also be quite decorative. For example, rondo napkins

are round-shaped unlike the rest.

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They are usually preferred to use on coffee tables while drinking tea or coffee.

Silverware napkins, which are square-shaped, have a pocket-like feature that you

can put forks, spoons and knives in. The rest is up to your creativity.

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 SECTION FOUR

4.1 Flow sheet- pulp and paper manufacturing

4.1.1 Digester- blow tank

In this process the pulp is obtained by digesting wood chips with acid liquor at

high pressure and temperature. This is a batch process starting with the filling of

wood chips, charging with liquor, bringing up to pressure and temperature,

cooking and discharging pulp to the blow tank. A “chip packer” is sometimes used

to distribute the chips evenly without piling. The “packer” uses steam jets to spray

the chips over the digester area.

2. Direct contact counter-current heater for reclaiming heat in blow steam. With

the bottom inlet design, unit is mounted directly on top of the blow tank. The unit

is also non-closing with white water. A steam jet exhauster is used to pull a draft to
26
prevent any blow-by of vapor into operating areas. With this heater and exhauster

100 F temperature rise with the outlet temperature at 200 R is obtainable. Note:

These heaters are widely used on blow tanks from continuous digester systems.

4.1.2 Evaporators- (SULPHITE MILLS)

In Sulphite Mills black liquor is concentrated through multi- stage evaporators

before burning, the final stages are normally under vacuum.1. S&K #37 type MJS

condenser operating at 5” Hg. Abs. Note: M.S. or counter-current condensers may

be used with steam jet vacuum pumps if air leakage is excessive or cooling water is

at a premium.2. 10” Figure 427 installed for vapor recompression from steam chest

and third effect evaporator to inlet of first effect, entraining 14,000 pph at 25 psi

using 36,000 pph at 190 psi discharging 50,000 pph at 60 psi. Vapor

recompression improves the overall performance of the evaporator system by

altering the heat balance to give performance similar to an additional effect of

evaporation.

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4.1.3 Pulp washer

Digested pulp is washed to remove impurities and chemicals. This is carried out in

several stages with reticulated water. The use of hot water at the last stage of

washing facilitates washing and results in a dryer pulp coming off the washer.

Washing also must be carried out after bleaching to remove chemicals.

1. Continuous heater to supply instantaneous heating to supply three banks or

23 nozzles with water at 180 to 190 F using 100 psi steam.

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4.1.4 Water heating

There are many uses in a paper mill for convenient quickly available hot water

under pressure for washing down tanks and floors after spills, paper break or for

general cleaning; the nature of paper pulp is such at this point that relatively hot

water in a high velocity stream greatly expedites the work of dislodging and

washing away the pulp. Water is discharged through piping to outlets along the

machine with high pressure hoses. Unit may be thermostatically controlled for

temperature regulation and motorized valves may be used for push button starting.

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4.1.5 Wire pit — pulper tubs — ph pot — stock chest

Large quantities of steam are used for heating of various liquids in the manufacture

of paper. The heating of stick, in all its consistencies from white water up, is

usually carried out by direct addition of steam. The greatest amounts of steam are

required at time of start up to bring the stock system up to paper making

temperatures. During paper manufacture amounts of steam are much less but vary

upon water conditions. The direct addition of steam without some mixing devices

causes excessive vibration and hammering which is sometimes destructive. The

presence if a fibre has, in the past, prevented the use of devices designed to

eliminate the noise. The S&K line of Fig. 314 sparer nozzle is particularly

adaptable to the heating and agitation of fibrous and granular solids in suspension

of liquids.
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4.1.6 Paper machine (FELT WASHING)

The wet felts are used to support water saturated web on the paper machine

through the felt sections. Since the water is pressed out of the paper into the wet

felts, it is necessary to remove this absorbed water from these felts continuously. It

is also necessary to wash the wet felts periodically to remove fibres, starch, sizing,

etc. Soaps or detergents are added to water to improve the washing process.

4.1.7 Dryers

After the web of paper is formed on the wet end of a paper machine it must be

dried at a controlled rate, depending upon the type of paper. This is performed by

one ot more steam heated dryers. Modern tissue machines only use one large roll,

called a Yankee dryer, whereas news print machines have 40 to 50 dryer rolls

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operated in banks. These rolls rotate with peripheral speeds up to 2600 ft. per

minute. The consequent rotational speed makes it difficult to prevent condensate

build-up on the inside surface of the roll. In order to provide uniform removal of

condensate is necessary to “blow through” excess steam which carries the

condensate in suspension through the condensate removal system. In machines

with several banks of dryers the dry end is operated at the highest pressure and the

“blow through” from this section utilized to feed the next section. The pressures

are therefore cascaded down to the first set of dryers on the wet end which may act

as condensers, or is blown through from them into air heaters or some other use of

low pressure steam. The wet end may be operated under vacuum depending on the

dryer temperatures desired. On Yankee dryers blow through may be utilized in air

heaters (for ventilating air above dryer rolls). Heating of water for felt washers or

other steam users or, in some cases, simply blown to atmosphere. A thermo

compressor may be used to entrain blow through steam and recirculate to inlet of

dryer. All or part f the steam needed to heat the dryer is added through the thermo

compressor nozzle. The energy obtained from reducing the pressure of this steam

is utilized to entrian steam from the flash tank and return it through thr dryer roll,

working against the pressure drop necessary to sweep out the condensate. Any

additional steam required is added through make –up valve in parallel with thermo

compressors.

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33
 SECTION FIVE

5.1 Problems encountered / challenges

1. Power falling challenges

This involves breakdown of power during production.

When these occurs the machine no longer work and from that moment all the

activities in the factory will be suspended.

All these impacted relatively on the success of the completion of the product.

2. Distance challenges

The distance of the company was far from my house; the transport was too tight

which was waiting for me.

3. Provocative attitude from factory workers

Some factory workers can be so annoying in the way they interact with others;

white working in the factory, some factory workers said some things to me which

was provocative.

5.2 Recommendations

After my six months training I observed some flaws in the program. So I took my

time to write out these things I wish to be improved. My Recommendations are;

 Poor number of students Intake

Many Industries/firms, do not accept students on Industrial training. Those who do,

accept only few. I therefore strongly recommend that the school’s SIWES team

34
should make the aims and importance of this Industrial training for students known

to the public and the firms/industries involved. This will probably go a long way in

increasing the intake of Industrial trainees in companies/firms, and hence reduce

the difficulty of getting an early placement.

 Better Funding: Due to the high cost of living, transportation cost and so

on, Companies should be encouraged to increase monetary allocation for IT

students. Many students get discouraged by the pay offered. Many do not take the

program seriously if they are accepted with little or no pay and most neglect the

Industrial training for street trade or business that gives them much money.

 Role of an industrial trainee

It should be made clear to these firms by SIWES, the motive of the Industrial

scheme. This new trend is fast denting the motive of this training as students

attached to them are often used as office helpers, messengers, labourers, clerks and

typists. I think this would go a long way in imbibing in the minds of IT employers’

that we students are there to learn under them.

 Industrial Training should be made compulsory:

 Having undergone my Industrial training for a period of five months with

Silver Eagles and I observed that the benefits of the Industrial training outweighs

the disadvantages, so I recommend that every student while in the university

should be made to compulsorily undergo Industrial training to equip him/her with

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practical knowledge as its used in the real world (outside the university-classroom

walls).

5.3 Conclusion

After my six months stay with the company I was able to learn one or two things

from them and the staff. I observed their attitude and passion for work though their

salary was not on a consistent basis and it was really inspiring. Sometimes, rarely

though, they would call me and start discussing about some of their previous

projects and how they tackled some problems they encountered.

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