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 1

NATIONAL JUNIOR COLLEGE

SH 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Higher 1

CANDIDATE
NAME

SUBJECT REGISTRATION
CLASS NUMBER

CHEMISTRY 8873/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice Wednesday 15 September 2021
1 hour
Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet
Data Booklet

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write in soft pencil.

Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
Write your name, subject class and registration number on the Answer Sheet in the spaces
provided unless this has been done for you.

There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four
possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer
Sheet.

Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully.

Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.
A Data Booklet is provided.

Instructions on how to fill in the Optical Mark Sheet

Shade the index number in a 5 digit format on the optical mark sheet:
1st digit and the last 4 digits of the Registration Number.

Example:
Student Examples of Registration No. Shade:
2005648 25648

This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.

8873/01 [Turn over

 2

1 Which statement about 1 mol of a metal is always true?

1. It has the same number of atoms as 1 mol of hydrogen atoms.

2. It loses 1 mol of electrons.

3. It contains half the number of atoms as 2 mol of HCl(g).

1
4. It contains 3 the number of ions as 3 mol of Na2O(s).

A 1 B 1 and 3 C 1, 2 and 3 D 1, 3 and 4

2 The actual values of the masses of three sub-atomic particles are shown in the table.

proton neutron electron

mass/kg 1.673  1027 1.675  1027 9.109  1031

Which nickel ion is predicted to have a mass of 1.038  1025 kg from these data?

60 2+ 62 2+ 58 3+ 64 3+
A 28𝑁𝑖 B 28𝑁𝑖 C 28𝑁𝑖 D 28𝑁𝑖

3 The redox half-equations for the electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solution are stated
below.

Oxidation half-equation: 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4eˉ

Reduction half-equation: 2H2O + 2eˉ → H2 + 2OHˉ

Which row shows the correct volume of gases if 2.40 mol of electrons are involved in the
redox reaction?
Volume of H2 gas collected at r.t.p Volume of O2 gas collected at r.t.p
/ dm3 / dm3
A 28.8 14.4

B 28.8 28.8

C 14.4 7.2

D 14.4 28.8

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 3

4 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

To identify a compound, the compound can be broken down into ions and passed through an
electric field. In this electric field, the 4He nucleus is deflected +8o and used as a standard.
An unknown ionic compound was broken down and passed through the same electric field.
Two monocharged fragments were observed to have deflected +0.6o and −0.45o.
What could be the ionic compound?
A LiCl B LiBr C NaCl D NaBr

5 10 cm3 of propane, C3H8, was completely burnt in x cm3 of excess oxygen. After cooling to
room temperature, the volume of the residual gas was 60 cm3. The residual gas was passed
through aqueous sodium hydroxide and the volume reduced to y cm3.

What are the values of x and y?

x y
A 50 30

B 60 30

C 70 20

D 80 30

6 Propyne, C3H4, has the following structure.

Which option correctly describes the number of σ and π bonds present in a molecule of
propyne?

σ π
A 2 2

B 2 6

C 1 3

D 6 2

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7 Which statement is true for all covalent bonds?

A A covalent bond cannot be found in ionic compounds.

B A covalent bond can be formed via head-on overlap of p orbitals.

C A covalent bond can only be formed between two non-metal atoms.

D A covalent bond is formed when each bonding atom contributes a valence electron.

8 Which conditions would result in the most significant intermolecular forces between
gaseous oxygen molecules?

pressure temperature
A high low

B High high

C low high

D low low

9 Which statements can be explained in terms of hydrogen bonding?

1 The apparent relative molecular mass of ethanoic acid in benzene is 120.

2 HF2‒ is formed when HF is dissolved in molten NaF.

3 The boiling point of propanoic acid is higher than ethanoic acid.

4 Ice is less dense than water.

A 1, 2 and 3

B 2, 3 and 4

C 1, 2 and 4

D 1 and 4

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10 Which species is not planar?

A BrF3

B ICl4

C PCl4+

D XeF4

11 Which statements are correct for all systems at dynamic equilibrium?

1 It is a closed system.

2 The rate of both forward and backward reactions is the same.

3 The concentration of reactants is equal to the concentration of products.

A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 2 only

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12 Nitrosyl chloride, NOCl, is a yellow gas that can be formed between nitryl chloride, NO 2Cl,
and nitric oxide, NO, in the following reaction.

NO2Cl(g) + NO(g) ⇌ NOCl(g) + NO2(g) ∆H < 0

NO2Cl and NO were initially allowed to react in a closed vessel at 800 K and equilibrium was
established.

The graph below shows how the concentration of NO2Cl varied with time.

What could be the changes made to the system at t1, t2 and t3?

concentration of NO2Cl

time

t1 t2 t3

A NO2Cl was removed temperature was NO2Cl was added

increased
B temperature was decreased
NO2Cl was added NO2 was added

C NO2 was removed temperature was NO2Cl was added

increased
D NO2Cl was removed NO2Cl was added temperature was
decreased

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 7

13 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

Hypothetically, N4 could be formed from nitrogen gas by the following reaction.

2N2(g)  N4(g) ∆H

By considering the bonds broken and bonds formed, as well as the structure of N4 given
below, what would be the value of H for the above reaction?

A +140 kJ mol1 B −140 kJ mol1

C +928 kJ mol1 D −928 kJ mol1

14 The lattice energy of calcium chloride is numerically greater than that of potassium bromide.
Which statements could explain this observation?

1 The chlorine atom is more electronegative than the bromine atom.

2 The charge on the calcium ion is greater than that of the potassium ion.

3 The Ca–Cl bond length is shorter than that of K–Br.

A 2 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

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15 Reaction pathway diagrams, P and Q refer to two different types of reaction.

enthalpy enthalpy

reactants products

products reactants

reaction pathway P reaction pathway Q

Which row correctly identifies the enthalpy change shown in P and Q?

P Q

A lattice energy enthalpy of formation

B lattice energy enthalpy of combustion

C enthalpy of formation enthalpy of combustion

D enthalpy of formation lattice energy

16 Which statement is true about the elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table?

A They react with water to give off oxygen gas.

B They are more readily oxidised down the group.
C Sodium is less electronegative than caesium.
B They can conduct electricity in the solid state, but not in liquid state.

17 Which statement about the chlorides of Period 3 elements is incorrect?

A The pH of the solutions of chlorides generally increases across the period.
B The extent of hydrolysis of the chlorides increase across the period.
C When limited amount of water is added to the covalent chlorides, they give acidic
white fumes.
D Adding NaOH(aq) to a solution of AlCl3 produces a white precipitate which is soluble
in an excess of NaOH.

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18 Which is an example of an Arrhenius acid and Arrhenius base reaction?

A 2CH3COOH(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)  Ca(CH3COO)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

B CO2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)

C 2HCl(aq) + Na2O(s)  2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

D HCl(g) + NH3(g)  NH4Cl(s)

19 Methanesulfonic acid is a monobasic strong acid which is used to remove calcium carbonate
from kettles.

Methanesulfonic acid

Which statement about methanesulfonic acid is incorrect?

A The gas evolved when methanesulfonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate is CO2.

B 0.1 mol dm–3 methanesulfonic acid has a pH value of 1.

C The Brønsted-Lowry conjugate base of methanesulfonic acid is the CH3SO3– ion.

D The Ka value of methanesulfonic acid is very small.

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20 The diagram shows a pH curve produced by adding a weak acid to a strong alkali.

pH

W
X

vol. of acid / cm3

Which point on the curve represents a solution that can act as a buffer?

A W B X C Y D Z

21 Bromine can react with methanoic acid according to the following equation:

Br2 (aq) + HCOOH (aq)  2HBr (aq) + CO2 (g)

The rate of the reaction is found to be first order with respect to both bromine and
methanoic acid.

Which statement is true?

A The rate constant has a unit of s1.

B The rate constant will remain unchanged with an increase in temperature.

C Halving the concentration of both reactants will halve the rate of evolution of CO 2.

D The rate of decrease in the concentration of Br2 is half that of the increase in the
concentration of HBr.

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22 The Boltzman distribution curve shows the number of gas molecules have a particular kinetic
energy at constant temperature, T1.

T1

Number of gas
molecules having a
given energy

S U

V
Kinetic energy

What happens to the size of the areas labelled S, U and V when a higher temperature, T2 was
used?

S U V

A increase increase decrease

B increase decrease decrease

C decrease increase increase

D decrease decrease increase

23 The graph shows the results of an investigation on the rate of reaction of carbon dioxide with
water in the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which is found in living cells.

ra te o f
re a c ti o n

m a xi m um

concentration of CO2(aq)
0

From the graph, which conclusion is incorrect?

A At low [CO2(aq)], the reaction is first order with respect to CO2(aq).

B At high [CO2(aq)], the reaction is zero order with respect to CO2(aq).
C At low [CO2(aq)], not all of the active sites of the enzymes are occupied.
D At high [CO2(aq)], the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of carbonic
anhydrase.

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24 Which is an incorrect name of the organic species?

CH2CH3

A CH2CH3 B

1,2-diethylcyclopentane 2-ethylpentane

OH
CH2CH3 Cl

C D
CH3
Br
5-bromo-6-chloro-4-ethylhept-2-ene
2-methylhexan-3-ol

25 A straight chain organic compound has a molecular formula of C4H5NO. it contains a nitrile,
CN, functional group.

Which other functional groups could be present in this molecule?

1 aldehyde
2 alkene
3 amide

A 1, 2 and 3 only B 1 and 2 only

C 1 only D 3 only

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26 A student considered the following synthetic route to produce compound D.

Which steps show the correct type of reaction and/or reagent used?

step type of reaction reagent

A I elimination concentrated H2SO4

B II oxidation acidified K2Cr2O7
C III addition dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC)
D IV substitution aqueous KOH

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27 An ester, T is shown.

T
What is the structure of the carboxylic acid formed from the acid hydrolysis of the ester, T?

A B

C D

28 Poly(acrylate) is an addition polymer and has the following the structure.

Poly(acrylate)

What is the structure of the monomer of poly(acrylate)?

A (OCOCH2CH3)CH=CH2

B CH2=CH(COCH2CH3)

C CH2=CH(CO2CH3)

D (CO2CH2CH3)CH=CH2

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29 Which statements correctly describe the difference between low density poly(ethane)
(LDPE) and high density poly(ethane) (HDPE)?

1 The average polymer chain for HDPE is shorter than LDPE.

2 LDPE chains are branched while HDPE chains are linear.

3 LDPE has a lower flexibility than HDPE.

A 1, only B 2 only

C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

30 Which statements is/are correct?

1 Nanoparticles measure less than 100 nm in all three dimensions.

Nanoparticles unlike bulk materials have higher surface activity due to a larger surface
2
area to volume ratio relative to bulk materials.

The C60 molecule, buckminsterfullerene, unlike graphite is not conductive at room

3
conditions.

A 1, 2 and 3

B 1 and 2 only

C 1 only

D 2 only

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BLANK PAGE

8873/01 [Turn over

 1

NATIONAL JUNIOR COLLEGE

SH 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Higher 1

CANDIDATE
NAME

SUBJECT REGISTRATION
CLASS NUMBER

CHEMISTRY 8873/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice Wednesday 15 September 2021
1 hour
Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet
Data Booklet

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write in soft pencil.

Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
Write your name, subject class and registration number on the Answer Sheet in the spaces
provided unless this has been done for you.

There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four
possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer
Sheet.

Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully.

Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.
A Data Booklet is provided.

Instructions on how to fill in the Optical Mark Sheet

Shade the index number in a 5 digit format on the optical mark sheet:
1st digit and the last 4 digits of the Registration Number.

Example:
Student Examples of Registration No. Shade:
2005648 25648

This document consists of 12 printed pages.

8873/01 [Turn over

 2

1 Which statement about 1 mol of a metal is always true?

1. It has the same number of atoms as 1 mol of hydrogen atoms.

2. It loses 1 mol of electrons.

3. It contains half the number of atoms as 2 mol of HCl(g).

1
4. It contains 3 the number of ions as 3 mol of Na2O(s).

A 1 B 1 and 3 C 1, 2 and 3 D 1, 3 and 4

1: Correct.
2: Incorrect. Different metals liberate different moles of electrons. Eg 1 mol of Mg is
liberated by 2 mol of electrons. 1 mol of Na is liberated by 1 mol of electrons.
3: Incorrect. 2 mole of HCl(g) contain 4 moles of atoms.
4: Incorrect. 1 mole of Na2O contain 3 moles of ions. For 1/3 of 3 moles of Na2O, there are
3 moles of ions.
Answer: A

2 The actual values of the masses of three sub-atomic particles are shown in the table.

proton neutron electron

mass/kg 1.673  1027 1.675  1027 9.109  1031

Which nickel ion is predicted to have a mass of 1.038  1025 kg from these data?

60 2+ 62 2+ 58 3+ 64 3+
A 28𝑁𝑖 B 28𝑁𝑖 C 28𝑁𝑖 D 28𝑁𝑖

No. of protons No. of neutrons No. of electrons

60
28𝑁𝑖
2+ 28 60 – 28 = 32 28 – 2 = 26
62
28𝑁𝑖
2+ 28 62 – 28 = 34 28 – 2 = 26
58
28𝑁𝑖
3+ 28 58 – 28 = 30 28 – 3 = 25
64
28𝑁𝑖
3+ 28 64 – 28 = 36 28 – 3 =25

Mass = 28(1.673  1027) + 34(1.675  1027) + 26(9.109  1031)

= 1.038  1025 kg
Answer: B

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 3

3 The redox half-equations for the electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solution are stated
below.

Oxidation half-equation: 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4eˉ

Reduction half-equation: 2H2O + 2eˉ → H2 + 2OHˉ

Which row shows the correct volume of gases if 2.40 mol of electrons are involved in the
redox reaction?

Volume of H2 gas collected at r.t.p Volume of O2 gas collected at r.t.p

/ dm3 / dm3
A 28.8 14.4

B 28.8 28.8

C 14.4 7.2

D 14.4 28.8

Mole ratio:

O2 : e : H2
1 :4 : 2
2.4
Amount of H2 =  2 = 1.2 mol
4

Vol of O2 collected = 1.2  24 = 28.8 dm3

2.4
Amount of O2 = = 0.6 mol
4

Vol of O2 collected = 0.6  24 = 14.4 dm3

Answer: A

8873/01 [Turn over

 4

4 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

To identify a compound, the compound can be broken down into ions and passed through an
electric field. In this electric field, the 4He nucleus is deflected +8o and used as a standard.
An unknown ionic compound was broken down and passed through the same electric field.
Two monocharged fragments were observed to have deflected +0.6o and −0.45o.
What could be the ionic compound?
A LiCl B LiBr C NaCl D NaBr

ch arg e size
angle of deflection α
mass
+2
for 4He2+, 8 =k , k = 16
4
1
For a deflection of +0.6, 0.6 =16 × , x = 23
𝑥
1
For a deflection of −0.45, 0.45 =16 × 𝑥 , x = 35.5

Compound is NaCl
Answer: C

5 10 cm3 of propane, C3H8, was completely burnt in x cm3 of excess oxygen. After cooling to
room temperature, the volume of the residual gas was 60 cm3. The residual gas was passed
through aqueous sodium hydroxide and the volume reduced to y cm3.

What are the values of x and y?

x y
A 50 30

B 60 30

C 70 20

D 80 30

C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O

10 cm3 requires 50 cm3 of oxygen for complete combustion and 30 cm3 of CO2 will be
produced.
y = volume of unreacted oxygen = 60-30 = 30 cm3
Hence x = 50 + 30 = 80 cm3.
Answer: D

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6 Propyne, C3H4, has the following structure.

Which option correctly describes the number of σ and π bonds present in a molecule of
propyne?

σ π
A 2 2

B 2 6

C 1 3

D 6 2

All single bonds are sigma bonds. A triple bond has one sigma bond and two pi
bonds. Total of 6 sigma and 2 pi bonds.
Answer: D

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7 Which statement is true for all covalent bonds?

A A covalent bond cannot be found in ionic compounds.

B A covalent bond can be formed via head-on overlap of p orbitals.

C A covalent bond can only be formed between two non-metal atoms.

D A covalent bond is formed when each bonding atom contributes a valence electron.

A: incorrect. Polyatomic ions, such as sulfate ions (SO42‒), consists of covalent bonds
between the S and O atoms.

B: correct. Fluorine is an example where the covalent bonds are formed via head-on
overlap of p orbitals.
C: incorrect. Aluminium chloride is an example of a molecule with covalent bonds
between metals and non-metals.
D: incorrect. A dative covalent bond is formed when the shared pair of electrons is
provided by only one of the bonding atoms.
Answer: B

8 Which conditions would result in the most significant intermolecular forces between
gaseous oxygen molecules?

pressure temperature
A high low

B High high

C low high

D low low

High pressure: oxygen molecules are closer together

Low temperature: oxygen molecules has lower kinetics energy, which will cause oxygen
molecules to be closer together.
Answer: A

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9 Which statements can be explained in terms of hydrogen bonding?

1 The apparent relative molecular mass of ethanoic acid in benzene is 120.

2 HF2‒ is formed when HF is dissolved in molten NaF.

3 The boiling point of propanoic acid is higher than ethanoic acid.

4 Ice is less dense than water.

A 1, 2 and 3

B 2, 3 and 4

C 1, 2 and 4

D 1 and 4

Propanoic acid has higher bp than ethanoic acid due to the larger electron cloud size
of the molecule which will imply that it has stronger instantaneous dipole – induced
dipole interactions.
Answer: C

10 Which species is not planar?

A BrF3

B ICl4

C PCl4+

D XeF4

A: BrF3 : T–shaped (3 bp, 2 lp)

B: ICl4– : square planar (4 bp, 2 lp)

C: PCl4+: tetrahedral (4 bp, 0 lp)

D: XeF4: square planar (4bp, 2 lp)
Answer: C

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11 Which statements are correct for all systems at dynamic equilibrium?

1 It is a closed system.

2 The rate of both forward and backward reactions is the same.

3 The concentration of reactants is equal to the concentration of products.

A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 2 only

12 Nitrosyl chloride, NOCl, is a yellow gas that can be formed between nitryl chloride, NO 2Cl,
and nitric oxide, NO, in the following reaction.

NO2Cl(g) + NO(g) ⇌ NOCl(g) + NO2(g) ∆H < 0

NO2Cl and NO were initially allowed to react in a closed vessel at 800 K and equilibrium was
established.

The graph below shows how the concentration of NO2Cl varied with time.

What could be the changes made to the system at t1, t2 and t3?

concentration of NO2Cl

time

t1 t2 t3

A NO2Cl was removed temperature was NO2Cl was added

increased
B temperature was decreased
NO2Cl was added NO2 was added

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C NO2 was removed temperature was NO2Cl was added

increased
D NO2Cl was removed NO2Cl was added temperature was
decreased

At t1: When NO2 was removed, the position of equilibrium shifts right to produce more
NO2, causing the amount and hence pressure of NO2Cl to decrease.
At t2: When the temperature was increased, the position of equilibrium shifts left to
favour the endothermic reaction by absorbing some heat. This causes the pressure of
NO2Cl to increase.
At t3: When more NO2Cl was added, it led to a sharp increase in pressure. The
position of equilibrium then shifts right to remove some NO2Cl, leading to a decrease
in the pressure of NO2Cl.
Answer: C

13 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

Hypothetically, N4 could be formed from nitrogen gas by the following reaction.

2N2(g)  N4(g) ∆H

By considering the bonds broken and bonds formed, as well as the structure of N4 given
below, what would be the value of H for the above reaction?

A +140 kJ mol1 B −140 kJ mol1

C +928 kJ mol1 D −928 kJ mol1

H = BE(reactants)- BE(products)
= 2(+944) - 6(+160)

= +928 kJ mol1
Answer: C

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14 The lattice energy of calcium chloride is numerically greater than that of potassium bromide.
Which statements could explain this observation?

1 The chlorine atom is more electronegative than the bromine atom.

2 The charge on the calcium ion is greater than that of the potassium ion.

3 The Ca–Cl bond length is shorter than that of K–Br.

A 2 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

1 True statement but irrelevant to the concept of lattice energy. Moreover, lattice
energy involves ions and the statement mentions atoms.
𝑞+ 𝑞−
2 LE ∝ | |, in this case, Ca2+ has a greater ionic charge than K+.
𝑟+ +𝑟−
3 Ca-Cl bond length and K-Br bond length imply covalent bonding which is irrelevant
because CaCl2 and KBr are ionic compounds. (Hence it is the sum of ionic radii of
the ions should be taken into consideration, not “bond length”.)

Answer: A

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15 Reaction pathway diagrams, P and Q refer to two different types of reaction.

enthalpy enthalpy

reactants products

products reactants

reaction pathway P reaction pathway Q

Which row correctly identifies the enthalpy change shown in P and Q?

P Q

A lattice energy enthalpy of formation

B lattice energy enthalpy of combustion

C enthalpy of formation enthalpy of combustion

D enthalpy of formation lattice energy

Lattice energy : Always exothermic

Enthalpy of formation : can be either exothermic or endothermic.
Enthalpy of combustion: always exothermic
Answer: A

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16 Which statement is true about the elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table?

A They react with water to give off oxygen gas.

B They are more readily oxidised down the group.
C Sodium is less electronegative than caesium.
B They can conduct electricity in the solid state, but not in liquid state.

1 False. They react to give off hydrogen gas.

2 True. The ease of losing electrons i.e. oxidised increase down Group 1 due to
increasing weaker nuclear attraction between the most loosely held electron and
the nucleus.
3 False. Electronegativity decreases down the group. Hence caesium is less
electronegative than sodium.
4 False. Group 1 elements can conduct electricity in both solid and liquid state due
to the presence of mobile electrons.

Answer: B

17 Which statement about the chlorides of Period 3 elements is incorrect?

A The pH of the solutions of chlorides generally increases across the period.
B The extent of hydrolysis of the chlorides increase across the period.
C When limited amount of water is added to the covalent chlorides, they give acidic white
fumes.
D Adding NaOH(aq) to a solution of AlCl3 produces a white precipitate which is soluble
in an excess of NaOH.

A Incorrect. The pH of the solutions of chlorides generally decrease across the

period due to increasing extent of hydrolysis of the chlorides.
B Correct.
C Correct. The white fumes is the hydrogen chloride.
D Correct. The white ppt is Al(OH)3 which dissolves in excess NaOH to form
soluble Al(OH)4‾.

Answer: A

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18 Which is an example of an Arrhenius acid and Arrhenius base reaction?

A 2CH3COOH(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)  Ca(CH3COO)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

B CO2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)

C 2HCl(aq) + Na2O(s)  2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

D HCl(g) + NH3(g)  NH4Cl(s)

Arrhenius acid releases H+ and Arrhenius base releases OH–.

CH3COOH releases H+ and Ca(OH)2 releases OH–.
Answer: A

19 Methanesulfonic acid is a monobasic strong acid which is used to remove calcium carbonate
from kettles.

Methanesulfonic acid

Which statement about methanesulfonic acid is incorrect?

A The gas evolved when methanesulfonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate is CO2.

B 0.1 mol dm–3 methanesulfonic acid has a pH value of 1.

C The Brønsted-Lowry conjugate base of methanesulfonic acid is the CH3SO3– ion.

D The Ka value of methanesulfonic acid is very small.

A Correct. CO2 is evolved in an acid-carbonate reaction.

B Correct. pH = lg (0.1) = 1
C Correct. conjugate acid-base pair differ by a H+ i.e. CH3SO3H / CH3SO3–
D Incorrect. Strong acid dissociates fully. The Ka value will be a large.

Answer: D

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 14

20 The diagram shows a pH curve produced by adding a weak acid to a strong alkali.

pH

W
X

vol. of acid / cm3

Which point on the curve represents a solution that can act as a buffer?

A W B X C Y D Z

A Point W: Only alkali present.

B Point X: Alkali (i.e. strong base) and salt
C Point Y: Equivalence point. Only salt present
D Point Z: Acidic buffer i.e. Weak acid and salt

Answer: D

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 15

21 Bromine can react with methanoic acid according to the following equation:

Br2 (aq) + HCOOH (aq)  2HBr (aq) + CO2 (g)

The rate of the reaction is found to be first order with respect to both bromine and
methanoic acid.

Which statement is true?

A The rate constant has a unit of s1.

B The rate constant will remain unchanged with an increase in temperature.

C Halving the concentration of both reactants will halve the rate of evolution of CO 2.

D The rate of decrease in the concentration of Br2 is half that of the increase in the
concentration of HBr.

Rate = k[Br2] [HCOOH]

A Incorrect. unit of rate constant = mol−1 dm3 s−1

B Incorrect. Rate constant is affected by temperature and Ea.
C Incorrect. Rate of reaction will be ¼ of its original value.
D Correct. Rate of formation of HBr is double of the rate of consumption of Br2.

Answer: D

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 16

22 The Boltzman distribution curve shows the number of gas molecules have a particular kinetic
energy at constant temperature, T1.

T1

Number of gas
molecules having a
given energy

S U

V
Kinetic energy

What happens to the size of the areas labelled S, U and V when a higher temperature, T2 was
used?

S U V

A increase increase decrease

B increase decrease decrease

C decrease increase increase

D decrease decrease increase

When temperature of the reaction increases, average kinetic energy of the

reacting molecules increases.
The fraction of molecules with K.E. ≥ Ea increases (shaded area under T2 is
bigger than shaded area under T1).
The frequency of effective collisions increases hence rate of reaction
increases.

Answer: C

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 17

23 The graph shows the results of an investigation on the rate of reaction of carbon dioxide with
water in the presence of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which is found in living cells.

ra te o f
re a c ti o n

m a xi m um

concentration of CO2(aq)
0

From the graph, which conclusion is incorrect?

A At low [CO2(aq)], the reaction is first order with respect to CO2(aq).

B At high [CO2(aq)], the reaction is zero order with respect to CO2(aq).
C At low [CO2(aq)], not all of the active sites of the enzymes are occupied.
D At high [CO2(aq)], the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of carbonic
anhydrase.

At high [CO2(aq)], the rate of reaction is dependent of the concentration of

enzyme. When more enzyme is used (i.e. more active sites available), more
CO2 will be able to bind/react with the enzymes in a highly specific manner.

Answer: D

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 18

24 Which is an incorrect name of the organic species?

CH2CH3

A CH2CH3 B

1,2-diethylcyclopentane 2-ethylpentane

OH
CH2CH3 Cl

C D
CH3
Br
5-bromo-6-chloro-4-ethylhept-2-ene
2-methylhexan-3-ol

There are 6 carbon atoms in the longest continuous carbon chain. Methyl
substituent is on 3rd C.
Hence the name is 3-methylhexane

Answer: B

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 19

25 A straight chain organic compound has a molecular formula of C4H5NO. it contains a nitrile,
CN, functional group.

Which other functional groups could be present in this molecule?

1 aldehyde
2 alkene
3 amide

A 1, 2 and 3 only B 1 and 2 only

C 1 only D 3 only

Answer: C

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 20

26 A student considered the following synthetic route to produce compound D.

Which steps show the correct type of reaction and/or reagent used?

step type of reaction reagent

A I elimination concentrated H2SO4

B II oxidation acidified K2Cr2O7
C III addition dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC)
D IV substitution aqueous KOH

Step Type of reaction Reagents

I elimination Ethanolic KOH

III condensation DCC

IV acid hydrolysis HCl(aq)

Answer: B

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 21

27 An ester, T is shown.

T
What is the structure of the carboxylic acid formed from the acid hydrolysis of the ester, T?

A B

C D

Upon acid hydrolysis, the ester group forms a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Note: The bottom right chain does not contain an ester group. It is a ketone and ether.

Answer: B

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 22

28 Poly(acrylate) is an addition polymer and has the following the structure.

Poly(acrylate)

What is the structure of the monomer of poly(acrylate)?

A (OCOCH2CH3)CH=CH2

B CH2=CH(COCH2CH3)

C CH2=CH(CO2CH3)

D (CO2CH2CH3)CH=CH2

During addition polymerization, one pi bond of C=C bond is broken to form 1

sigma bond of C-C bond to join two monomers together.

Answer: D

29 Which statements correctly describe the difference between low density poly(ethane)
(LDPE) and high density poly(ethane) (HDPE)?

1 The average polymer chain for HDPE is shorter than LDPE.

2 LDPE chains are branched while HDPE chains are linear.

3 LDPE has a lower flexibility than HDPE.

A 1, only B 2 only

C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

HDPE has a longer average polymer chain than LDPE. HDPE is more rigid
and stife and hence less flexible than LDPE.

Answer: B

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 23

30 Which statements is/are correct?

1 Nanoparticles measure less than 100 nm in all three dimensions.

Nanoparticles unlike bulk materials have higher surface activity due to a larger surface
2
area to volume ratio relative to bulk materials.

The C60 molecule, buckminsterfullerene, unlike graphite is not conductive at room

3
conditions.

A 1, 2 and 3

B 1 and 2 only

C 1 only

D 2 only

1 A 11 A 21 D

2 B 12 C 22 C

3 A 13 C 23 D

4 C 14 A 24 B

5 D 15 A 25 C

6 D 16 B 26 B

7 B 17 A 27 B

8 A 18 A 28 D

9 C 19 D 29 B

10 C 20 D 30 Not assessed

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 1

NATIONAL JUNIOR COLLEGE

SH2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Higher 1

CANDIDATE
NAME

SUBJECT REGISTRATION
CLASS NUMBER

CHEMISTRY 8873/02
Paper 2 Structured Questions Tuesday 24 August 2021
2 hours
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Data Booklet

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name, index number, form class, tutorial class and subject tutor’s name on all the work you
hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.

The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.

Section A
Answer all the questions.

Section B
Answer one question.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiner's Use

Question no. Marks
Section A

B7

B8

TOTAL /80

This document consists of 28 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

 2

Section A
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1 (a) Sulfur reacts with an element A to form a compound with empirical formula SA2. The
percentage by mass of A in SA2 is 83.2%.

(i) Assuming the relative atomic mass of A to be y. Find the number of moles of A
and S respectively in terms of y.

[1]

(ii) Hence, find the value of y.

[1]

(iii) Element A is from Group 17. Hence, identify Element A using your answer in a(ii).

…………………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

Sulfur has 21 unstable isotopes. Among these isotopes, the one with the longest half-life of
85 days is 35S isotope.

(b) (i) Suggest the time taken for 35S to decrease to 6.25% of its initial amount.

[2]
 3

1 (b) (ii) When an atom of 40Ar collides with a high-speed neutron, 35S and another product
is produced. State the identity of this product, including its mass and proton
number.

40 1 35
18Ar_ + 0nA_  16S + _____

……………………………………………………………………………..…………..[1]

(c) Disulfur dichloride, S2Cl2, is an important precursor of the extremely toxic chemical
warfare agent sulfur mustard. It was widely used during the First World War and the
Iran–Iraq conflict.

S2Cl2 can be synthesized at 200 C as shown in the reaction below.

CS2 (g) + 3 Cl2 (g)  CCl4 (g) + S2Cl2 (g)

(i) Given the structural formula of disulfur dichloride, S2Cl2 is ClꟷSꟷSꟷCl.

Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of S2Cl2 and state the ClꟷSꟷS bond angle.

ClꟷSꟷS bond angle = …………………………….

[2]

(ii) In terms of structure and bonding, predict the difference in boiling point between
CCl4 and S2Cl2.

Compound Mr Boiling Point/ oC

CCl4 154.0 77
S2Cl2 135.2 138

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
.
………………..……………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………...…………..[2]
[Total: 10]
 4

2 In the Haber Process, nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia in the presence of iron
catalyst. This reaction is reversible and exothermic.

(a) Write a balanced equation for the Haber Process

………...……………………………………………………………………………..…………..[1]

(b) A 20 cm3 vessel containing 0.833 mol of N2 was connected with another 80 cm3 vessel
containing 3.33 mol of H2. The reaction mixture was heated at a constant temperature of
500 C. At equilibrium, 0.298 mol of NH3 was produced.

(i) Write the Kc expression for the Haber Process. State its units.

[2]
(ii) Use the information given, calculate the value of Kc.

[2]

(iii) By using Le Chatelier’s Principle, explain why the Haber Process needs to be
conduced at an optimal temperature of 500 C.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………..……………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………...…………..[1]
 5

2 (c) State and explain the effect, if any, on how a change to the following will affect the Kc
value.

I: Increase in temperature

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………..……………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………...……………….

II: Increase in concentration of N2

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………..……………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………….……………...
[3]

(d) (i) The graph below shows how the percentage yield of ammonia varies over time by
using iron as the catalyst.

A new catalyst Z was introduced and results showed that it can increase the rate
of reaction better than that of iron. Sketch on the graph for the new catalyst Z on
the same axes shown above.
[2]
 6

2 (d) (ii) Explain how iron catalyst can increase the rate of formation of ammonia.

[3]
[Total: 14]

3 (a) Methanoic acid, HCOOH, being a weak acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid and is an
important intermediate in chemical synthesis.

The energy content of methanoic acid can be determined by means of calorimetric

experiments. These experiments are usually carried out using polystyrene cup in a normal
school laboratory. The standard enthalpy change of neutralisation can also be determined.

(i) Define what is meant by the standard enthalpy change of neutralisation.

………………...…………………………………………………………………………….

………………...…………………………………………………………………………….

………………...…………………………………………………………………………….

………………...………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(ii) Write a balanced equation for the neutralisation of methanoic acid with potassium
hydroxide.

………………...………………………………………………………………………… [1]
 7

3 (a) (iii) How would you expect the enthalpy change of neutralisation in (a)(ii) to compare
with the enthalpy change of neutralisation of nitric acid with potassium
hydroxide? Explain your answer.

………………...…………………………………………………………………………….

………………...…………………………………………………………………………….

………………...………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(iv) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration between methanoic acid and
potassium hydroxide.

………………...………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) Study the energy cycle and answer the questions that follow.

H1
Na2O(s) + 2HCl(aq) +H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + 2HCl(aq)

H2 H3

2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(i) When 7.0 g of Na2O(s) is dissolved in 200 cm3 of 1.5 mol dm3 HCl(aq), the
temperature of the solution increased by 15 C. Calculate H2

[3]
(ii) By making use of the energy cycle and your answer to b(i), calculate H1.
Given ethalpy change of neutralisation between NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq) is
57.0 kJ mol1.

[2]
[Total: 9]
 8

4 The following reaction scheme involves a series of reactions involving different organic
compounds..

Compound A
(a) State the name of compound A.

………………...………………….…………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) State the reagents and conditions required for Steps 1 and 2.

Step 1: ………………...………………………………………………………………….……….

Step 2: ……………………………................................................................……………….
[2]

(c) In addition to compound A that is formed at the end of Step 1, compound D, which is an
isomer of compound A, is also produced. Fill in the expected ratio of isomer D.

Structure

Compound A Compound D

Ratio 1

[1]

(d) By considering the molecular formula, draw the skeletal formula of two more isomers that
are constitutional isomers of compound A and D.

[2]
 9

4 (e) Alkene B undergoes an addition reaction with Br2 in CCl4 to form

2, 3-dibromo-2-methylbutane. Identify the structure of alkene B.

[1]

(f) Suggest a simple chemical test to distinguish between compound A and compound B.

………………...………………………………………..………………………………………….

………………...………………………………………..………………………………………….

………………...……………………………………………………………………..…………….

………………...………………………………………………….…………………………… [2]
[Total: 9]
 10

5 The water of crystallisation in hydrated barium bromide, BaBr2.xH2O is lost when heated.

BaBr2.xH2O (s) BaBr2 (s) + xH2O (g)

The varying mass samples of hydrated barium bromide are heated in the experiment. To
determine the number of molecules of H2O in hydrated barium bromide, a graph of the mass
of hydrated barium bromide against the mass of anhydrous barium bromide left after heating
is plotted.

A student weighed 0.60 g of hydrated barium bromide and transferred it into a crucible. The
crucible and the contents were heated until a constant mass has been reached. This mass
was then recorded.

The student repeated the experiment using different masses of hydrated barium bromide. For
each experiment the student recorded the original mass of the hydrated barium bromide and
the mass of anhydrous barium bromide left after heating.

The results are shown below:

Results

Experiment Mass of BaBr2.xH2O / g Mass of BaBr2 / g

1 0.60 0.58
2 0.70 0.61
3 0.90 0.77
4 1.00 0.86
5 1.30 1.13
 11

5 (a) Plot on the grid below, a graph of the mass of hydrated barium bromide on the y-axis,
against the mass of the anhydrous barium bromide on the x-axis.

Label the axes and draw the most appropriate line.

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

Use the graph to determine the mass of hydrated barium bromide which forms 1.00g of
anhydrous barium bromide.

Mass = ………….……………g

[4]
 12

5 (b) Calculate the number of moles of BaBr2 present in 1.00 g of anhydrous barium bromide.

[1]

(c) Using your answer from (a) and (b), calculate the Mr of hydrated barium bromide.

[1]

(d) Hence calculate the value of x in BaBr2.xH2O. Give your answer to the nearest whole
number.

[1]

(e) A databook value for the Mr of hydrated barium bromide is 333.1. Calculate the
difference between the Mr value obtained from the student’s data and the databook
value. Express this difference as a percentage of the databook value.

[1]
[Total: 8]
 13

BLANK PAGE
 14

6 (a) Polyurethanes are polymers made by the reaction of a diisocyanate with a diol as
shown. R1 and R2 are hydrocarbons groups.

a diisocyanate a diol a polyurethane

Lycra, an example of polyurethane, is formed from the following compounds.

(i) Draw the repeat unit of Lycra.

[2]

(ii) By considering the number of electron pairs, state the hybridisation on the N atom
marked with *. Draw the shape of the hybridised orbital in the space below.

Hybridisation of N: ………………….

Drawing for the shape of hybridised orbital:

[2]
 15

6 (b) With the aid of a simple well-labelled diagram, explain how thermoplastics differ from
thermosets in their bonding between polymer chains.

………………...………………………………………..………………………………………….

………………...………………………………………..………………………………………….

………………...………………………………………..………………………………………….

………………...………………………………………..………………………………………….

………………...……………………………………………………………………..…………….

………………...………………………………………………….………………………...… [3]

(c) Give one example of each of the following types of polymer.

type of polymer example

wrinkle-free fabric

water soluble

[2]
[Total: 9]
 16

Section B
Answer one question from this section in the spaces provided.

7 Selenium and bromine are found in Period 4 of the Periodic Table.

(a) (i) Write an equation to represent the third ionization energy of Br.

………………...………………………………………………….…………………….……… [1]

(ii) Write down the full electronic configuration of Br2+ and Se2+.

Br2+: ………………...…………………………………………………………...…………

Se2+ : ………………...……………………………………………….……………………
[2]

(iii) State whether the 3rd ionization energy of bromine is higher or lower than that of
selenium. Explain your answer.

………………...……………..…………………..………………………………………….

………………...………………………………..………………………………………….

………………...……………………………………………………………..…………….

………………...………………………………………….……..…………………...… [2]

79
(iv) Suggest with a reason how the first ionisation energy of Br is compared to 81Br.

………………...……………..…………………..………………………………………….

………………...……………..…………………..………………………………………….

.......…...………………………………………………….…………………….……… [1]
 17

7 (b) The oxide of M dissolves partially in water to give an alkaline solution, while its chloride
readily dissolves in water to give a slightly acidic solution.

1. Identify element M.

Element M is ………………………

2. State the pH of the resultant solution when the oxide and chloride of M are added to
water separately. Write appropriate equations to support your answer.

pH of
equations for reaction with water resultant
solution

oxide of M

chloride of M

[4]

(c) (i) Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of H2SO4.

[1]
 18

7 (c) (ii) Chromic acid, H2CrO4, like sulfuric acid, is a dibasic acid. However, unlike sulfuric
acid, chromic acid does not undergo full dissociation in water.

H2CrO4 HCrO4– + H+
HCrO4– CrO42– + H+

Solution A, formed by adding equal amounts of NaHCrO4 and Na2CrO4, is a weak

acid buffer. Explain how this buffer can help to maintain a fairly constant pH.

………………...……………..…………………..………………………………………….

………………...……………..…………………..………………………………………….

………………...………………………………..………………………………………….

………………...……………..…………………..………………………………………….

………………...………………………………..………………………………………….

………………...……………………………………………………………..…………….

………………...………………………………………….……..…………………...… [3]
 19

7 (d) Substances R and S react according to the following equation:

R (aq) + 2S (aq)  2U (aq) + V (aq)

To find the rate equation for the above reaction, experiments were performed and the
results are shown below.

(i) Use the graph below to determine the order of reaction with respect to R and S.
Justify your answer in each case. Hence, write the rate equation.

[R] /mol dm3

[S] = 1.0 mol dm3

[S] = 2.0 mol dm3

Time/min

Rate equation: …………………………………..

[3]
 20

7 (d) (ii) Sketch the rate against concentration for R and S separately on the graphs below.

Rate Rate

[R] [S]
[2]

(iii) Calculate the rate constant of the reaction, when the concentration of S is
2.0 mol dm–3.

[1]
[Total: 20]
 21

BLANK PAGE
 22

8 (a) The dissociation of water is a reversible reaction.

H2O H+ (aq) + OH (aq)

The ionic product of water, Kw, measures the extent of dissociation of water. Kw varies
with temperature.

The graph below shows how the Kw varies between 0 – 60 C.

Kw/ mol2 dm6

temperature/ oC

(i) Write an expression for Kw.

…………………………………………………………………………………………... [1]
(ii) Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution of
hydrochloric acid at pH of 3.5 at 35 C.

[2]
 23

8 (b) A key reaction in the formation of acid rain and in the industrial production of nitric acid is
the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and oxygen.

O2(g) + 2NO(g)  2NO2(g)

An investigation into the kinetics of the reaction between O2(g) and NO(g) is conducted at
25 ºC. The result is as shown on Figure A.

Volume of O2(g) / cm3

60

50

40

30

20

500 cm3 of NO(g)

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time / min
Figure A
 24

8 (b) (i) Using the graph in A, deduce the order of the reaction with respect to O2(g).

[2]
(ii) A series of experiments were performed to investigate the order of reaction with
respect to NO. The data collected is shown in Table B.

Initial [O2]/ Initial [NO]/ Temperature/ Initial rate/

Expt
mol dm3 mol dm3 K mol dm3s1
1 0.01 0.013 298 0.0032
2 0.01 0.013 318 0.0135
3 0.01 0.026 298 0.0032

Table B

Determine the order of reaction with respect to NO and write the rate equation for
the reaction between NO(g) and O2(g).

Order of reaction with respect to NO:……………..

Rate equation: ……………………………………………………………………………

[2]
(c) Elements of Period 3 show trends in their reactions.

(i) Sketch the melting point trend for Period 3 elements from sodium to chlorine.

Melting point/ C

l l l l l l l [1]
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
 25

8 (c) (ii) By considering the structure and bonding, explain for the observed melting point of
silicon.

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………... [1]

(iii) The table below shows the successive ionisation energy values for phosphorus.

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th

IE/ 1060 1900 2920 4960 6280 21200 25200 30500
kJ mol1

Explain how this data shows that phosphorus is a member of Group 15 of the
Periodic Table.

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………... [1]

(iv) Silicon reacts with calcium to form Ca2Si. Ca2Si is thought to contain the Si4 ion.
Write out the electronic configuration of Si4.

Si4 : ………………………………………………………………..........……………... [1]

(v) Compare the difference in size between Si4 and Ca2+.

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………... [2]
 26

8 (c) (vi) The elements sodium, aluminium and sulfur react with oxygen to form oxides. Write
equations, if any, for the reactions of each of these oxides with water. State the pH
of the resultant solution formed.

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………... [4]
 27

8 (d) There are three bottles labelled A, B and C in the laboratory. Each bottle contains one of
the following reagents: aqueous Cl2, KI solution and KBr solution.

The following tests were carried out and the results were summarised in the table below.

Experiment Procedure Observations

mixing reagent in bottle A with mixture remains
1
reagent in bottle B colourless
mixing reagent in bottle A with
2 mixture turns brown
reagent in bottle C
mixing reagent in bottle B with
3 mixture turns brown
reagent in bottle C

(i) Which bottle contains aqueous Cl2? With the aid of a balanced equation, explain
your answer.

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………... [2]

(ii) If hexane is also provided, how would you use it to identify the contents of the other
two bottles? Include the observations in your answer.

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

….…………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………... [1]
[Total: 20]
 28

BLANK PAGE
 NATIONAL JUNIOR COLLEGE
SH2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Higher 1

CANDIDATE
NAME

SUBJECT REGISTRATION
CLASS NUMBER

CHEMISTRY 8873/02
Paper 2 Structured Questions Tuesday 24 August 2021
2 hours
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Data Booklet

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name, index number, form class, tutorial class and subject tutor’s name on all the work you
hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.

The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.

Section A
Answer all the questions.

Section B
Answer one question.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiner's Use

Question no. Marks
Section A

B7

B8

TOTAL /80

This document consists of xx printed pages and xx blank pages.

 Section A

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1 (a) Sulfur reacts with an element A to form a compound with empirical formula SA2. The
percentage by mass of A in SA2 is 83.2%.

(i) Assuming the relative atomic mass of A to be y. Find the number of moles of A
and S respectively in terms of y.

Element A S
10083.2
83.2 or
No. of moles/ mol 32.1
y 0.523

[1]

(ii) Hence, find the value of y.

83.2 100 −83.2

Mole ratio of A : S = 2 : 1 = 𝑦
: 32.1
No. of moles of A atoms = 2  no. of moles of S atoms
83.2 100−83.2
= 2  32.1
𝑦
y = 79.5

[1]

(iii) Element A is from Group 17. Hence, identify Element A using your answer in a(ii).
Bromine

[1]

Sulfur has 21 unstable isotopes. Among these isotopes, the one with the longest half-life of
85 days is 35S isotope.

(b) (i) Suggest the time taken for 35S to decrease to 6.25% of its initial amount.

100%  50%  25%  12.5%  6.25%

Time taken = 85 x 4 = 340 days

[2]
 (ii) When an atom of 40Ar collides with a high-speed neutron, 35S and another product
is produced. State the identity of this product, including its mass and proton
number.

40 1 35
18Ar_ + 0nA_  16S + _____
𝟔
𝟐𝑯𝒆

(conservation of protons and mass number)

Left side Right side

Mass number 40 + 1 = 41 35 + x = 41
x=6
No. of protons 18 + 0 =18 16 + y = 18
y=2

Hence the product’s mass number is 6 and number of protons is 2.

From the Periodic Table, the element that has 2 protons is He.

[1]

(c) Disulfur dichloride, S2Cl2, is an important precursor of the extremely toxic chemical
warfare agent sulfur mustard. It was widely used during the First World War and the
Iran–Iraq conflict.

S2Cl2 can be synthesized at 200 C as shown in the reaction below.

CS2 (g) + 3 Cl2 (g)  CCl4 (g) + S2Cl2 (g)

(i) Given the structural formula of disulfur dichloride, S2Cl2 is ClꟷSꟷSꟷCl.

Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of S2Cl2 and state the ClꟷSꟷS bond angle.

ClꟷSꟷS bond angle = 104.5o

[2]
 (ii) In terms of structure and bonding, predict the difference in boiling point between
CCl4 and S2Cl2.

Compound Mr Boiling Point/ oC

CCl4 154.0 77
S2Cl2 135.2 138

Both CCl4 and S2Cl2 exists as simple molecular structure

Less energy is required to overcome the weaker instantaneous dipole-induced

dipole between CCl4 molecules than permanent dipole-permanent dipole
between S2Cl2 molecules.

[2]
[Total: 10]

2 (a) In the Haber Process, nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia in the presence of
iron catalyst. This reaction is reversible and exothermic.

Write a balanced equation for the Haber Process

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

[1]
(b) A 20 cm3 vessel containing 0.833 mol of N2 was connected with another 80 cm3 vessel
containing 3.33 mol of H2. The reaction mixture was heated at a constant temperature of
500 C. At equilibrium, 0.298 mol of NH3 was produced.

(i) Write the Kc expression for the Haber Process. State its units.
[𝑁𝐻3]2
Kc = [𝑁2][𝐻2]3 mol2dm6
[2]
(ii) Use the information given, calculate the value of Kc.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Initial amt 0.833 3.33 0
1 3
Change  2
0.298  20.298 +0.298
= 0.149 = 0.447
Equilibrium amt 0.684 2.883 0.298
Equilibrium conc 0.684 2.883 0.298
0.1
= 6.84 0.1 0.1
= 2.98
= 28.83

(2.98)2
Kc = = 5.42  105
(6.84)(28.83)3

[2]
 (iii) By using La Chatelier’s Principle, explain why the Haber Process needs to be
conduced at an optimal temperature of 500 C.
A low temperature will favour the exothermic reaction to produce some heat. The
equilibrium position will shift to the right to produce more ammonia.
However, at lower temperatures, rate of reaction is slower.
[1]
(c) State and explain the effect, if any, on how a change to the following will affect the Kc
value.

I: Increase in temperature

Increase in temperature will favour endothermic reaction/ backward rxn/

position of equilibrium shift left. Kc will decrease.

II: Increase in concentration of N2

Increase in [N2] will not affect Kc as there is no change in temperature.

[3]

(d) (i) The graph below shows how the percentage yield of ammonia varies over time by
using iron as the catalyst.

A new catalyst Z was introduced and results showed that it can increase the rate
of reaction better than that of iron. Sketch on the graph for the new catalyst Z on
the same axes shown above.
[2]
 (d) (ii) Explain how iron catalyst can increase the rate of formation of ammonia.

The catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation

energy (Ea2).
The fraction of molecules with K.E. ≥ Ea increases. The frequency of effective
collisions increases hence rate of reaction increases.

[3]
[Total: 14]

3 (a) Methanoic acid, HCOOH, being a weak acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid and is an
important intermediate in chemical synthesis.

The energy content of methanoic acid can be determined by means of calorimetric

experiments. These experiments are usually carried out using polystyrene cup in a normal
school laboratory. The standard enthalpy change of neutralisation can also be determined.
(i) Define what is meant by the standard enthalpy change of neutralisation.

Energy evolved when 1 mole of water is formed when an acid is completely

neutralised by alkali under standard conditions.

[1]
 (ii) Write a balanced equation for the neutralisation of methanoic acid with potassium
hydroxide.
[1]
HCOOH + KOH  HCOOK+ + H2O

(iii) How would you expect the enthalpy change of neutralisation in a(ii) to compare
with the enthalpy change of neutralisation of nitric acid with potassium
hydroxide? Explain your answer.
[1]

The enthalpy change of neutralisation in a(ii) will be less exothermic. Some of

the heat evolved is absorbed to fully dissociate the methanoic acid. Hence
less heat is evolved.

(iv) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration between methanoic acid and
potassium hydroxide.
[1]
Phenolphthalein / thymol blue

(b) Study the energy cycle and answer the questions that follow.

H1
Na2O(s) + 2HCl(aq) +H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + 2HCl(aq)

H2 H3

2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(i) When 7.0 g of Na2O(s) is dissolved in 200 cm3 of 1.5 mol dm3 HCl(aq), the
temperature of the solution increased by 15 C. Calculate H2

Na2O(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

7.0
Amount of Na2O = 2(23.0)+16.0 = 0.1129 mol

200
Amount of HCl = 1000  1.5 = 0.3 mol

Limiting reagent is Na2O

Hence amount of water formed = 0.1129 mol

Heat evolved = (200)(4.18)(15) = 12540J

12540
H =  0.1129 = 111 kJ mol1

[3]
 (ii) By making use of the energy cycle and your answer to b(i), calculate H1.
Given ethalpy change of neutralisation between NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq) is
57.0 kJ mol1.

H1 = 111  2(57.0)

= +3 kJ mol1
[2]
[Total: 9]

4 The following reaction scheme involves a series of reactions involving different organic
compounds..

Compound A
(a) State the name of compound A.
2-bromo-2methylbutane
[1]

(b) State the reagents and conditions required for Steps 1 and 2.

Step 1: (limited) Br2, UV light

Step 2: Ethanolic NaOH, heat

[2]

(c) In addition to compound A that is formed at the end of Step 1, compound D, which is an
isomer of compound A, is also produced. Fill in the expected ratio of isomer D.

Structure

Compound A Compound D

Ratio 1 6

[1]
(d) By considering the molecular formula, draw the skeletal formula of two more isomers that
are constitutional isomers of compound A and D.

[2]
(e) Alkene B undergoes an addition reaction with Br2 in CCl4 to form
2, 3-dibromo-2-methylbutane. Identify the structure of alkene B.

[1]
(f) Suggest a simple chemical test to distinguish between compound A and compound B.
Test: Add Br2 (aq) to both compounds.
Observation: Compound B will decolourise orange Br2, while compound A will remain
orange.

OR

Test: Add Br2 in CCl4

Observation: Compound B will decolourise orange-red Br2, while compound A will
remain orange-red.

OR

Test: Add NaOH (aq), and heat both compounds. Acidify with HNO3 (aq). Then add
AgNO3 (aq).
Observation: Compund A will give cream ppt, while compound B does not give any
ppt.

[2]
[Total: 9]
5 The water of crystallisation in hydrated barium bromide, BaBr2.xH2O is lost when heated.

BaBr2.xH2O (s) BaBr2 (s) + xH2O (g)

The varying mass samples of hydrated barium bromide are heated in the experiment. To
determine the number of molecules of H2O in hydrated barium bromide, a graph of the mass
of hydrated barium bromide against the mass of anhydrous barium bromide left after heating
is plotted.

A student weighed 0.60 g of hydrated barium bromide and transferred it into a crucible. The
crucible and the contents were heated until a constant mass has been reached. This mass
was then recorded.

The student repeated the experiment using different masses of hydrated barium bromide. For
each experiment the student recorded the original mass of the hydrated barium bromide and
the mass of anhydrous barium bromide left after heating.

The results are shown below:

Results

Experiment Mass of BaBr2.xH2O / g Mass of BaBr2 / g

1 0.60 0.58
2 0.70 0.61
3 0.90 0.77
4 1.00 0.86
5 1.30 1.13

(a) Plot on the grid below, a graph of the mass of hydrated barium bromide on the y-axis,
against the mass of the anhydrous barium bromide on the x-axis.

Draw the most appropriate line.

Mass of BaBr2.xH2O/g

1.3 x

1.2
1.16

1.1

1.0 x

0.9 x

0.8

0.7 x

0.6 x
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Mass of BaBr2/g
Use the graph to determine the mass of hydrated barium bromide which forms 1.00g of
anhydrous barium bromide.

Mass = ………1.16g……………..
[4]
(b) Calculate the number of moles of BaBr2 present in 1.00 g of anhydrous barium bromide.

1.00
No. of moles of BaBr2 = 137.3+2(79.9) = 3.37  103 mol
[1]
(c) Using your answer from (a) and (b), calculate the Mr of hydrated barium bromide.
No. of moles of BaBr2.xH2O = No. of moles of BaBr2
1.16
Mr of BaBr2.xH2O = = 344.6
3.37  103

[1]

(d) Hence calculate the value of x in BaBr2.xH2O. Give your answer to the nearest whole
number.

344.6 = 137.3 + 2(79.9) + 18x

x = 2.64
3
[1]

(e) A databook value for the Mr of hydrated barium bromide is 333.1. Calculate the
difference between the Mr value obtained from the student’s data and the databook
value. Express this difference as a percentage of the databook value.

(344.6−333.1)
Percentage difference =  100
333.1
= 3.45%
[1]
[Total: 8]
6 (a) Polyurethanes are polymers made by the reaction of a diisocyanate with a diol as
shown. R1 and R2 are hydrocarbons groups.

a diisocyanate a diol a polyurethane

Lycra, an example of polyurethane, is formed from the following compounds.

(i) Draw the repeat unit of Lycra.

[2]

(ii) By considering the number of electron pairs, state the hybridisation on the N atom
marked with *. Draw the shape of the hybridised orbital in the space below.

Hybridisation of N: ………………. sp2

Drawing for the shape of hybridised orbital:

[2]
(b) With the aid of a simple well-labelled diagram, explain how thermoplastics differ from
thermosets in their bonding between polymer chains.

Thermoplastic Thermoset

Thermoplastic polymer has little or no cross links between chains and have weak
instantaneous dipole – induced dipole interactions between its chains while
thermosetting polymers are highly cross linked by strong covalent bonds formed
between chains.

[3]
(c) Give one example of each of the following types of polymer.

type of polymer example

wrinkle-free fabric polyester

water soluble PVA

[2]

[Total: 9]
 Answer one question from this section in the spaces provided.

7 Selenium and bromine are found in Period 4 of the Periodic Table.

(a) (i) Write an equation to represent the third ionization energy of Br.

Br2+ (g)  Br3+ (g) + e

[1]

(ii) Write down the full electronic configuration of Br2+ and Se2+.

Br2+:1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p3

Se2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2

[2]

(iii) State whether the 3rd ionization energy of bromine is higher or lower than that of
selenium. Explain your answer.
Br2+ has higher nuclear charge than Se2+. Both have similar shielding effect by
inner shell electrons. Hence, the most loosely held electron in Br2+ experience
a stronger nuclear attraction and more energy is required to remove this
electron. Hence 3rd ionization energy of bromine is higher.

[2]
79
(iv) Suggest with a reason how the first ionisation energy of Br is compared to 81Br.
First ionisation energy of 79Br is the same as that of 81
Br because they have the
same number of protons and electrons.

(b) The oxide of M dissolves partially in water to give an alkaline solution, while its chloride
readily dissolves in water to give a slightly acidic solution.

1. Identify element M.

Element M is ……………………… Mg

2. State the pH of the resultant solution when the oxide and chloride of M are added to
water separately. Write appropriate equations to support your answer.

pH of
equations for reaction with water resultant
solution

oxide of M MgO(s) + H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq) 9

 Hydration
MgCl2(s) + 6H2O(l) 
[Mg(H2O)6]2+(aq) + Cl– (aq)
chloride of M
Slight Hydrolysis 6.5
[Mg(H2O)6]2+(aq)
[Mg(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + H+(aq)
[4]

(c) (i) Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution of H2SO4.

[H+] = 0.100  2 = 0.200 mol dm–3
pH = –lg[H+] = –lg(0.200) = 0.699 or 0.7
[1]
(ii) Chromic acid, H2CrO4, like sulfuric acid, is a dibasic acid. However, unlike sulfuric
acid, chromic acid does not undergo full dissociation in water.

H2CrO4 HCrO4– + H+
HCrO4– CrO42– + H+

Solution A, formed by adding equal amounts of NaHCrO4 and Na2CrO4, is a weak

acid buffer. Explain how this buffer can help to maintain a fairly constant pH.

When a small amount of acid is added,

CrO42– + H+  HCrO4–
A large reservoir of CrO42– removes the added H+ to maintain a fairly constant
pH.

When a small amount of base is added,

HCrO4– + OH–  CrO42– + H2O
A large reservoir of HCrO4– removes the added OH– to maintain a fairly constant
pH.

[3]
(d) Substances R and S react according to the following equation:

R (aq) + 2S (aq)  2U (aq) + V (aq)

To find the rate equation for the above reaction, experiments were performed and the
results are shown below.

(i) Use the graph below to determine the order of reaction with respect to R and S.
Justify your answer in each case. Hence, write the rate equation.

[R] /mol dm3

[S] = 1.0 mol dm3

[S] = 2.0 mol dm3 Time/min

The graph shows a straight line with constant gradient. Rate of reaction is
constant.
Order of reaction wrt R is 0. (When [R] changes, rate remains constant.)

When [S] is 1.0 moldm3

0.08−0.06
Initial rate = = 0.01 mol dm3 min1
2

When [S] is 2.0 moldm3

0.08−0.04
Initial rate = = 0.04 mol dm3 min1
1

When [S] doubles, rate quadruples

Order of reaction wrt S is 2.

Rate equation:.Rate = k[S]2

[3]
(ii) Sketch the rate vs. concentration graph of R and S separately on the graphs below.

Rate Rate

[R] [S]

[2]

(iii) Calculate the rate constant of the reaction, when the concentration of S is
2.0 mol dm–3.
Since [S] is 2.0 mol dm3
Initial rate = 0.04 mol dm-3 min-1

Rate = k[S]2
k = 0.04 / (2.0)2
= 0.0100 mol–1 dm3 min–1
[1]
[Total: 20]
8 (a) The dissociation of water is a reversible reaction.

H2O H+ (aq) + OH (aq)

The ionic product of water, Kw, measures the extent of dissociation of water. Kw varies
with temperature.

The graph below shows how the Kw varies between 0 – 60 C.

(i) Write an expression for Kw.

Kw = [H+][OH]
[1]
(ii) Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution of
hydrochloric acid at pH of 3.5 at 35 C.

[H+] = 103.5 = 3.16  104 mol dm-3

At 35C
Kw = [H+][OH]
2.0  1014 = (3.16  104)[OH]
[OH] = 6.33  1011 mol dm-3

[2]
(b) A key reaction in the formation of acid rain and in the industrial production of nitric acid is
the reaction between nitrogen monoxide and oxygen.

O2(g) + 2NO(g)  2NO2(g)

An investigation into the kinetics of the reaction between O2(g) and NO(g) is conducted at
25 ºC. The result is as shown on Figure A.

Volume of O2(g) / cm3

60

50

40

30

20

500 cm3 of NO(g)

10

t1/2 = 1.5 t1/2 = 1.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time / min
Figure A
 (i) Using the graph in A, deduce the order of the reaction with respect to O2(g).

The half-life is constant at 1.5min.

Order of reaction with respect to O2 is 1
[2]
(ii) A series of experiments were performed to investigate the order of reaction with
respect to NO. The data collected is shown in Table B.

Initial [O2]/ Initial [NO]/ Temperature/ Initial rate/

Expt
mol dm3 mol dm3 K mol dm3s1
1 0.01 0.013 298 0.0032
2 0.01 0.013 318 0.0135
3 0.01 0.026 298 0.0032

Table B

Determine the order of reaction with respect to NO and write the rate equation for
the reaction between NO(g) and O2(g).

Order of reaction with respect to NO:…………….. zero

Rate equation:
….……………………………………………………………………………
Rate= k[O2]
[2]
(c) Elements of Period 3 show trends in their reactions.

(i) Sketch the melting point trend for Period 3 elements from sodium to chlorine.

Melting point/ C

l l l l l l l
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

[1]
(ii) By considering the structure and bonding, explain for the observed melting point of
silicon.
[1]
Silicon has giant covalent structure. A lot of energy is required to overcome the
strong covalent bonds between the Si atoms.

(iii) The table below shows the successive ionisation energy values for phosphorus.

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th

IE/ 1060 1900 2920 4960 6280 21200 25200 30500
kJ mol1

Explain how this data shows that phosphorus is a member of Group 15 of the
Periodic Table.
Sharp increase between 5th to 6th IE. 6th electron is removed from inner
electronic shell. There are 5 valence electrons. Therefore phosphorus is a
Group 15 element.
[1]

(iv) Silicon reacts with calcium to form Ca2Si. Ca2Si is thought to contain the Si4 ion.
Write out the electronic configuration of Si4.
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
[1]
(v) 4
Compare the difference in size between Si and Ca . 2+

Both ions are isoelectronic. Nuclear charge Ca2+ is larger. The nuclear
attraction on the outermost electrons in Ca2+ is stronger. Hence size of Ca2+ is
smaller.
[2]
(vi) The elements sodium, aluminium and sulfur react with oxygen to form oxides. Write
equations, if any, for the reactions of each of these oxides with water. State the pH
of the resultant solution formed.

Na2O + H2O  2NaOH pH=13 or 14

Al2O3 does not dissolve in water pH = 7
SO3 + H2O  H2SO4 pH =1 – 2
[4]
(d) There are three bottles labelled A, B and C in the laboratory. Each bottle contains
one of the following reagents: aqueous Cl2, KI solution and KBr solution.

The following tests were carried out and the results were summarised in the table
below.

Experiment Procedure Observations

mixing reagent in bottle A with mixture remains
1
reagent in bottle B colourless
mixing reagent in bottle A with
2 mixture turns brown
reagent in bottle C
mixing reagent in bottle B with
3 mixture turns brown
reagent in bottle C

(i) Which bottle contains aqueous Cl2? With the aid of a balanced equation, explain
your answer.
[2]
Bottle C
Cl2 + 2X– 2Cl– + X2 where X = Br or I

Down the group, the halogens have lower tendency to be reduced.

Stronger oxidising agent higher in the Group oxidises (and hence displaces) the
halide ions in aqueous solution further down the Group

(ii) If hexane is also provided, how would you use it to identify the contents of the other
two bottles? Include the observations in your answer.
[1]
Since bottle A and B is either KBr or KI, add hexane to the two brown mixtures
obtained, separately.

If the organic layer is purple, bottle contains KI.

If the organic layer is orange-red, bottle contains KBr.

[Total: 20]