àmH¥${VH$ ^yJmob : ^yê$nemó

gmam§e :

1. ^yn¥ð>mdarb KQ>H$
2. AngaU gr_mÝV (Divergent Boundary)
3. H|$Ðm{^_wI gr_mÝV
4. g_m§Va gahÔ

g§nwU© coI :

n¥ÏdrÀ`m A§Va§JmMr _m{hVr KoVë`mZ§Va AmVm ^yn¥ð>mdarb KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$`mV. ^yH$dMmda {d{dY ^yê$no AmT>iVmV. Ë`m§V nd©V, Q>oH$S>çm, nR>ma, Xè`m,
gmJaVi Am{U JVm© AmXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m ZmZm{dY aMZm, Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Am{U èhmg `mMm Aä`mg ^yê$nemómV Ho$bm OmVmo.

^yI§S> Am{U hmgmJam§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Imbrb d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr _m{hVr _hÎdmMo R>aVo :
- {dVaUmMm {dMma H$aVm _hmgmJam§Mo à_mU (70%) ho ^yI§S>m§À`m VwbZoV (30%) OmñV Amho.

- {dfwdd¥ÎmmÀ`m CÎmaog gwmao 66% ^y^mJ AgyZ X{jU JmobmYm©V Obì`már A{YH$ Amho. Ë`m_wio CÎma JmobmYm©g ^yJmobmY© Va X{jU JmobmYm©g ObJmobmY©
Agohr g§~moYVmV.

- AmH$ma_mZmZwgma ^yI§S> Am{U gmJa/_hmgmJam§Mo AmH$ma gmYmaUV: {ÌH$moUr AmhoV. ^yI§S> X{jUoH$S>o {Z_wiVo Va CÎmaoH$S>o é§X AmhoV.

- _hmgmJam§À`m {déÕ {XeoV n¥ÏdrJmobmda ^yI§S>m§Mo ApñVËd Amho. CXm. X{jU A_o[aH$m - qhXr _hmgmJa AmpŠQ>©H$ - A§Q>mpŠQ>©H$m `wao{e`m - n°{g{\$H$ B.

··^yê$nm§Mr {Z{_©Vr : {ebmdaUmMo {Z_m©U, J_Z Am{U èhmg hr EH$ MH«$s` àUmbr Amho. `m~ÔbMm emóewÕ {gÕm§V 1991 gmbr O_©ZrVrb hdm_mZ
Aä`mgH$ àm. Aë\o«$S> doJZa `m§Zr _m§S>bm. Ë`m§À`m {gÕm§Vmbm "^yI§S> AndhZmMm {gÕm§V' Ago Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo. (Continented Drift theory).
doJoZQ> `m§À`m {gÕm§VmZwgma n¥Ïdrdarb {ebmdaUmMr CËnÎmr Am{U èhmg hr gVV gwê$ AgUmar à{H«$`m Amho. ^yI§S> ho Ë`mImbr pñWV AgUmè`m
_Ü`mdaUmda Va§JUmao ^ynÅ> Amho. gwmao 20 H$moQ>r dfmªnwdu ho gd© ^ynÅ> EH${ÌVnUo EH$m _hmI§S>mÀ`m ñdê$nmV ApñVËdmV hmoVo. `m {demb aMZog doJZa `m§Zr
"n±{O`m' ho Zmd {Xbo. `mì`{V[aŠV Omo _hmgmJa hmoVm Ë`mg "n°Wmbmgm' g§~moYÊ`mV Ambo. `m _hmI§S>mMo AndhZ gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va H$mhr H$mbmdYrVM Ë`mMo
{Û^mOZ Pmbo. CÎmaoH$S>rb ^mJmg bm°ao{e`m Va X{jUoH$S>rb VwH$S>çmg Jm|S>dmZm åhUVmV. nwT>o `m XmoZ I§S>m§Mo AmUIr {d^mOZ hmoD$Z AmO ApñVËdmV
AgUmè`m 7 _w»` ^ynÅ>m§Mo (gmV I§S>) {Z_m©U Pmbo.

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AndhZ {gÕm§VmgmR>rMo nwamdo :
Hw$R>bmhr {gÕm§V hm nwamì`m§{edm` AnyU©M amhVmo. doJoZa `m§À`m MH«$s` àUmbrbm _mÌ AZoH$ nwamì`m§Mr OmoS> bm^br Vr nwT>rbà_mUo :
^yê$nm§Mr g_ê$nVm :
Oa I§S>m§Mo VwH$S>o EH$_oH$m§Zm OmoS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Va Ago bjmV `oVo H$s Vo Hw$R>o Zm Hw$R>o V§VmoV§V ~gVmV. CXm. Am{\«$Ho$À`m npíM_ {H$Zmè`mda Oa X{jU
A_o[aHo$Mm nyd© {H$Zmam ZH$memVyZ H$mnyZ {MH$Q>dbm Va Vmo AJXr AMyH$ OwiVmo. AemM àH$mao Jig Saw Fit `m IoimVrb H$moS>çm§à_mUo ^yê$nm§Mo VwH$S>o
EH${ÌV Ho$ë`mg n±{O`mMm AmH$ma g_Oy eH$Vmo.

hdm_mZ joÌm§Mo {R>H$mU :

X{jU A_o[aHo$Vrb ~hþVm§e {R>H$mUr {h_ZÚm§Ûmao Pmbobo jaU nhmd`mg {_iVo. A§Q>mpŠQ>©H$m I§S>mdarb ~\$m©ÀN>mXZmImbr Ordmdeof Agë`mMo nwamdo Am{U
dmid§Q>mVrb H$moiem§Mo gmR>o Aem {df_ CXmhUm§dê$Z {XgyZ `oVo H$s ho I§S> H$moUo EHo$ H$mir doJù`m dmVmdaUr` joÌm§Ü`o hmoVo. CXmhaUmW© A§Q>mpŠQ>©H$m I§S>
H$mhr H$moQ>r dfmªnwdu {dfwdd¥ÎmmOdi Agmdm. Ë`m_wioM KZXmQ> O§Jbm§Mo ApñVËd {VWo Agë`mMo nwamdo gmnS>boV. åhUOoM `m I§S>m§Mo dhZ EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ
XþgarH$S>o Pmë`mMo Z_yX hmoVo.

Ordemór` nwamdo :
~«mPrbMm {H$Zmam Am{U Am{\«$Ho$Vrb npíM_ {H$ZmanÅ>rda gmnS>boë`m Ordmí_m§dê$Z doJoZa `m§À`m {gÕm§Vmbm AmUIr ~iH$Q>r {_iob. A°Q>bm§{Q>H$
_hmgmJamÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyg EH$gmaIo Ordmí_ AmT>iVmV. Am{U Á`m gO rdm§Mo Vo Adeof AmhoV Ë`m§Zm _hmgmJa nma H$aUo eŠ` Zgë`mMo {XgVo. åhUOoM
nydu ho XmoÝhr I§S> EH$M AgmdoV.

^ynÅ> gr_m§V :
doJZoaÀ`m {gÕm§Vmbm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb V§ÌkmZm_wio A{YH$ ~iH$Q>r {_imbr. ^yI§S>m§Mo ñVa Ë`mImbr AgUmè`m AY:ñVamda (Asthenosphere)
Va§JVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mo {ddV©Z (dectonics) KSy>Z `oVo. ^yJ^m©V hmoUmè`m bmìhmgmR>çm§À`m hmbMmbrVyZ ^yI§S>m§Mr {Z{_©Vr, {d^§OZ, dbrH$aU, àñVa^§J
KSy>Z `oÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`og "{ddV©Z' Ago g§~moYVmV. {ebmdaUmV gÚ pñWVrbm 7 _w»` Oa 20 bhmZ AmH$mamÀ`m ^yI§S>m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. ho VwH$S>o gVV
hmbMmb H$arV AgVmV. XmoZ ^ynQ²>Q>çm§Yrb {dbJVobm gr_m§V (Plate Boundaries) Ago åhUVmV. Ë`m§À`m J{V_mZVm Am{U {XeoZwgma VrZ _w»`
àH$ma nS>VmV.

A) AngaU gr_mÝV (Divergent Boundary) :

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`m àH$maÀ`m {dbJVonmgyZ XmoÝhr ^yI§S> Xÿa gmabo OmVmV. ^y{_JV bmìhmagmnmgyZ {ebmdaUmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m `oWoM KSy>Z `oVo. åhUyZM Ë`mg {dYm`H$
gr_mÝV Agohr åhUVmV.

~) H|$Ðm{^_wI gr_mÝV :

Ooìhm XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ ^yI§S> EH$_oH$m§À`m {XeoZo J{V_mZ AgVmV Voìhm H$mhr H$mimZ§Va Ë`m§Mr YS>H$ hmoVo. Xmohm|n¡H$s Omo ^yI§S> A{YH$ KZVoMm AgVmo
Ë`mMo Xþgè`m ^ynQ²>Q>çmImbr AY:gaU (Subducation) hmoVo. EH$m R>am{dH$ ImobrZ§Va AY:gaU Pmboë`m ^ynQ²>Q>çmMo CîUVowio ÐdrH$aU hmoD$Z hm
bmìhm Xþgè`m ^yI§S>mH$S>o àjo{nV Ho$bm OmVmo. `m_wio g_m§Va nd©Vam§Jm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.

H$) g_m§Va gahÔ :

Ooìhm XmoZ ^yI§S> g_m§Va {XeoV J{V_mZ AgVmV Voìhm Ë`m gr_mÝVmbm g_m§Va gahÔ Ago g§~moYVmV.

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