February 24, 2023

In the Name of Allah the Compassionate, the merciful

FUNDAMENTALS OF VEHICLE
DYNAMICS
TIRE MECHANICS,
CONSTRUCTION AND TYPES
By: M. Naraghi
Mechanical Engineering Dept
Amirkabir University of Technology

MECHANIC OF PNEUMATIC TIRES TIRE TASKS

To provide:
 Weight support
Tire tasks  Comfort
 Traction & braking force
Tire Construction  Steering control & directional stability

Tire Forces

Tire Modeling

3 4

TIRE CONSTRUCTION TIRE STRUCTURE

Pneumatic tire, a flexible structure of toroid shape filled with

compressed air.
Carcass ply Cords Crown angle

Rubber
• Sidewalls
Beads Tread
• Tread

Tire types
• Bias Ply
• Bias Belted
Aspect Ratio Size
• Radial (Tubeless
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TIRE STRUCTURE CARCASS PLY

 The most important
structural element

 A number of composite
layers of cord fabrics
and rubber matrix

 Founded on the beads

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TIRE CORDS TIRE CORDS

 Fabrics of the carcass
plies
 Natural, synthetic, or
metallic compositions
 High modulus of
elasticity
 Anchored around the
beads

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TIRE CORDS!! TIRE CORDS!!

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CROWN ANGLE CROWN ANGLE

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BEADS BEAD CROSS SECTION AND DETAILS

 High tensile strength  Types
flexible steel wire
 Foundation for the
carcass
 Adequate seating of the
tire on the rim

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TIRE CROSS SECTION DETAIL OF A

17 18
A B

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DETAIL OF B RUBBER

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RUBBER SIDE RUBBER

 Highly resistant to
fatigue and scuffing

Natural Synthetic  Styrene-Butadiene

compounds widely
used

 The ingredients of the rubber compounds are selected to provide

the tire with specific properties. 21 22

RUBBER-TREAD TREAD PATTERN

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TIRE FOOT PRINT RIB, LUG TREAD DESIGN

Rib Tread Design

 Characterization: Grooves
placed parallel to the bead,
thus forming ribs, ranging in
tread depths from 11/32″ to
23/32″.
 Benefits: Usually significantly
better for fuel economy,
although does not provide
enhanced wet or snow traction.
 Position: Usually found on
the steering axle of a
25 truck/tractor and on other free 26
rolling axles such as trailers.

RIB, LUG TREAD DESIGN THE TREAD DEPTH

Lug Tread Design

 Characterization: Grooves
placed laterally and
perpendicular to the bead,
ranging from 14/32″ to
32/32″.

 Benefits: Selected
primarily for traction and
improved mileage

 Position: Usually found on

the drive or torque axle. 27 28

TYPE OF TIERS BIAS PLY TIRE

 Bias Ply  Tubeless
 Bias Belted
 Radial

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BIAS BETTED TIRE RADIAL TIRE

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SUBSTRUCTURE RADIAL TIRE

 Substructure of a radial
tire. The threads have a
bias angle between 88° and
90°.

 The belt of the radial tyre

sits on the substructure.
The threads are at angles
of between 15° and 25° to
the plane of the tyre
centre.

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RADIAL TIRE TUBELESS

1 running tread;
2 steel belt;
3 edge protection for the belt,
made of rayon or nylon;
4 sidewall;
5 substructure with two
layers;
6 cap;
7 inner lining;
8 flipper;
9 bead profile;
10 core profile;
11 bead core.
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ASPECT RATIO TIRE SIZE

ℎ𝑇
A.R. =
𝑤𝑇

37 38

TIRE MARKING

39 40

LEGAL AND INDUSTRY STANDARD MARKINGS ON

THE SIDEWALLS OF TIRES LEGAL AND INDUSTRY STANDARD …
1. Manufacturer and tire type 9. EX: Code for the country of
2. Tire design: RADIAL manufacture (France)

3. Size marking 10. KV size code

4. Load capacity index 91 11. A60X manufacture code

5. Speed symbol V (240Km/hr) 12. 142Δ coded date of manufacture: 14 =

calendar week, 2 = year two and Δ =
6. Tubeless 9th decade (in other words 1992)
7. Tread plies 2 rayon+1 aramide+1steel. 13. Maximum load capacity and max tyre
The belt 2 rayon, 1aramide+1steel pressure in accordance with US
standard
8. Sidewall plies 2rayon: the sidewall
consists of two layers of artificial silk 14. Factory own fabrication number
cord 15. E2 certificate of European type
DOT: The tire meets the US Dept. of approval in accordance with ECE 30.
Transportation requirements. The number indicates the country in
which the approval was carried out (2
17. TWI Tread Wear Indicator.
41 is France) 42

16. 160291614 is the number of the type

approval

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WHEEL LOAD CAPACITY IN KG SPEED SYMBOLS

43 44

34 psi

TIRE TESTS TIRE TESTS

Radiography

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TIRE TESTS ROAD TEST

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