Fluid1 Trawneh PDF

FLUID MECHANICS
Chapter 1
Dr. Ibrahem Altarawneh
1
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 Dr. Ibrahem Altarawneh
FLUID MECHANICS
• Instructor: Ibrahem Altarawneh
• Email: ibrahemst@ahu.edu.jo
• Office hours:
– Any time you find me free
FLUID MECHANICS
• Your attendance is essential and try not to

miss any of the lectures (It counts)
• Attendance in class as per University rules
• Absolutely no postponement of deadlines
• There will be a homework every two weeks,
• Home works will be included in your
assessment
• Always, try to show interest
Fluid Mechanics
• Any calculator may be used in the exams. The first
and second exams will test knowledge
accumulated to that point in the course.
• The final exam will test knowledge accumulated
over the entire course.
• Assignments or exams written in pencil will not be
considered for re-grading.
• Final exam papers will not be returned.
Fluid Mechanics
• Grading:
• Mark system will be used in assessing the student’s
progress in the course.
• The requirements for grading shall be composed of:
– First Exam 20% ( Sat:31/3/2018)
– Second Exam 20% (Sat:5/5/2018)
– Participation 10% (Class attendance)
– Final Exam 40%
Textbook:
Crowe, C.T., Elger, D.F.,
Williams, B.C. & Roberson, J.A.
2010. Engineering Fluid Mechanics.
9th edition, Wiley: New York.
Course Contents
The course will cover the following chapters from the textbook:
Ch1: Introduction.
Ch2: Fluid properties.
Ch3: Fluid statics.
Ch4: Flowing fluids & pressure variation.
Ch5: Control volume & continuity equation.
Ch6: Energy equation.
Ch7: Flow in conduits.

Useful Tables
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
• Mechanics is the field of science focused on the motion of material

bodies. Mechanics involves force, energy, motion, deformation, and
material properties
• When mechanics applies to material bodies in the solid phase, the

discipline is called solid mechanics.
• When the material body is in the gas or liquid phase, the discipline is
called fluid mechanics
• Fluid Mechanics is the science of the mechanics of liquids and gases,
and is based on the same fundamentals principles that are employed
in the mechanics of solids.
• A fluid is a substance whose molecules move freely past each other.
More specifically, a fluid is a substance that will continuously
deform—that is, flow under the action of a shear stress.
• A solid will deform under the action of a shear stress but will not flow
like a fluid. Both liquids and gases are classified as fluids.
• A gas is a phase of material in which molecules are widely spaced,

molecules move about freely, and forces between molecules are
minuscule, except during collisions.
• A liquid is a phase of material in which molecules are closely spaced,
molecules move about freely, and there are strong attractive forces
between molecules.
• Fluid as a continuum
• Fluids, like any other substance, are made of molecules.
• Weak cohesive forces keep molecules attracted to each other.
• The molecules are in constant motion.
• Distance a molecule travel before hitting another is called the mean
free path λ.
• This mean free path is directly proportional to the temperature and
inversely proportional to the pressure
• Fluid as a continuum
• At microscopic length scale, molecules of the liquid moving in the
space bouncing off each other and the container wall.
• At this length scale, fluids are discontinuous spatially.
• At a larger length scale, a tiny liquid droplet of about 1 mm radius
appears as a continuous phase.
• The diameter of the droplet is called the characteristic length: Assume
the characteristic length scale to be L.
• The ratio between the mean free path and the characteristic length gives
a nondimensional quantity called Knudsen number, Kn.
• Kn = λ/L,
• Kn ≤ 0.001 ⇒ L ≥1000 λ, fluid can be considered as a continuum.
• Dimensions and Units

• A dimension is a category that represents a physical quantity such as
mass, length, time, momentum, force, acceleration, and energy.
• Primary dimensions.
• Secondary dimensions such
as momentum and energy can
be related to primary
dimensions by using equations.
• The secondary dimension
“force” is expressed in primary
dimensions by using Newton’s
second law of motion, F = ma.
• The primary dimensions of acceleration are: L/T2
• So, This equation reads “the primary
F  ma  M  L2    ML  dimensions of force are mass times
 T   T 2  length divided by time squared
Dimensionless group: such as Reynolds • ρ – mass density

number (kg/m3);
M  L L kgm m • V – velocity (m/s);

  v  L L3 T m 3
s • L – length (m);
Re   
 M kg • and µ - viscosity
L T ms (kg/m s
Units
• A dimension expresses a specific type of physical quantity. A unit
assigns a number so that the dimension can be measured.
• For example
• Measurement of volume (a dimension) can be expressed using units
of liters.
• Measurement of energy (a dimension) can be expressed using units
of joules.
• Most dimensions have multiple units that are used for
measurement. For example, the dimension of “force” can be
expressed using units of newtons, pounds-force, or dynes.
• Unit Systems
• The International System of Units (abbreviated SI)
• Basic units:
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length (L) Meter m
Mass (m) Kilogram kg
Time (t) Second s
Electrical current (I) Ampere A
Temperature (T) Degree Kelvin K
Luminous intensity (Iv) Candela cd
• Derived units: are those formed by combination of the basic

units: area (m2), volume (m3), density (kg/m3), velocity (m/s),
force (kg m/s2 = N), pressure (N/m2 = Pa)
• Unit Systems
• The International System of Units (abbreviated SI)
• Derived units: are those formed by combination of the basic
units: area (m2), volume (m3), density (kg/m3), velocity (m/s),
force (kg m/s2 = N), pressure (N/m2 = Pa)
Quantity Unit Symbol Symbol

Force (F) Newton N Kg-m/s2
Work, Energy (W, E) Joule J N-m
Power (P) Watt W J/s
Pressure (P) Pascal Pa N/m3
Other derived units
Non-SI units
Multiplication of units
• Unit Systems
• The U.S. Customary System (USCS), sometimes called English
Engineering System
• Basic units: Foot (ft) for length, pound-mass (Ibm) for mass, s
for time
• Unit conversion formulas
• These are used to convert units from SI system to USCS system
or vis-versa
• Units can be converted using conversion factors
• Example:
• 1 m = 3.281ft = 1.094yd = 39.37in
• The following table shows the different conversion factors

• Dimensionless Groups
• A dimensionless group is any arrangement of variables in
which the primary dimensions cancel.
• Examples:
• Mach number M, which relates fluid speed V to the speed of
sound c: M= V/c
• The Reynolds number involves density (ρ), velocity (v), length
(L), and viscosity (μ): Re = ρvL/μ
• Dimensional Homogeneity
• When the primary dimensions on each term of an equation are the
same, the equation is dimensionally homogeneous.
• For example,
s  0.5 gt  vot  so
2
• This equation is dimensionally homogeneous if all terms have the

dimension of length (L) and each term has the unit of m
Example 2: Show that the ideal gas law is dimensionally homogeneous.

Problem Definition
Situation: The ideal gas law is given by P = ρRT
Find: Show that the ideal gas law is dimensionally
homogeneous.
Plan
1. The primary dimensions of the first term. [ P]  M
2
LT
2. The primary dimensions of the second term.
2
[  ]  M3 ; [ R]  L ; [T ]  
L T 2
3. Dimensional homogeneity by comparing the terms
2
M
[ RT ]  3 L   M
L T 2 LT 2
Conclusion: The ideal gas law is dimensionally homogeneous because the
primary dimensions of each term are the same.
• Unit conversion using the grid method
• Work out example 1.4

Problem1.5:
Problem 1.9:
Problem 1.10:
Problem 1.10:

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FLUID MECHANICS

Dr. Ibrahem Altarawneh

• Your attendance is essential and try not to

Ch2: Fluid properties.

Ch3: Fluid statics.

Ch4: Flowing fluids & pressure variation.

Ch5: Control volume & continuity equation.

Ch6: Energy equation.

Ch7: Flow in conduits.

• Mechanics is the field of science focused on the motion of material

• When mechanics applies to material bodies in the solid phase, the

• A gas is a phase of material in which molecules are widely spaced,

• Dimensions and Units

Dimensionless group: such as Reynolds • ρ – mass density

• Derived units: are those formed by combination of the basic

Quantity Unit Symbol Symbol

• The following table shows the different conversion factors

• This equation is dimensionally homogeneous if all terms have the

Example 2: Show that the ideal gas law is dimensionally homogeneous.

• Unit conversion using the grid method

• Work out example 1.4

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