Chapter 8, Section 2

Revolutions Disrupt Europe

p. 229-232
The forces of nationalism bring revolution in Europe. Except
for Greece, most revolutions fail, and by mid-century most of
Europe returns to authoritarian rule.
 Nationalism Changes Europe
• 1. French Revolution fuels nationalist
movement throughout Europe
Three Forces Struggle for Power:
• conservatives – protectors of
traditional order (want monarchies)
• liberals – people who want elected
(and educated) legislatures
• radicals – extremists who favor drastic
change
The Idea of the Nation-State:
• nationalism – loyalty to one’s
country (not to a king)
• nation-state = country with its
own independent government
and people who share common
culture & history
 Tide of Reform in Western Europe
Nationalism Sparks Revolts
• 1821 - Greece
rebels against
Ottoman rule in Balkans
– 2. combined fleet from
Russia, France, and England
defeats Ottoman navy…
– 1829 - wins independence for
Lord Byron Greece!
Waves of Failed Revolutions
Balkan Peninsula controlled by Ottomans
– in Belgium, Italy, Poland…
• Nationalist liberals demand
independence & self-gov.
– 3. forced resignation of
Metternich, leads to…
– uprisings in German states
• Failure to unite leads to return
of conservatism
European Nationalist rebellions (1800s)
 Reform and Revolution(s) in France
• 1830 – French King Charles X tries
to restore absolute monarchy
– 4. causes riots that force
Charles X to flee to Britain… 1830 - Coronation
– replaced by liberal reformer of Charles X leads
Louis-Philippe to riots & exile
– 18 years later, king becomes
unpopular…
• 1848 – Paris mob overthrows
king! 5. republic established…
– quickly falls apart…
– factions turn to bloody
violence!
France Accepts a Strong Ruler
• Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s
nephew) wins election 1848 - ANOTHER
– becomes Emperor Napoleon III French Revolution
– 6. Strong ruler, restores peace,
stability, and prosperity
Emperor
Napoleon III
 Pre-Industrialized Russia Defeated
• Nobles still dominate serfs
– Russia hasn’t industrialized

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Czar Nicholas I attacks Ottomans
– to “protect Christianity”
– Russia expects help from Britain Florence
and Austria Nightingale
photographed
– Legends: “Charge of the Light in 1854
https://www.youtube.com/
Brigade” & Florence Nightingale watch?v=B94Zf4Vye3Y Russia loses the Crimean War
– Technology: exploding shells,
watches, photography, telegraph
• 7. Russia defeated by Ottomans
with help from France, Britain,
Samuel Morse
and Sardinia & his telegraph
Charge of the Light Brigade
– new Czar Alexander II begins to machine
Animated History: Crimean War
modernize Russia… Part 1 (6 mins) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCeh1RiBjBk
Part 2 (5 mins) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cVl5OuvLiA
 Reform in Russia
• After humiliating defeat,
Russia must industrialize…
poor Russian serfs
– Russian feudalism = serfs are before Russian
bound to nobles’ land industrialization
– Czars resist change, fear losing
support of nobles
• 1861 – new Czar Alexander II
issues Edict of Emancipation
March 3, 1861 - one day before Abraham human plow
Lincoln’s inauguration
– Nobles keep half of the land
– Peasants share the rest
– get 49 years to pay for it
• 8. 20 million serfs now free but
still tied to the land by debt
• 1881 – Alexander II assassinated,
Alexander III increases control,
begins to industrialize Russia…
Czar Alexander II issues Edict of Emancipation