Fire Fighting Design

Part 2

IBRAHIM LASHIN
MECHANICAL ENGINEER
Lecture 1

A. Water Source & Pumping Stations

B. Pipe Types & Testing of Pipes

C. Valves at Fire Water Network

D. Manual Fire Fighting Systems

1. Landing Valves & Fire Hose Cabinet

2. Hydrants

3. Siamese Connection

4. Portable Extinguishers
Water Source & Pumping Stations
Access Door

PUMP
ROOM
Water
Supply
Under Ground Tank
 Under Ground Tank

Water
Supply

Domestic
Water Tank
Water

Fire Water

Drain Valve
Pipe Types & Testing of Pipes

 Pipe Types

1. Above Ground Pipes

 Black Steel
 Galvanized Steel

2. Under Ground Pipes

 HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)
 UPVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride)
Above Ground Pipes
Above Ground Pipes
Above Ground Pipes
Above Ground Pipes
Above Ground Pipes
Under Ground Pipes
Depth of Cover
Testing of Pipes
Testing of Pipes
Valves at Fire Water Network

 Sectional or Isolating or Shut off Valve

Valves at Fire Water Network

 Sectional or Isolating or Shut off Valve

Valves at Fire Water Network

 Sectional or Isolating or Shut off Valve

Valves at Fire Water Network

 Sectional or Isolating or Shut off Valve

Valves at Fire Water Network
X1

Y1 Y2

X2 1 2

Pump
Room Y3
3

5 4

Y5 Y4
Valves at Fire Water Network
Riser 1 Riser 2 Riser 3

3rd

2nd

1st

Ground
R
R1 R2 R3
Valves at Fire Water Network

 Automatic Air Vent Valve

Valves at Fire Water Network

 Automatic Air Vent Valve

Valves at Fire Water Network

 Drain Valve
Valves at Fire Water Network

 Check Valve
Valves at Fire Water Network

 Check Valve
Valves at Fire Water Network

 Pressure Relief Valve

Landing Valves & Fire Hose Cabinet

 Landing Valves & Fire Hose Cabinet

Landing Valves & Fire Hose Cabinet

 FHC Components

1. Cabinet (Wall Mounted – Recessed)

2. Landing Valve

3. Hose (30 m)

4. Discharge Nozzle
Landing Valves & Fire Hose Cabinet

 FHC Components

1. Cabinet (Wall Mounted – Recessed)

2. Landing Valve

3. Hose (30 m)

4. Discharge Nozzle
FHC Locations

 Entrance of Buildings

 Exit of Stairs
 FHC Types

Hose Reel Type

Hose Rack Type

Pipe Size

Class 1 Class 2
Class 3
Fire Hydrant
Fire Hydrant Details
Siamese Connection &
Fire Department Connection (FDC)
Siamese Connection &
Fire Department Connection (FDC)
Siamese Connection &
Fire Department Connection (FDC)
Portable Extinguishers
Portable Extinguishers
Fire Extinguishers (Class A & B)
Fire Extinguishers (Class D, C & K)
Fire Extinguishers Rating & Capacity
Automatic systems

Automatic
System

Automatic Automatic
SPK System Gas System
Automatic SPK System

 SPK Floor Control Valve ( Z.C.V)

 Fire Water SPK Classification

 Water SPK Distribution

 SPK Piping and Sizing

 SPK Pipe System

Automatic Gas System

 Automatic Gas Suppression System ( CO2 , FM-200)

 Automatic Dry chemical powder & Fire Trac System

AUTOMATIC SPK SYSTEM

 Pumping Station ( Fire Water Tanks / Pumps)

 Main Fire Network

 Fire Water Riser

 Floor Control Valve

 SPK Pipe Network

Components of Zone Control Unite

➢ OS&Y Gate valve with temper switch

➢ Check Valve

➢ Pressure Gauge

➢ Flow Switch

➢ Test and drain Assembly with sight Glass

Components of Zone Control Unite
Components of Zone Control Unite
Components of Zone Control Unite
Maximum Working Area
Z.C.V Function

 Isolate the piping network of the floor form the whole system

 Give alarm if the gate valve is closed

 Check the flow rate in the system

 OS & Y valve with tamper switch

Size of Drain Connection

Riser or Main Size Size of Drain Connection

UP to 2 in ¾ in or Larger

2.5 in, 3 in, 3.5 in 1 ¼ in or Larger

4 in or Larger 2 in Only
Fire Water Sprinkler Classifications
Fire Water Sprinkler Classifications

SPK
Types

Fusible Glass
Link SPK Bulb SPK
Fusible Link SPK
Glass Bulb SPK
SPK Operating Temperature
SPK Operating Temperature

Early
Suppression
SPK Operating Fast Response
Temp. Spk

Standard ESFR SPK

Response SPK
SPK Operating Temperature
SPK Operating Temperature
K-Factor for Storage (For Example)
K-Factor for Non-Storage (FM-Global)
SPK Orientation
SPK Orientation
SPK Orientation
Other SPKs

 Semi Recessed SPK

 Fully Concealed SPK

Other SPKs

 In-Rack SPK
Other SPKs

 In-Rack SPK
SPK types
Sprinkler Type Normal Recessed Concealed

Sidewall Sprinkler

Standard Spray Pendent

Sprinkler

Used in locations with false

ceiling

Standard Spray Upright

Sprinkler

Used in locations without

false ceiling

Window Sprinkler
Water Sprinkler Distribution
Standard SPK (UPRIGHT & PENDENT)
for light hazard
Standard SPK (UPRIGHT & PENDENT)
for Ordinary hazard
Standard SPK (UPRIGHT & PENDENT)
for Extra hazard
Minimum Distance SPK & from Wall
 Standard Sprinklers (K-Factor = 5.6)
❑ UP-Right SPKs
❑ Pendent SPKs
Light Ordinary Extra
Unit
Hazard Hazard Hazard
Max. SPK Protection Area (Pipe Ft2 200 130 90
Schedule) M2 18.6 12.1 8.4
Max. SPK Protection Area Ft2 225 130 100
(Hydraulic Calc.)
M2 20.9 12.1 9.3
Max Distance b/w SPKS Ft 15 15 12
M 4.6 4.6 3.7
Min Distance b/w SPKS Ft 6 6 6
M 1.8 1.8 1.8
Max. Distance b/w SPK & Wall M 2.3 2.3 1.85
Min. Distance b/w SPK & Wall M 0.102 0.102 0.102
SPK Radius M 2.4 1.9 1.6
SPK Distribution

X = 1.8 m

2X = 3.7 m
Classification of Occupancies

A. Light Hazard

B. Ordinary Hazard Group 1

C. Ordinary Hazard Group 2

D. Extra Hazard Group 1

E. Extra Hazard Group 2

Light Hazard
 Animal shelters ‫مالجئ الحيوانات‬ •
 Churches ‫الكنائس‬ •
 Clubs ‫النوادي‬ •
 Educational ‫فصول التعليم‬ •
 Hospitals, including animal hospitals and veterinary ‫ بما في ذلك مستشفيات‬، ‫المستشفيات‬ •
facilities ‫الحيوانات والمنشآت البيطرية‬
 Institutional ‫المؤسسات‬ •
 Kennels
‫بيوت الكالب‬ •
‫ باستثناء الغرف الكبيرة المكدسة‬، ‫المكتبات‬ •
 Libraries, except large stack rooms ‫بالكتب‬
 Museums ‫المتاحف‬ •
 Nursing or convalescent homes ‫دور التمريض‬ •
 Offices, including data processing ‫المكاتب‬ •
 Residential ‫السكن‬ •
 Restaurant seating areas ‫مناطق جلوس المطعم‬ •
Ordinary Hazard G.1

 Automobile parking and showrooms ‫• مواقف السيارات وصاالت العرض‬

 Bakeries ‫• المخابز‬
 Beverage manufacturing ‫• مصانع المشروبات‬

 Canneries ‫• مصانع تعبئة الطعام‬

‫• تصنيع وتجهيز منتجات األلبان‬
 Dairy products manufacturing and processing
‫• مصنع االلكترونيات‬
 Electronic plants
‫• تصنيع منتجات الزجاج‬
 Glass and glass products manufacturing
‫• المغاسل‬
 Laundries
‫• مطابخ المطاعم‬
 Restaurant service areas ( Kitchens)
Ordinary Hazard G.2
 Agricultural facilities
 Barns and stables
 Cereal mills
 Chemical plants
 Confectionery products
 Distilleries
 Dry cleaners
 Exterior loading docks
 Feed mills
 Horse stables
‫• المنشآت الزراعية‬
‫• الحظائر واإلسطبالت‬
‫• مطاحن الحبوب‬
‫• نباتات كيميائية‬
‫• مصانع الحلويات‬
‫• مصانع التقطير‬
‫• الغسيل الجاف‬
‫• أرصفة التحميل‬
‫• مصانع األعالف‬
‫• اسطبالت الخيل‬
Ordinary Hazard G.2

 Leather goods manufacturing ‫• تصنيع السلع الجلدية‬

 Libraries — large stack room areas ‫ مساحات غرف تكديس كبيرة‬- ‫• المكتبات‬
 Machine shops ‫• ورش اآلالت‬
 Metal working ‫• األشغال المعدنية‬
 Paper and pulp mills ‫• مصانع الورق‬
 Paper process plants ‫• مصانع معالجة الورق‬
Ordinary Hazard G.2

 Post offices ‫مكاتب البريد‬ •

 Printing and publishing ‫الطباعة والنشر‬ •
 Repair garages ‫إصالح المرائب‬ •
 Resin application area ‫مصانع المنتجات الصمغية‬ •
 Textile manufacturing ‫مصانع النسيج‬ •
 Tire manufacturing ‫مصانع اإلطارات‬ •
 Tobacco products manufacturing
‫تصنيع منتجات التبغ‬ •
‫تصنيع الخشب‬ •
 Wood machining
‫تجميع المنتجات الخشبية‬ •
 Wood product assembly
Extra Hazard G.1

 Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409)

 Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas ‫• مناطق استخدام السوائل الهيدروليكية القابلة لالحترا‬
 Die casting )‫• سباكة (الصب‬
 Metal extruding ‫• بثق المعادن‬
 Plywood and particleboard manufacturing ‫• تصنيع الخشب وألواح الخشب المضغوط‬
 Printing [using inks having flash points below 100°F ‫• الطباعة‬
(38°C)]
‫• مصانع المنشار‬
 Saw mills ‫• صناعة مواد النسيج‬
 Textile Material Manufacturing ‫• التنجيد بالفايبر‬
 Upholstering with plastic foams
Extra Hazard G.2

 Asphalt saturating
 Flammable liquid spraying
 Flow Coating
 Metal extruding
 Manufactured Home or modular assemblies (where finished enclosure is present
and has combustible interiors)
 Open Oil Quenching
 Plastic Processing
 Solvent Cleaning
 Varnish and Paint Dipping
Pipe Sizing SPK

Φ1’’ Φ1’’

Branch
Φ1’’

Φ1.5’’
Main Pipe
Φ1’’

Φ1’’ Φ1’’
NUMBER OF SPK ON BRANCH
Light Hazard Pipe Schedules

Table 14.5.2.2.1 Light Hazard Pipe Schedules

Steel Copper

1 in. 25 (mm) 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers

1¼ in. 32 3 sprinklers 1¼ in. 3 sprinklers
1½ in. 40 5 sprinklers 1½ in. 5 sprinklers
2 in. 50 10 sprinklers 2 in. 12 sprinklers
2½ in. 65 30 sprinklers 2½ in. 40 sprinklers
3 in. 80 60 sprinklers 3 in. 65 sprinklers
3½ in. - 100 sprinklers 3½ in. 115 sprinklers
4 in. 100 See Section 8.2 4 in. See Section 8.2
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedules
Table 14.5.3.4 Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule
Steel Copper
1 in. 25 (mm) 2 sprinklers 1 in. 2 sprinklers
1¼ in. 32 3 sprinklers 1¼ in. 3 sprinklers
1½ in. 40 5 sprinklers 1½ in. 5 sprinklers
2 in. 50 10 sprinklers 2 in. 12 sprinklers
2½ in.. 65 20 sprinklers 2½ in. 25 sprinklers
3 in. 80 40 sprinklers 3 in. 45 sprinklers
3½ in. - 65 sprinklers 3½ in. 75 sprinklers
4 in. 100 100 sprinklers 4 in. 115 sprinklers
5 in. 125 160 sprinklers 5 in. 180 sprinklers
6 in. 150 275 sprinklers 6 in. 300 sprinklers
8 in. 200 See Section 8.2 8 in. See Section 8.2
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
Extra Hazard Pipe Schedules
Table 14.5.3.4 Ordinary Hazard Pipe Schedule
Steel Copper
1 in. 25 (mm) 1 sprinklers 1 in. 1 sprinklers
1¼ in. 32 2 sprinklers 1¼ in. 2 sprinklers
1½ in. 40 5 sprinklers 1½ in. 5 sprinklers
2 in. 50 8 sprinklers 2 in. 8 sprinklers
2½ in.. 65 15 sprinklers 2½ in. 20 sprinklers
3 in. 80 27 sprinklers 3 in. 30 sprinklers
3½ in. - 40 sprinklers 3½ in. 45 sprinklers
4 in. 100 55 sprinklers 4 in. 65 sprinklers
5 in. 125 90 sprinklers 5 in. 100 sprinklers
6 in. 150 150 sprinklers 6 in. 170 sprinklers
For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
Sprinkler Pipe Systems

 Wet Pipe SPK System

Sprinkler Pipe Systems

 Dry Pipe SPK System

Sprinkler Pipe Systems

 Preaction Pipe SPK System

Sprinkler Pipe Systems

 Deluge Pipe SPK System

Automatic Gas Suppression System

 Fire Triangle
Gas System Components
Gas System Components
Gas System Types

 CO2

 FM200
Capacity Calculation (CO2)
Capacity Calculation (FM200)
Raised Floor
Capacity Calculation (FM200)
Automatic Dry Powder Fire
Extinguisher
 Features
Automatic Dry Powder Fire
Extinguisher
Fire Trace CO2 System
Fire Trace CO2 System
Hydraulic Calculation

Hydraulic
Calculation

Pump Flow Pump

Rate Pressure

Hose Sprinkler Friction Residual

Static Head
System System Losses Pressure
Pump Flow Rate (Hose System)
Pump Flow Rate (SPK System)
Pump Flow Rate (SPK System)

 Light Hazard

 Area of SPK Operation = 1500 ft2 = 139 m2

 Area of SPK = 200 ft2 = 18.6 m2

 No. of Work Sprinkler = 8 SPKs

Pump Flow Rate (SPK System)

 Ordinary Hazard

 Area of SPK Operation = 1500 ft2 = 139 m2

 Area of SPK = 130 ft2 = 12.1 m2

 No. of Work Sprinkler =12 SPKs

Pump Flow Rate (SPK System)

 Extra Hazard

 Area of SPK Operation = 2500 ft2 = 232 m2

 Area of SPK = 90 ft2 = 8.4 m2

 No. of Work Sprinkler = 28 SPKs

Hydraulic Calculation
Hydraulic Calculation

 Min. Pressure For SPK = 0.5 bar

 Min. Pressure For FHC ( 1 or 1.5” ) = 4.5 bar

( 2.5” ) = 6.9 bar

Equivalent Pipe Length
Hydraulic Calculation

 E Elbow

 T T-Connection

 G Gate Valve

 C Check Valve