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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Type and Design

Qualitative study is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a

social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed

with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a natural

setting (Cresswell, 1994). This research is qualitative in the way that it focuses on

analyzing utterances containing “expletive it” and “anticipatory it” and their

translation. It applies descriptive method because this research aims to describe a

case in Translation Studies about the translation techniques used by the translator

in translating utterances containing “expletives it” and ‘anticipatory it’. This

research also describes the impact of the translation techniques on the quality of

the translation of utterances containing “anticipatory it” and “expletives it” in the

novel The fault in our star. Those are the reasons why this research belongs to

descriptive research. This research is organized by collecting the data, analyzing

the data and making conclusion from the result of analysis. This is similar to

description of descriptive research proposed by Landman (1988). Descriptive

research is a type of research that is primarily concern with describing the nature

or conditions and degree in detail of present situation (Landman,1988:59).

It is a qualitative research in the point that it focuses on analyzing

‘expletives it’ and ‘anticipatory it’ utterances and translation. The ‘expletives it’

and ‘anticipatory it’ utterances and the translations are taken from the novel

entitled The fault in our star. This research also analyzes the meaning of

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atranslation phenomenon, namely translation techniques and the impact of the

translation techniques on the quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability.

Creswell, (2003, p 8) states that:

“Research seeks to develop relevant true statements, ones that can serve

to explain the situation that is of concern or that describes the causal relationships

of interest. In quantitative studies, researchers advance the relationship among

variables and pose this in terms of questions or hypotheses.”

The variables being examined in this research are utterances containing

“expletives it” and “anticipatory it”, the translation techniques and the quality of

the translation from a novel entitled The fault in our star.

B. Data and Source Data

The data are the utterances containing “expletives it” and “anticipatory

it” in English and in translation which are taken from the novel entitled The fault

in our star. The total number is 165 data containing “expletives it” and

“anticipatory it”. The other data are in the form of statements from the informants

about translation quality. The informants assessed the quality of the translation in

terms of accuracy and acceptability. The informants gave score and comments to

help the researcher asses the translation quality. Here are the two kinds of sources

of data in this research:

1. Documents

The documents used in this research are a narrative from a fiction novel

entitled The fault in our starand its translation. This novel got many awards,

which are: #1 bestseller on the Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble bestseller lists
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in June 2011, #1 bestseller on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children's

Chapter Books, #1 bestseller on the Wall Street Journal bestseller list, #1

bestseller on the Indiebound bestseller list, and #9 on The Bookseller bestseller

list. This book is also translated in to many languages, such as Dutch, German,

Spanish, French, Swedish, Danish, Icelandic, Chinese, and Portuguese, and many

more. After being published in 2012, the novel was then made into a movie with

the same title in 2014. The movie also won many awards. Besides, this novel

consists of many interesting cases of translation of utterances contaning

“expletives it” and “anticipatory it”. These points become the considerations why

this novel is selected as the source of the data in this research.

Both narrative texts are in the form of printed novels. The English novel

is entitled The fault in our star and the translated version is entitled Salahkan

Bintang Bintang. From these documents, the data in the form of utterances

contaning “expletives it” and “anticipatory it” were collected. The data were

collected directly from the source of data without involving any change or

manipulation.

2. Informants

The other source of data of this research consists of informants. They

were involved in this research and they had an important role in supporting the

analysis process. In this research, there are two informants who are raters and

validator. The raters consist of three persons with some characteristics. They

assessed the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability. The

validator validated the utterances used as the data of this research.

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C. Sampling technique

This research applies purposive sampling technique in determining the

source of data: novels and informants. The novel used in this research is a fiction

novel entitled The fault in our star. This novel is so popular proven by its

achievement of winning many awards and it also containsmany interesting cases

of translation, one of which istranslation of utterances contaning “expletives it”

and “anticipatory it”.

In selecting the raters, purposive sampling technique was applied. The

informants involved in this research were chosen selectively by using some

criteria in order to obtain credible information from the correct data source (Patton

as cited in Sutopo, 2002, p. 56)

There are some criteria which must be fulfilled by the raters. The criteria

are as follows:

1. Mastering English and bahasa Indonesia.

2. Having good understanding in translation theory.

3. Having experience in translating.

4. Willing to participate in this research.

D. Method of data Collection

I used three methods in collecting the data namely content analysis, data

collection using questionnaire and interview. Here are the explanations of every

method:
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1. Content Analysis

a. Reading the novelsin both languages; The fault in

our star in English and Salahkan Bintang-Bintang in bahasa

Indonesia.

b. Collecting all utterances contaning “expletives it”

and “anticipatory it”.

c. Validating the data by consulting the data to

validator.

2. Data Collection Using Questionnaire

I used questionnaire to get the statements from the raters. The

information gained from the questionnaire distribution was used to help the

researcher analyze the translation quality, in terms of accuracy and acceptability.

The questionnaire consists of closed-ended and open-ended questions.

In the closed-ended questions, I provided options related to the

translation quality. The raters gave the answer by choosing the options given by

the researcher. Here arethe transaltion quality assessment instruments used in this

research.
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Table 2.1 Transaltion Quality Assessment Instrumentof Accuracy

(Taken from Nababan, Nuraeni and Sumardiono, 2012, p. 50)

Table 2.2Transaltion Quality Assessment Instrument of Acceptability

(Taken from Nababan, Nuraeni and Sumardiono, 2012, p. 51)

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Meanwhile, the open-ended question facilitated the raters to give

comments and recommendations. The comments and recommendations can be

written down in the comment columns as the arguments of raters underlying the

assessment on quality of the translations.

3. Interview

The third method of collecting data is interview. The interviews were

conducted with three raters who assessed the quality of the translation in terms of

accuracy and acceptability. The interview is aimed to get information such as the

reason behind the rates’ assessment. The interview was done in order to get

further information about their assessment on the quality of translation, provided

in the questionnaire.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

According to Spradley (1979), technique of data analysis comprises four

components: (1) domain analysis; (2) taxonomic analysis; (3) componential

analysis; and (4) theme analysis. Spradley developed these four components to

“have a single purpose: to uncover the system of cultural meanings that people

use” (p. 94). The technique used to analyze the data in this research consists of the

following stages:

1. Domain analysis

Every culture—including the research culture and numerous research

subcultures—has symbols or elements that represent other items. Symbols have

three components: (a) the symbol itself (i.e., cover term); (b) one or more

referents (i.e., to what the symbol refers; included term); and (c) a relationship
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between the symbol and the referent (i.e., semantic relationship). In other words,

domains are the data that will be used for the research. Spradley (1979)

conceptualizes that domain analysis involves a six-step process:

1. Select a single semantic relationship (repeated).

2. Prepare a domain analysis worksheet (repeated).

3. Select a sample of informant statements (repeated).

4. Search for possible cover terms and included terms that fit the

semantic relationship (repeated).

5. Formulate structural questions for each domain (repeated).

6. Make a list of all hypothesized domain

2. Taxonomic analysis.

Once research synthesis domains have been identified, taxonomic

analysis can be employed by selecting one domain and placing it into a taxonomy.

Spradley (1979, 1997) defines a taxonomy as a classification system that

inventories the domains into a flowchart or other pictorial representation to help

the researcher understand the relationships among the domains. Taxonomic

analysis depicts the hierarchical structure of the terms representing a domain, by

indicating the subsets of terms and the relationship of these subsets to the domain

as a whole (Spradley, 1979). According to Spradley, a taxonomic analysis

involves the following eight steps:

1. Select a domain for the taxonomic analysis.

2. Identify the appropriate substitution frame for analysis (a substitution

frame [e.g., is an attribute of] is similar to a semantic relationship,

although, it differs in that it helps to differentiate the included terms into

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subgroups).

3. Search for possible subsets among the included terms.

4. Search for larger, more inclusive domains that might include as a

subsetthe one being analyzed.

5. Construct a tentative taxonomy.

6. Formulate structural questions to verify taxonomic relationships.

7. Conduct additional structural interviews.

8. Construct a completed taxonomy.

As can be seen, in the case for domain analysis, taxonomic analysis leads

to further structural questions. After these questions are answered, the reviewer

can refine the taxonomy and use it in the report (i.e., literature review section) to

help the reader understand the phenomenon of interest.

3. Componential analysis.

According to Spradley (1979), componential analysis is a “systematic

search for attributes (components of meaning) associated with cultural symbols”

(Spradley, 1979, p. 174). Here, matrices and/or tables are used to determine the

differences among the subcomponents of domains in order to “map as accurately

as possible the psychological reality of our informant’s cultural knowledge”

(Spradley, 1979, p. 176). As conceptualized by Spradley (1979), a componential

analysis involves the following eight steps:

1. Select a contrast set for analysis.

2. Inventory all contrasts previously discovered.

3. Prepare a paradigm worksheet.

4. Identify dimensions of contrast which have binary values.

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5. Combine closely related dimensions of contrast into ones that have

multiple values.

6. Prepare contrast questions to elicit missing attributes and new

dimensions of contrast.

7. Conduct an interview to elicit needed data.

8. Prepare a completed paradigm.

Componential analysis lends itself to the research synthesis process.

Indeed, this analysis would lead the reviewer to create structural questions to fill

in gaps in understanding the contrast set. As such, reviewers can collect interview,

observational, or visual data to address these structural questions.

4. Theme analysis.

The final analysis in the ethnographic process is theme analysis. This

analysis is conducted by developing themes that “go beyond such an inventory [of

domains] to discover the conceptual themes that members of a society use to

connect these domains” (Spradley, 1979, p. 185). In the other words, theme

analysis is when the previous steps show there is a theme / pattern from the

analysis.

F. Research Procedure

Here are all the procedures that were applied in the research:

1. Reading the source of data, a novel entitled The fault in our star and its

translation entitled Salahkan Bintang-Bintang.

2. Collecting the data taking form of utterances containing“expletives it”

and “anticipatory it” and their translation.

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3. Classifying the data through consulting the data to the validator.

4. Making questionnaire to be distributed to the raters.

5. Comparing ST and TT to find out the translation techniques.

6. Analyzing the techniques that the translator uses in translating the

utterances containing “expletives it” and “anticipatory it”.

7. Giving the questionnaire to the raters to get score and comment.

8. Interviewing and discussing the result of quality assessment given by

the raters.

9. Analyzing the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy and

acceptability.

10. Analyzing the impact of the translation techniques used in translating

utterances containing “expletives it” and “anticipatory it” on the

translation quality.

11. Drawing conclusion based on the result and giving some suggestions.