5.

Electromagnetism
& bio-medical applications
Hanh Hong Mai| 2020
Electric charges & Coulomb’s law

Thunder
Electric charges & Coulomb’s law
Electric charges
= 1.6 × 10

=− × + × =0

m p  1.673  1027 kg
mn  1.675  1027 kg
31
me  9.11 10 kg
Electric charges
Ion – an atom or group of atom that has either
positive charges or negative charge

Ion can gain or lose electrons to become stable

Electric charges

Electron is a mobile Ion

Positive ion Negative ion

< >
> <

Deficit Excess
electron electron
Image: John Wiley & Sons
 Electric charges

The body that loses electrons has an excess of positive charge, while the body that
gains electrons has an excess of negative charge.

Law of Conservation of Electric Charge

During any process, the net electric charge of an isolated system remains constant
(is conserved). Image: John Wiley & Sons
 Electric charges
• Like charges repel and Unlike charges attract each other.

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗

Rubber Rubber Glass Glass

⃗ ⃗ Fur ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Silk ⃗

Rubber Glass Rubber Glass

Electric charges
 Problem 1
Example:
A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms, each of which has one
electron, and an oxygen atom, which has eight electrons. One water molecule has a
mass of 2.99 × 10 . How many electrons are there in a single raindrop with a
radius of 1.00 = 1.00 × 10 , which has a mass of 4.19 × 10 kg? What is
the total charge of all of these electrons?
Conductors and Insulators:
Induction
 Conductor & Insulator

• Electric charge exist on an object, and it can also move through an object.

• Substances that readily conduct electric charge are called electrical conductors.

• Materials that conduct electric charge poorly are called electrical insulators.
Conductor & Insulator
Conductor
−
− − +
+
+ +
− −
+
− − + −
− +
Charges can move freely Metal −
EARTH
Conductor & Insulator

Insulator
−+
−+ −+
+ −+
−+
−+
−+

Charges cannot move freely Glass

But insulator can be polarized
Conductor & Insulator

Image: John Wiley & Sons

Conductor & Insulator

Image: John Wiley & Sons

Conductors & Insulators
Dielectric breakdown in air
Conductors & Insulators
Thunder
Charging by Contact and by Induction

Charging by contact Charging by induction

Image: John Wiley & Sons

 Charging by Contact and by Induction
Charging by Contact
 Charging by Contact and by Induction
Charging by induction

⃗
Charging by Contact and by Induction
 Coulomb’s Law
(Electrical interaction)
 Coulomb’s law
+ +

+ −
Coulomb’s Law
The magnitude of the electrostatic
force exerted by one point charge on = =
another point charge is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the =9.0 × =
charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them. : is the permittivity of the vacuum
 Coulomb’s law
Overlapping principle
• Force A exert on C:
⃗ = ⃗
9 × 10 3 × 10 4 × 10
= = 2.7
0.2
⃗ • Force B exert on C:

9 × 10 5 × 10 4 × 10
−3.0 = = 4.5
A(0,20) 4.0 0.2
C(20,20) • Magnitude of the net force:

20 = 2.7 + 4.5 = 5.2

• Direction:
20 B(20,0)
4.5
(0,0) 5.0 = ⇒ = 59
2.7
Coulomb’s law

Red blood cell

Normal red blood cell
with excess charge remove
The Electric Field
The Electric Field
Definition of Electric Field
The electric field that exists at a point is the electrostatic force
experienced by a small test charge placed at that point divided by the
charge itself:

= =

S I Units of Electric Field: newton per coulomb (N/C)

 Electric field
Definition of Electric Field
The electric field that exists at a point is the
electrostatic force experienced by a small test charge
placed at that point divided by the charge itself:

1
⇒ = × ̂ ⇒ =
4

SI Unit: Newton per Coulomb (N/C)

Electric field

=
Electric field

=
Uniform electric field
Application of electric field - Electrophoresis
Paper electrophoresis
= ⇒ = ⇒ =

=
2

Sample Different molecules move

different distance
Electrophoresis – Applications
Electrophoresis – Applications
Electrophoresis – Applications
Electrophoresis – Applications
Paper electrophoresis

Reference DNA
Electric Potential Energy
Electric potential energy
Electric potential energy
 Electric potential energy
Recall:
Δ = −W
⇒Δ =− ℎ −ℎ
⃗= ⃗
∆ℎ ⇒Δ =− ∆ℎ
ℎ
 If ⃗ do positive work
⇒ decrease
ℎ  If ⃗ do negative work
⇒ increase
 Electric potential energy
Recall:
Δ = −W POSITVE

⃗= ⃗ =
∆ℎ
ℎ

ℎ
NEGATIVE
 Electric potential energy

Electric potential energy POSITVE

Δ = −W
⇒Δ =− −
=
⇒ =−
ℎ
Electric potential (difference)

= =−
ℎ
SI unit of ΔV is Volt (V)
NEGATIVE
 Electric potential energy

Electric potential energy POSITVE

Δ = −W
⇒Δ =− −
=
⇒ =−
ℎ
Electric potential (difference)

= =−
ℎ
SI unit of ΔV is Volt (V)
NEGATIVE
Capacitors
Capacitors

−
 Capacitors
= ⇒ = =

⇒ =
+ + -−
+ -
+ - ⇒ =
+ -
Capacitance:
Positive
+ -
plate + - Negative
plate
= ⇒ =
+ -
= . × /
Unit of C: Farad (F)
 Capacitors
= Capacitance:
= ⇒ =
+ + -−
+ - = . × /
+ - Unit of C: Farad (F)
+ -
+ - Capacitor can store energy
Positive
plate + - Negative
plate
+ - = = =
Dielectric
Placing dielectric between the plates
+ − + −
+ -+ -+ - + - + -
+ -+ -+ - + - + -
+ -+ -+ - + - + -
+ -+ -+ - + - + -
+ -+ -+ - + - + -
+ -+ -+ - + - + -
+ -+ -+ - + - + -
Positive Zero net Negative Positive Zero net Negative
plate charge plate plate charge plate

= ⇒ = =
Capacitors
Capacitors
Cardiac Defibrillator
 Problem 2
Example: A defibrillator, like the one shown in the photograph that opens this chapter, is
essentially a capacitor that is charged by a high-voltage source and then delivers the stored
energy to a patient’s heart. (a) How much charge does the 80.0-μF capacitor in a certain
defibrillator store when it is fully charged by applying 2.50 kV? (b) How much energy can this
defibrillator deliver?