SAMPLING DESIGN

PROBABILITY SAMPLING & NON-

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Muhammad Bilal,
R.No.06
Ali Hussnain syed
R.No18
Abbas Ali
R.No.31
 A population is the set of data of all possible
measurements (or observations) of individuals or
items.

 E.g.. the heights of all students in a junior college, the

lengths of life of all the light bulbs produced by a
manufacturer.

 A sample is a set of data chosen from a population

and is a subset of the population.

 A sampling unit is an individual member of a sample.

Definition of Sampling:

 Measuring a small portion of something and then making

a general statement about the whole thing.

 Process of selecting a number of units for a study in such

a way that the units represent the larger group from which
they are selected.
Why We Need Sampling
(Purposes and Advantages of Sampling)
 Sampling makes possible the study of a large,
(different characteristics) population.

 Sampling is for economy

 Sampling is for speed.

 Sampling is for accuracy.

 Sampling saves the sources of data from being all

consumed.
SAMPLING DESIGN
1. What is the target population?
- Target population is the aggregation of elements
(members of the population) from which the sample is
actually selected.
2. What are the parameters of interest?
- Parameters are summary description of a given
variable in a population.
3. What is the sampling frame?
- Sampling frame is the list of elements from which the
sample is actually drawn. Complete and correct list of
population members only.
4. What is the appropriate sampling method?
- Probability or Non-Probability sampling method
 SAMPLING DESIGN
5. What size sample is needed?
There are no fixed rules in determining the size of a
sample needed. There are guidelines that should be
observed in determining the size of a sample.
 When the population is more or less
homogeneous and only the typical, normal, or
average is desired to be known, a smaller
sample is enough. However, if differences are
desired to be known, a larger sample is needed.
 When the population is more or less
heterogeneous and only the typical, normal or
average is desired to be known a larger sample
is needed. However, if only their differences are
desired to be known, a smaller sample is
sufficient.
SAMPLING DESIGN
 The size of a sample varies inversely as the size of
the population. A larger proportion is required of a
smaller population and a smaller proportion may do
for a bigger population.
 For a greater accuracy and reliability of results, a
greater sample is desirable.
 In biological and chemical experiments, the use of
few persons is more desirable to determine the
reactions of humans.
 When subjects are likely to be destroyed during
experiment, it is more feasible to use non-humans.
 General Types of Sampling

1. Probability sampling

2. Non-probability sampling
 PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
 The sample is a proportion (a certain percent) of the
population and such sample is selected from the
population by means of some systematic way in which
every element of the population has a chance of being
included in the sample.

 Randomization is a feature of the selection process

rather than an assumption about the structure of the
population.

 More complex, time consuming and more costly

Non-probability sampling
 The sample is not a proportion of the population and there is no
system in selecting the sample. The selection depends upon the
situation.

 No assurance is given that each item has a chance of being included

as a sample

 There is an assumption that there is an even distribution of

characteristics within the population, believing that any sample would
be representative.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
A. PURE RANDOM SAMPLING
 This type of sampling is one in which every one in the
population of the inquiry has an equal chance of being
selected to be included in the sample.

 Also called the lottery or raffle type of sampling.

 This may be used if the population has no differentiated

levels, sections, or classes.

 Done with or without replacement

PURE RANDOM SAMPLING
 main advantage of this technique of sampling is
that, it is easy to understand and it is easy to
apply too.

 disadvantage is that, it is hard to use with too

large a population because of the difficulty
encountered in writing the names of the
persons involved.
B. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

 A technique of sampling in which every kth name (old

system of counting off) in a list may be selected to be
included in a sample.

 Also called as interval sampling, there is a gap or

interval, between each selected unit in the sample.

 Used when the subjects or respondents in the study are

arrayed or arranged in some systematic or logical
manner such as alphabetical arrangement and
geographical placement from north to south.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
 Main advantage is that it is more convenient,
faster, and more economical

 Disadvantage is that the sample becomes biased

if the persons in the list belong to a class by
themselves whereas the investigation requires
that all sectors of the population are to be
involved.
 C. STRATIFIED SAMPLING

 The process of selecting randomly, samples from the

different strata of the population used in the study.

 Advantage is that it contributes much to the

representative of the sample
D. CLUSTER SAMPLING
 Also called as multistage cluster sampling

 Used when the population is so big or the geographical

area of the research is so large.

 Advantage : efficiency

 Disadvantage: reduced accuracy or representativeness,

on the account of the fact that in every stage there is a
sampling error.
TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A. ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING
/CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

 No system of selection but only those whom the

researcher or interviewer meet by chance are included
in the sample.

 Process of picking out people in the most convenient

and fastest way to immediately get their reactions to a
certain hot and controversial issue.
ACCIDENTAL / CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

 Not representative of target population because

sample are selected if they can be accessed easily
and conveniently.

 Advantage : easy to use

 Disadvantage: bias is present

 It could deliver accurate results when the

population is homogeneous.
B. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

 The respondents are chosen on the basis of their

knowledge of the information desired.
TYPES OF PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
1. QUOTA SAMPLING
 Specified number of persons of certain types are
included in the sample.

 Advantage over accidental sampling is that many

sectors of the population are represented. But its
representativeness is doubtful because there is no
proportional representation and there are no guidelines
in the selection of the respondents.
 PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
2. JUDGEMENT SAMPLING

 Sample is taken based on certain judgements about the

overall population.

 Critical issue: objectivity “how much can judgement be

relied upon to arrive at a typical sample?”

 Advantage: reduced cost and time involved in acquiring

the sample