Experiment # 01 AND/OR GATES:

Introduction:
This lab is design to find the operation of basic logic gates which include logic AND gate and logic OR
gate. These gates are used in most of logic circuits. Any logic circuit can be reduced to implement it from
these AND/OR gates.

Objective:
The aim of this lab is to study the characteristics of quad AND-gate chip and quad OR-gate chip. Circuits
implementation to verify the AND logic and OR logic is also covered in this lab. Lastly examination of
waveform characteristics of these logic gates is also done in this lab.

Materials:
Following materials are required to implement this lab

 +5v DC power supply

 Dual trace Oscilloscope
 Signal generator (TTL)
 Quad 2-input AND gate chip (74LS08)
 Quad 2-input OR gate chip (74LS32)
 Hex inverter chip (74LS04)
 2 x Resistors (1KΩ)
 Resistor (330Ω)
 LED
 DIP switch 8-input

Information:
Logic AND gate and logic OR gate performs two basic operations of logical multiplication and logical
addition respectively. These two gates with addition of inverter can be used to implement any logic
circuit. That is why these gates form basis of almost every logic circuit.

Procedure:
AND GATE:
 From the data sheet or TTL data book find the information about 2-input AND gate chip 74LS08.
Record the pin configuration diagram for the chip. Draw the diagram of gates inside the chip
and function of each pin next to the pin. Complete the function table from the data sheet
information and write brief description about IC. (function table and pin configuration is in
results/analysis)
 Construct the following schematic to verify the operation of AND gate.
 While constructing schematic pin number on each input and output should be indicated
because this will help later in troubleshooting if required. Don’t forget to connect +5V DC and
GND pin to ground. (Note inverter is used to sink the 16mA of LED current as it only source
400uA)
 After construction of circuit change the switches to give input A and B to the logic gate. LED
should glow when output “Y” become high. Check all necessary combination of switches for
output. Make truth table of it and compare it with function table of first step provided by data
sheet. (Note All other gates in the IC should be tested in same manner to check that IC is
working properly).
OR GATE:

 Give the brief description and pin configuration diagram of 74LS32 OR gate from its data sheet.
 Complete the truth table by constructing following circuit. Input all possible combination of
switches to obtain output. Compare this truth table with function table as given by data sheet.

 Now connect 10KHz TTL signal to input A of above gate and get input B to low through GND.
Observe the wave form through oscilloscope.

Connect channel 1 of oscilloscope to input A to display it while channel 2 to output Y. Trigger

should be set to channel 1 of oscilloscope so that input and output will remain in phase. To find
the actual time difference of input and output, triggers should not be set to individual inputs
but to trigger to input.
Set the scope to “DC” and make input B high. Observe the wave form.
 Observe the waveform when input B is left floating.
Analysis and Results:
AND GATE
Description:
74LS08 is a 14 pin Dual Inline Package (DIP) chip. It contains four independent 2-input positive AND
gates. It belongs to TTL logic family. It accepts +5V DC as Vcc and its inputs are internally pulled up.

Pin Configuration:

Function table:
A B Y = A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0

1 0 0
1 1 1
Truth table for Circuit:
A B Y = A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0

1 0 0
1 1 1

Both the function table from data sheet and truth table made from circuit is same. Hence operation of
AND gate is verified.
 OR GATE:
Description:
74LS32 is a 14 pin Dual Inline Package (DIP) chip. It contains four independent 2-input positive OR gates.
It belongs to TTL logic family. It accepts +5V DC as Vcc and its inputs are internally pulled up.

Pin Configuration:

Function Table:
A B Y = A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1

1 0 1
1 1 1

Truth table for Circuit:

A B Y = A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1

1 0 1
1 1 1

Both the function table from data sheet and truth table made from circuit is same. Hence operation of
AND gate is verified
 Waveform when Input B is GND:
From function table we concluded that the waveform that will appear on output Y will look exactly the
same as waveform at input A because OR gate perform logical addition.

Waveform when Input B is HIGH:

From function table we see that when one input is HIGH output is always high no matter what is input.

Waveform when Input B is left Floating:

Because inputs of 74LS32 are internally pulled up. So by floating input B will make it HIGH which is same
as above case. So waveform for floating input resembles as that of second case.

Conclusion:
In this lab we learned about the basic operation of logic gates. We verified the function table of ANG
logic and OR logic gate. We get knowledge about sink and source currents for logic gates. We also
studied how output waveform is affected the changing one input of OR logic gate.

References:
 Kleitz, Chapter 3
 http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn5432.pdf
 https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/sn54ls08.pdf