Algebra of

Matrices 3
1. Matrix:
of rows and columns.
A matrix is written inside brackets [ ]. Each entry in a matrix is called an element of the matrix.
Order of Matrix:
of that matrix. By conversion the dimension or order of a matrix is given by
No. of rows × No. of columns
If a matrix have m rows and n columns then its order (dimension) is written as m × n and read as
m by n.
2. Row Matrix: A matrix having one row and any number of column is called a row matrix. In other
words, matrix of order 1 × n is always a row matrix.
e.g., [a, b, c, d]1×4 is a row matrix.
3. Column Matrix: A matrix having any number of rows but only one column is called column matrix.
In other words, a matrix of order m × 1 is always a column matrix.
RS VW
SSaWW
SSbWW
e.g., SS WW is a column matrix.
SSc WW
SSdWW
T X4 # 1
4. Square Matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns, say n, is
called a square matrix of order n.
5. Diagonal Elements: The elements aij of a square matrix A = [aij]n × n for which i = j, i.e., the elements
a11, a22, ..., ann are called the diagonal elements and the line along which the diagonal elements lie, is
called the principal diagonal or leading diagonal.
6. Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix [aij] is said to be a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for i j.
In other words, a square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix, if its element not on principal
diagonal are zero.
7. Scalar Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij]n × n is called a scalar matrix, if
(i) aij = 0 i j and (ii) aii = c i, where c 0.
In other words, a square matrix is said to be scalar, if it is a diagonal matrix and entries on its
principal diagonal are equal.
 8. Identity Matrix: A square matrix in which all non diagonal elements are zero and all diagonal
elements are equal to 1 is called identity matrix.
i.e., I = [aij]m×n is an identity matrix if
aij = 0 i j and aij = 1 i=j
RS VW
SS1 0 0WW
For example, SS0 1 0WW is an identity matrix.
SS W
S0 0 1WW3 # 3
T X
9. Null or Zero Matrix: A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix or a zero matrix
i.e., A = [aij]m×n is null matrix if aij = 0, i, j.
10. Upper and Lower Triangular Matrices: A square matrix A = [aij] is called
(i) an upper triangular matrix, if aij = 0 i > j, i.e., all entries below principal diagonal are zero.
(ii) a lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 i < j, i.e., all entries above principal diagonal are zero.
11. Two matrices A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]m × n of the same order are equal, if
aij = bij i = 1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n.
12. If A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]m × n are two matrices of the same order m × n, then their sum A + B is an
m × n matrix such that
(A + B)ij = aij + bij i = 1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n
Following are the properties of matrix addition:
(i) Commutativity : If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then
A+B=B+A
(ii) Associativity : If A, B and C are three matrices of the same order, then
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(iii) Existence of Identity : The null matrix is the identity element for matrix addition i.e.,
A+O=A+O=A
(iv) Existence of Inverse : For every matrix A = [aij]m × n there exists a matrix – A = [– aij]m × n such
that
A + (– A) = O = (– A) + A
(v) Cancellation Laws : If A, B and C are three matrices of the same order, then
A+B=A+C B = C and B + A = C + A B=C
13. Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and k be any number called a scalar. Then, the matrix obtained by
multiplying every element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A by k and is denoted by kA.
Thus, kA = [kaij]m × n.
Following are the properties of scalar multiplication :
If A and B are two matrices of the same order and k, l are scalars, then
(i) k(A + B) = kA + kB (ii) (k + l) A = kA + lA (iii) (kl) A = k(lA) = l(kA)
(iv) (–k) A = – (kA) = k(– A) (v) 1 A = A (vi) (–1) A = – A
Note that a scalar matrix can be obtained by multiplying an identity matrix by a scalar.
14. If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then A – B = A + (– B).
15. Multiplication of Matrices :
number of columns of A (pre multiplier) is equal to the number of rows of B (post-multiplier).
For example, if the order of A (pre-multiplier) is m × n and the order of B (post-multiplier) is n × p
then A and B A and B denoted by AB is m × p.
i.e., Am × n × Bn × p = ABm × p
 Let A = [aij]m × n and B = [bjk]n × p be two matrices then product of A and B
denoted by AB is given as
AB = [cij]m × p
n
where, Cij = ai1b1j + ai2b2j + ... + ainbnj = / air brj [1 i m and 1 j p]
r=1
Here, A is pre-multiplier or pre-factor B is post-multiplier or post-factor.

of two matrix:

Matrix multiplication has the following properties:

(i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative.
(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative i.e., (AB) C = A (BC) wherever both sides of the equality are

(iii) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition i.e., A (B + C) = AB + AC and

(B + C) A = BA + CA
(iv) If A is an m×n matrix, then Im A = A = A In
(v) If A is an m×n matrix and O is a null matrix, then Am × n On × p = Om × p and Op × m × Am × n = Op × n
i.e., the product of a matrix with a null matrix is a null matrix.
(vi) In matrix multiplication the product of two non-zero matrices may be a ‘zero-matrix’ i.e.,
AB = 0, does not imply that at least one of the A or B should be zero.
16. If A A' = A and An+1 = An. A.
17. If A is a square matrix and a0, a1, ..., an are constants, then
a0An + a1An – 1 + a2An – 2 + ... + an – 1A + an is called a matrix polynomial.
18. Transpose of a Matrix: Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix. Then, the transpose of A, denoted by AT, is
an n × m matrix such that
(AT)ij = aij i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n
i.e., the matrix obtained by interchanging rows into columns, of a given matrix A is called the
transpose of A and is denoted by AT or A'.
Following are the properties of transpose of a matrix:
(i) (AT)T = A (ii) (A + B)T = AT + BT (iii) (kA)T = kAT
(iv) (AB)T = BT AT (v) (ABC)T = CTBTAT
19. A square matrix A = [aij] is called a symmetric matrix, if
aij = aji i, j i.e., A = AT
20. A square matrix A = [aij] is called a skew symmetric matrix, if
aij = – aji i, j i.e., AT = – A
21. All main diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.
22. Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric
matrix.
23. All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric.
24. All odd positive integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-symmetric.

Selected NCERT Questions

RS V R V
SSx + y + zWWW SS9WW
S W
1. Find the values of x, y and z if SSS x + z WWW = SSS5WWW . [CBSE (F) 2011]
SS W S W
S y + z WW S7W
T X T X
Sol. We have, x + y + z = 9, x + z = 5 and y + z = 7
On solving these equations, we get
x = 2, y = 4, z = 3.
a – b 2a + c
2. Find the values of a, b, c and d if > H==
–1 5
G. [CBSE Delhi 2013]
2a – b 3c + d 0 13

Sol. Given: = G== G

a – b 2a + c –1 5
2a – b 3c + d 0 13
a – b = –1 …(i)
2a + c = 5 …(ii)
2a – b = 0 …(iii)
3c + d = 13 …(iv)
b
From (iii) 2a = b & a=
2
b b
Putting in (i), we get
2
–b=–1 & 2
=1 & b=2

(i) a=1
(ii) c=5–2×1=5–2=3
(iv) d = 13 – 3 × (3) = 13 – 9 = 4
i.e., a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4
 A4 = 9A2 – 28A
A4 = 9(4A – 7I) – 28A [Putting the value of A2]
A4 = 8A – 63I
A.A4 = 8A2 – 63A [Pre multiplying by A]
5
A = 8(4A – 7I) – 63A = – 31A – 56I

= –31 = G –56 = G = = G
2 3 1 0 –118 –93
–1 2 0 1 31 –118

symmetric matrix. [HOTS]

Sol. Let A be any square matrix. Then,
1 1
A = ( A + A T ) + (A – A T ) = P + Q, (say),
2 2
1 1
where, P = (A + A ), Q = (A – AT)
T
2 2
T
P T = c (A + A T ) m
1
Now, [a (KT) T = K.AT]
2
1
= [A T + (A T ) T ] [a (A + B) T = AT + BT]
2
1
= (AT + A) [ a ( A T ) T = A]
2
1
= (A + A T ) = P
2
P is symmetric matrix.
1 1 1 1
Also, QT = (A – AT) T = [AT – (AT) T] = [AT – A] = – [A – AT] = – Q
2 2 2 2
Q is skew-symmetric matrix.
Thus, A = P + Q, where P is a symmetric matrix and Q is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Hence, A is expressible as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.
Uniqueness: If possible, let A = R + S, where R is symmetric and S is skew-symmetric, then,
AT = (R + S)T = RT + ST
AT = R – S [ a RT = R and ST = – S]
Now, A = R + S and AT = R – S
1 1
R = [A + AT] = P, S = (A – AT) = Q
2 2
Hence, A is uniquely expressible as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix.

PROFICIENCY EXERCISE
Objective Type Questions: [1 mark each]
1. Choose and write the correct option in each of the following questions.
SRSa 0 0WVW
S W
(i) If A = SSS0 a 0WWW , then An is equal to
SS0 0 aWW
RS nT XV RS n V RS n V SRSna 0 0 WWV
SSa 0 0 WWW SSa 0 0WWW SSa 0 0WWW
SS W
(a) SSS 0 a n 0 WWW (b) SSS 0 a 0WWW (c) SSS 0 a n 0WWW (d) SS 0 na 0 WWW
SS W SS W SS W SS 0 0 naWW
S 0 0 a nWW S 0 0 aWW S 0 0 aWW
T X T X T X T X
 H== G , then value of y is
x–y 2 2 2
(ii) If >
x 5 3 5
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5
(iii) The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) 27 (b) 18 (c) 81 (d) 512
RS VW RS VW
3
SS WW 2
SS WW
(iv) The A = 72 –3 4A , B = SSS2WWW, x = 71 2 3A and y = SSS3WWW, then AB + XY equals
SS2WW SS4WW
[CBSE 2020, (64/4/1)]
T X T X
(a) 528? (b) [24] (c) 28 (d) 24
RS VW
SS0 0 5WW
(v) The matrix A = SSS0 5 0WWW [NCERT Exemplar]
SS5 0 0WW
T X
(a) scalar matrix (b) diagonal matrix (c) unit matrix (d) square matrix

i 0
(vi) If A = > H, n N, then A4n equals [NCERT Exemplar]
0 i
0 0 0 i 0 0
(a) = G
1 0
(a) > H (b) > H (a) > H
0 0 i 0 0 1 i i
(vii) For any two matrices A and B, we have
(a) AB = BA (b) AB BA (c) AB = O (d) None of these
(viii) On using elementary row operation R1 " R1 –3R2 in the following matrix equation:
4 2 1 2 2 0
> H=> H> H, we have:
3 3 0 3 1 1

–5 –7 1 –7 2 0 –5 –7 1 2 –1 –3
(a) > H=> H> H (b) > H=> H> H
3 3 0 3 1 1 3 3 0 3 1 1
–5 –7 1 2 2 0 4 2 1 2 2 0
(c) > H=> H> H (d) > H=> H> H
3 3 1 –7 1 1 –5 –7 –3 –3 1 1
2. Fill in the blanks.

(i) If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order then AB is symmetric if and only if
_____________ .
x+y 2 7
(ii) If > H=>
7
H, then x.y = _____________ . [CBSE 2020, (65/4/2)]
9 x–y 9 4
1
(iii) If 7x 2A> H = 0 , then x = _____________ .
4
(iv) If A is symmetric matrix, then Bl AB is _____________ .

Very Short Answer Questions: [1 mark each]

i
3. For a 2 × 2 matrix, A = [aij], whose elements are given by aij = , write the value of a12.
j
[CBSE Delhi 2011]
4. Write the order of the product matrix. [CBSE (F) 2011]
RS VW
SS1WW
SS2WW [ 2 3 4 ]
SS WW
S3W
T X
 5. x:

= G= = G
x+y 4 3 4
[CBSE (F) 2010]
–5 3y –5 6

6. If = G== G
3x – 2y 5 3 5
y. [CBSE (F) 2009]
x –2 –3 –2
7. Write a square matrix of order 2, which is both symmetric and skew symmetric. [CBSE (F) 2010]

8. If matrix A = [1 2 3], then write AA', where A' is the transpose of matrix A. [CBSE Delhi 2009]
RS V
SS0 a –3 WW
W
9. If the matrix A = SSS2 0 –1WW
W a’ and ‘b’. [CBSE 2018]
SSb 1 0 WW
T X
10. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then write the value of (I + A)3 – 7A. [CBSE (AI) 2014]
11. If a matrix has 5 elements, write all possible orders it can have. [CBSE (AI) 2011]
|i – j |
12. Write the element a23 of a 3 × 3 matrix A = (aij) whose elements aij are given by aij = .
2
[CBSE Delhi 2015]

13. In the matrix equation e o e o=e o . Use elementary operation R2 " R2 + R1 and
2 3 1 0 8 –3
1 4 2 –1 9 –4
write the equation thus obtained. [CBSE Delhi (C) 2017]
14. Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 × 2 with each entry 1, 2 or 3.
[CBSE Central 2016]
Short Answer Questions-I: [2 marks each]

15. Find a matrix A such that 2A – 3B + 5C = O, where B = = G and C = = G

–2 2 0 2 0 –2
3 1 4 7 1 6
[CBSE 2019 (65/1/1)]

16. If A = = G and kA = = G
0 2 0 3a
k, a and b. [CBSE 2019 (65/3/1)]
3 –4 2b 24

17. Express A = = G as a sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix. [CBSE 2019 (65/3/1)]
4 –3
2 –1
1 0
18. Solve the following matrix equation for x: [x 1] > H= O. [CBSE Delhi 2014]
–2 0
3 4 1 y 7 0
19. If 2 > H+> H=> H x – y). [CBSE Delhi 2014]
5 x 0 1 10 5
2 4 –2 5
20. If A = > H and B = > H A – B). [CBSE Guwahati 2015]
3 2 3 4

21. If = G.= G== G , then write the value of x.

2 3 1 –3 –4 6
[CBSE Delhi 2012]
5 7 –2 4 –9 x

22. If matrix A = = G and A2 = A, then write the value of .

3 –3
[CBSE (AI) 2013]
–3 3
2 –2
23. If matrix A = > H and A 2 = pA , then write the value of p. [CBSE (AI) 2013]
–2 2
 Short Answer Questions-II: [3 marks each]

24. Given matrix A = = G

1 2
f(A), if f(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 5.
3 4
SRS 2 –1WVW SRS–1 –8 –10WVW
SS WW S W
25. Find the matrix X such that S 0 1 W X = SS 3 4 0 WW .
SS WW SS W
S–2 4 W S10 20 10 WW
RS V T X T X
SS2 3 1WWW
26. Express the matrix SS1 –1 2WW as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
SS W
S4 1 2WW
T X
RS V
SS2 0 1WWW
27. If = SSS2 1 3WWW A2 – 3A + 2I. [CBSE (AI) 2010]
SS1 –1 0WW
T X
28. Show that the elements along the main diagonal of a skew symmetric matrix are all zero.
[CBSE Sample Paper 2017]
RS VW RS VW RS VW
SS 0 6 7WW SS0 1 1WW SS 2 WW
29. If A S– 6 0 8W, B S1 0 2W, C SS– 2WW , then calculate AC, BC and (A + B) C. Also verify that
= S W = S W =
SS W SS W SS WW
S 7 – 8 0WW S1 2 0WW S3W
T X T X T X
(A + B) C = AC + BC. [CBSE Ajmer 2015]
30. A manufacturer produces three products x, y, z which he sells in two markets. Annual sales are
indicated in the table:
Market
x y z
I 10,000 2,000 18,000
II 6,000 20,000 8,000
If unit sale price of x, y and z are `2.50, `1.50 and `
each market, using matrices.

Answers
1. (i) (a) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (a) (v) (d) (vi) (c)
(vii) (d) (viii) (a)
2. (i) AB = BA (ii) – 3 (iii) – 8 (iv) Symmetric Matrix
0 0
7. > H
1
3. a12 = 2 4. 3 × 3 5. x = 1 6. –6 8. [14]
0 0
1
9. a = –2, b = 3 10. I 11. 1×5 and 5×1 12.
2
2 3 1 0 8 –3
15. = G 16. k = – 6, a = – 4, b = – 9
–8 3 5
13. > H> H=> H 14. 81
3 7 3 –1 17 –7 –13 –1 –9
RS V R V
SS 4 – 1 WWW SSS 0 – 5 WWW
20. = G
S 2 WW + SS 2 WW 8 7
17. SS 1 WW SS 5 WW 18. x = 2 19. 10 21. x = 13
SS– 6 2
SS 2 –1 WWW SSS 2 0 WWW
T X T X
24. = G 25. X = = G
16 14 1 –2 –5
22. =6 23. p = 4
21 37 3 4 0