BENTHIC MOLLUSCS IN THE SEAGRASS BEDS OF SITIO BAGUMBAYAN,

BUHANGIN, MALITA DAVAO OCCIDENTAL AND SITIO BISANG, LAIS

MALITA DAVAO OCCIDENTAL

LONICA SHANE B. CAMILLO

CRISNA B. CHAVEZ

THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE INSTISTUTE

OF FISHERIES AND MARINE SCIENCES, (IFMS), SOUTHERN
PHILIPPINES AGRI-BUSINESS AND MARINE
AND AQUATIC SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY,
MALITA, DAVAO OCCIDENTAL IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MARINE BIOLOGY

MAY 2022
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis outline entitled, BENTHIC MOLLUSCS IN THE SEAGRASS BEDS OF

SITIO BAGUMBAYAN, BRGY. BUHANGIN AND SITIO BISANG, BRGY. LAIS,
MALITA, DAVAO OCCIDENTAL”, prepared and submitted by CRISNA B. CHAVEZ
and LONICA SHANE B. CAMILLO in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree Bachelor of Science and Marine Biology.

JUNARIE JOY M. TUBA, MSC LEONEL P. LUMOGDANG, MSC

Member Member

_________________ __________________
Date Signed Date Signed

JHUN RHEIL H. MOLINA, MSC JOPY D. CAÑEDA MISDS, ENP

Adviser Chairman

_____________________ ________________
Date Signed Date Signed

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science and Marine Biology.

JOHN PAUL R. PACYAO, MS

Dean

INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICES, Southern Philippines Agri-Business

and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST),
Malita, Davao Occidental
____________
Date Signed
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY PAGES PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LIST OF APENDICES v

CHAPTER

I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1

Objectives of the Study 3

Significance of the Study 4

Scope and Limitation of the study 5

Definition of Terms 6

II REVIEW RELATED LITERATUR

Benthic Mollusks 7
 Related Studies 11

Conceptual framework 18

Hypotheses 19

III METHODOLOGY

Research Locale 20

Research Design 21

Research Instrument 22

Statistical Tool 23

APPENDECIES 28

LITERATURE CITED 34

CURRICULUM VITAE 40
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. PAGE

1. Conceptual Framework of the study 26

2. Map of the study area 28

3. Transect line method 31

4. Quadrat method 32
 CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Benthic mollusks are soft-bodied and the largest phylum of the

marine realm. These diverse organisms have a variety of structural forms

and are easily recognized by their shells, however some of them lack a

shell entirely (Venkatraman and Venkatraman,2012). Shells and the

aggregations are important components of benthic ecosystems, providing

complex and heterogeneous habitat influencing processes like colonization

and settlement and sustaining a rich diversity of many other organisms

(McLean 1983; Coen and Grizzle 2007; Commito et al., 2008). 

Benthic mollusks are divided into two groups based on their habitat:

the infauna that is found in the bottom sediments and the epifauna that is

found in the seagrass beds (Salmo et al.,2017). The seagrass beds

influence the survival of infaunal invertebrates and community structure

within the mudflat and allow them to move freely around estuaries that

increases their foraging efficiency and reduces competitive interactions

(Micheli and Peterson 1999). Seagrass beds is a house of large diversity of

molluscs which can numerically dominate these habitats (Heminga &

Duarte; Rueda & Salas, 2008). Seagrasses are able to support highly

abundant and rich number of species when compared to other habitats in

the intertidal ecosystem (Lee et al., 2001; Ambo-Rappe et al., 2016).

Philippines is renowned for being a significant provider in the world

shell trade (Wells 1981). Gleaning, or harvesting edible marine

invertebrates and seaweed on shallow intertidal regions of coastal reef-

seagrass-mangroves during low tide, is a common, traditional activity

among women, men, and children in the Philippines. It is known locally as

(panginhas) in Visayas and Mindanao (Savina and White 1986; De

Guzman 1990; McManus et al., 1992; LeBlanc 1997; Del Norte Campos et

al., 2004). The most prevalent method of mollusk collection is excessive

gleaning, which is classified as small-scale fishing and is typically carried

out by residents of coastal villages for subsistence (Kleiber,2014). Thus,

gleaning is a prevalent form of fishing; yet, nothing is known about how it

affects society, coastal environment, or biodiversity, and there is no

program of monitoring or management in place among local governments

to protect and sustain precious resources. The number of excessive

gleaning catches is rapidly dropping as a result of overharvesting and the

lack of a management strategy (Palomares et al. 2014, De Guzman et al.

2016).

This study aims to determine the species composition, diversity,

abundance, and socioeconomic status of benthic molluscs in the villages

of Bagumbayan, Buhangin, and Bisang, Lais Malita Davao Occidental. This

research will serve as a data bases, since there is no regulated policy in

overharvesting the most valuable resources. Due to the open nature of

the area and the lack of regulations there, it is crucial to understand the

status of Sitio Bagumbayan, Buhangin and sitio Bisang, Lais, Malita Davao

Occidental, which have an abundance of benthic molluscs. This study will

be useful for the management conservation of marine invertebrate

populations, monitoring of this species is crucial. Therefore, both future

scientific research and decision making can benefit this study.

 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study generally aims to assess the benthic molluscs in the

seagrass beds of Sitio Bagumbayan, Buhangin and Sitio bisang, Lais,

Malita, Davao Occidental. Specifically:

1. Determine the species composition,

abundance and diversity of molluscs in the

seagrass beds of the study area;

2. Determine the percent cover of seagrasses of the study

area;

3. Measure the physico-chemical parameters

of Sitio Bagumbayan, Buhangin and

Sitio Bisang, Lais Malita, Davao

Occidental;

4. Determine the socio-economic profile of

Sitio Bagumbayan, Buhangin and Sitio

Bisang, Lais Malita, Davao Occidental; and

 5. Determine the relationship of molluscs

species and seagrass in the study area.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be very significant to the following.

DENR

This study will provide recommendation on how to assess the

benthic molluscs. This will be useful in addressing the scarcity of

information about the benthic molluscs in the selected areas.

Barangay official

This study will be useful to barangay law enforcement in enforcing

certain regulations and norms on the evaluation of benthic molluscs. The

knowledge will form the foundation of an effective management strategy

for benthic mollusks and seagrasses.

Locals

This study will make it possible to spread knowledge of those who

reside near the water. The study will serve as a foundation for better
management of marine resources and can also serve as guidelines and a

starting point for more research on benthic molluscs in seagrass beds.

Researchers

The study will be useful to the researchers for their future work

and to other researchers as a resource.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study will be conducted along the intertidal zone of sitio,

Bagumbayan and Bisang, Malita, Davao Occidental. The study will be

focused on the infauna and epifauna, two groups of benthic molluscs that

are distinguished by their habitat. Only the measurement of salinity,

temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen will be allowed for the physico-

chemical parameters. The researchers will conduct the study during day

time and low tide. For the purpose of evaluating the benthic molluscs, one

shot sampling will be done.

 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Bivalves- as a group have no head and they lack some usual molluscan

.organs like the radula and the odontophore (Linnaeus,1758)

Diversity - a measure of the compactness of substance within given area

(Di Carlo, 2006).

Gastropods – more commonly known as snails and slugs, are a large

taxonomic class within the phylum Mollusca (Cuvier, 1795).

Mollusk- this refer to the large phylum Mollusca of invertebrate animals

(Linnaeus,

1758).

Quadrat- it refers to the 0.5m x 0.5m metal device square use to

determine species of seagrasses area (Cane 2008).

Seagrass – are submerged flowering plants that can be found in coastal

and estuarine habitats on all continents, including Antarctica (Hemminga

and Duarte 2000).

Species – A class of individual or objects grouped by virtue of their

common attributes and assigned a common name; a division subordinate

to a genus (Calumpong and Menez,1997).

Species diversity – is the number of species in the particular area of a

measure derived from combining the number of species with their relative

abundance in an area (Primavera et al., 2004).

Transect line – a 100m transect line laid parallel to the shoreline

(Lumayag et al., 2018).

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Benthic mollusk biology and Ecology

The phylum Mollusca is one of the most varied and widely present in

aquatic settings (Rueda et al.,2009). Molluscs have soft bodied and lack a

shell in their variety group of species (Venkatraman and

Venkatraman,2012). Many communities of marine organisms are

associated with seagrasses and the most abundant are the molluscan

group. Molluscs live in seagrass meadows, specifically, on leaves and

stems, are vital for the continuance and preservation of marine trophic

web. Molluscs are incredibly useful to human society since they are a

source of food, raw materials for home décor, jewelry, and medicine, and

they play a significant role in the marine food web (Benkendorff et al.,

2011; Esmaeelian et al., 2014). They prey on epiphytes which are

numerous on the blades and stems thereby regulating its proliferation

(Fong et al. 2000). Seagrass beds influences the survival of infaunal

invertebrates and community structure within the mudflat. It provides

refuge for intermediate predator and allow them to move more freely

around estuaries that can increase their foraging efficiency and reduce

competitive interactions (Mecheli and Peterson 1999).

Benthic mollusc diversity and abundance

Mollusks have the most documented extinctions of any major

taxonomic group worldwide (Lydeard et al. 2004). About 22,000 mollusk

species, or 10% of the estimated worldwide mollusc species richness, are

found in the Philippines (Cabrera 1987 & Rosenberg 2014). The

distribution and abundance of molluscs are important factors in ecological

management (Aldea et al., 2019). The abundance of molluscs has been

playing a role in maintaining biodiversity and sustainability of an

ecosystem and they are also beneficial for economic activities (Kartika &

Mu 2014). The exploitation of mollusks for economic purposes is one of

the reasons why their biodiversity and abundance are declining in the

area. Gleaning is categorized under small-scale fisheries the most

common way of collecting invertebrates which is usually done by residents

of coastal communities for subsistence (Kleiber,2014). Philippines is

regarded as a significant provider in the world shell trade (Wells 1981).

RELATED STUDIES

According to Edera (2010), Day-asan is located at Arellano District

with a total land area of 3,040.447 ha, of which 554 ha are mangrove

forests. There are 1,572 inhabitants and total of 341 household.

Collection of gastropods was done within the established quadrats through

hand picking and beach combing from November 2012 – January 2013. A

total of 184 individuals belonging to 37 species were found in the area.

Neogastropoda had the highest number of families with six families,

followed by orders Mesogastropoda and Archaeogastropoda with four

families each and orders Neritopsina and Caenogastropoda with one

family each. Family Cypraeidae had the highest number of species

recorded with six species and lowest in numbers were the families

Chilontidae, Trochidae, Potamidae, Angariidae, Buccinidae, Turbenillidae

and Volutidae represented with only one species.

 According to the study of C. Venkatraman and K. Venkataraman

(2012). The study was carried out along the Chennai Coast, which is

home to more than 60 fishing-active coastal settlements and is located at

13°06'N and 80°E. The coast extends from Pulicat Lake to Kalpakkan and

stretches for about 120 kms. Kasimedu is the largest fish landing facility

along the Chennai Coast. The Chennai harbor is a sheltered region with

peaceful waters. Seawater in and around the harbor area is contaminated

by ship and dock discharges.

Gastropods and bivalves were collected from the fishing nets and

washed ashore in shoreline. It was buried in the ground in a shallow pit of

dimensions 100 cm length, 50 cm width and 25 cm depth with in the layer

of soil. A total of 47 molluscs were collected and identified, 26 species

were gastropods and 21 were bivalves. Among the four station, Kasimedu

has 16 species in marina. The remaining two stations have low species
richness 6 and 5 respectively. Turritella attenuate, Babylonia spirata,

Chicoreus virgineus, Murex trapa, and Bullia vittata found all in the

sampling stations. There are 16 species recorded were found new to this

study and 7 species recorded earlier also observed in this study while 26

species were not observed from the earlier survey.

Kasimedu has the maximum species richness in terms of bivalves,

21 bivalve species were recorded in Kasimedu followed by 20 species in

marina. Arca symmetrica, Arca tortuosa, Cardita bicolor, Lucina ovum,

Cardium setosum, Sunetta scripta, Mactra tugida, Donax cuneatus, Tellina

angulate and Laternula anatine are found to all stations.

There are 3 bivalves species found new to this study, 8 species were

recorded earlier observed and 58 were not observed from the earlier

survey. The distribution and seasonality are influenced by various

parameters such as salinity, temperature and depth.

There are 47 species collected during the study, 54% were

obtained in a live condition. According to this study the rest are all dead

and empty or occupied by hermit crabs. Babylonia spirata are 41.56% and

B. zeylanica shells were occupied by hermit crabs, the rest was found
alive. It has tested that there are numerous shells on the Chennai Coast

but there are 20 shells of Turritella were occupied by hermit crabs.

Therefore, hermit crabs show some preference for these shells or it

matter of mere availability.

In the Philippines, there hasn't been much focus on evaluating the

current state of molluscan diversity in the intertidal zone. The variety of

molluscan species in southern Mindanao is currently little-studied and

poorly understood. Sarangani Bay's small-scale investigation offered viable

locations for mollusc examination (Manzo et al 2014). Therefore,

evaluating the variety and community structure of mollusks at the study

location is the goal of the research. Since there are no published articles

on the diversity of mollusks in the Padada, Davao del Sur, the data

gathered in the study may be useful for future endeavors.

It is anticipated that the seagrass beds in the Philippine cities of

Laguindingan (Misamis Oriental) and Rizal (Zamboanga del Norte) will

cover 165 ha. Bivalves and gastropods that are crucial for commerce are

being examined and judged in these seagrass meadows. The province of

Misamis Oriental is home to this fourth-class municipality. 24,405 people

were accounted for in the 2015 census. It was determined that this area,
which is a marine protected area, should not be disturbed (MPA). It

stands out for its consistently growing population of various seagrass

species and its clear, non-estuarine waters, which are typically in excellent

condition (Arriesgado et al., 2016).

It is a fourth-class municipality situated in the Misamis Oriental

province. There were 24,405 people residing there as of the 2015 census.

This spot was identified as a place that shouldn't be disturbed because it

is a marine protected area (MPA). It is characterised by its consistently

expanding diversity of seagrass species and its clear, non-estuarine

waters, which are typically in great condition (Arriesgado et al., 2016).

Here is one of the few sizable mixed seagrass meadows in this part of the

nation. The locations were thought to be significant gathering spots for

both traditional and commercial bivalve and gastropod gatherers based on

local information.

Population density and human activity, such as shell collectors who

use a "bolo" or shovel to extract shells from the substrate or others who

use pieces of wire to drag shells out of sediment holes, were used to

determine the degree of disturbance in the area (Schoppe et al.,1998).

Unrestricted molluscan gleaning, also known as "panginhas," is the

gathering of mollusks and shells for ornamental purposes, such as

souvenirs and home décor. Many Pacific islanders used shells for

ceremonial gatherings, as money, and as personal adornment. The

Solomon and Trobriand Islanders' shell bracelets and necklaces reveal a

high rank standing among the locals (Stacey, 1973).

Cyprea specie was the species that dominated the area that had

not been touched. Comparatively speaking, (Cowry) is 63.5% more

abundant than other species. The Canarium Sp. is the only kind. In the

unchanged area, (Sikad-Sikad) was shown to be commercially significant.

The most common species in disturbed regions was Anadara inequivalves

(Litob). The variety of substrate types in Laguindingan, which range from

sandy-clay loam to sandy rubbles, is most likely the cause of this species'

scarcity. What a remarkable Cyprea species. represents a pure and

unpolluted environment because it dominates the Laguindingan seagrass

bed. The Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan (MMK) Award was given to

this region as part of the Bureau of Fisheries' annual Philippines search for

exemplary coastal communities.

Rapid resource evaluation (RRA) found that women make up the

majority of gleaners and that gleaning is often done in conjunction with

children and other household members in Lagonoy Gulf, Philippines,

where it was researched in 2010. In Sagurong, Tabaco City, 66% of

adults are male 34% males and 66% women, while 58% of gleaners are

youngsters. Adults (73% of the population) and women (73% of the

population) make up the gleaners in Natunawan Cove. In comparison to

Sogod, Tiwi has 33% more children and 67% more adults who are

gleaners, with just 35% of those adults being women. Sea grass habitats

are more used to and connected to the neighboring coastline habitat,

which includes coral reefs, in mudflats, reef flats, and mangrove areas.

Coastal locations with less depth were utilized for gathering rocky or

sandy environments. The weight per gleaner of the harvest divided by its

rate in kilograms over time.

The anticipated harvest volume was calculated using the highest

gleaning time of four hours, which corresponds to the length of low tides.

The data from sampling on the total amount of the harvest sites was

overall 2,647.84 kg of harvest were obtained in the most recent 7 months

of observation. The harvest volume average based on a maximum of 4

hours of gleaning per gleaner predicted to weigh 9.28 kg for Natunawan

and 6.12 kg. 1.73 kg for Sagurong and Sagurong. The mud flats of

Natunawan Cove were one of the locations. The greatest output (1,578.04

kg), then sea grass and the Sagurong reef flats on San Miguel Island

(984.48) kg). These places' higher productivity can be attributable to the

make-up of the soil at these gleaning locations. Sea grasses and other

vegetation dominate the gleaning region on Cagraray Island.

The time of gleaning activity is during low tides frequently occur,

and the majority of the species gathered are similar to those seen in San

Miguel. Gleaning is done to obtain food for eating. Most sea grasses and

other vegetation dominate the gleaning region on Cagraray Island.

Residents on the island worked as gleaners. The mollusks are sea

cucumbers, sea urchins, and crabs made up the majority of the haul

residents on the island worked as gleaners. Catch surveillance was

conducted at Sogod. Sagurong as well as Natunawan. The widespread

English names including the scientific names, species breakdown, and

each of three gleaning locations.

Nine species in total were gathered in Natunawan. One

Echinodermata species and six Molluscan species the final one belongs to

Brachiopoda, and the next to Crustacea. The Punaw, Sisi, Burugat,

Burubitoon, and other molluscs both Tahong and Kud-kud. Ik-ik, an

echinoderm, was the only one. Species, the brachiopod was the Ugpan

and the crustacean was the Bung-kang. Five different species were

gathered in Sagurong consistently by the gleaners, and they are all phyla

Mollusca. The Kud-kud, Libud-libud, Liswik, and both Punaw and Sarad.
Four species of molluscs are found in Sogod. A gleaner can earn money

by gleaning in Natunawan and Sogod, where it is regarded as an

additional source of income receive PhP1, 713 in a month.

Savings are made because the majority of the harvest is used up.

which can be used to fulfill other financial obligations. It should be

recognized that the majority of small island villages have tasty meals. San

Miguel Island is little in comparison to urban areas with more trading

options and food sources. Because of these benefits, gleaners worry that

the harvest will suffer and that as a result, there may be more gleaners in

the future, which will have an impact on the resources being harvested.

The activities involve the use of basic tools and their fishing operations are

somewhat restricted because gleaning is not environmentally viable.

Additionally, because it gives some species a chance to regenerate

because the region fished and target species are different. However,

because the majority of invertebrates live at the base of the food chain,

and may be eaten by larger pelagic and demersal fish species may be

affected by the technique as a result owing to "ecosystem" on

commercially significant species excessive fishing Comprehensive research

on these subjects should be undertaken. The necessity for studies on

biodiversity protection and management, as well as the problems with

health and safety risks are also suggested as issues in strategy and

administration to keep the resource alive on an ongoing basis.

One of the major places where people harvest gastropods in the

Philippines is the Dapya Island. This island is located in Surigao City, the

gateway to Mindanao and is one of the many cities endowed with

extraordinary gifts. According to barrio folks, during older days, various

untamed fishes appeared and came along the sea water because of the

presence of mangrove trees which grow in swampy places that surrounds

Barangay Day-asan. Dapya Island has a large tidal flat and it is abundant

with marine life including gastropods. Since these gastropods are

harvested not only for food but also sold for livelihood, there might be

possible danger of losing some gastropod species through this action.

Furthermore, these gastropods have also not been documented and

listed, and there is no regulated policy in the area which will limit the

people from over-gleaning the gastropod species. Although the

Philippines is considered as a mega-diverse country in terms of molluscs,

studies on mollusc diversity in Mindanao is considerably scarce (Jumawan

et al.,2015).
 According to the study of Lumayag et., al (2018), entitled benthic

molluscs in the seagrass beds of barangay Liangan East and barangay

Esperanza, Bacolod, Lanao del Norte, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, that

seagrass beds are one of the important ecological unit in marine

ecosystem wherein many assemblages of associated species can thrive

and reproduce. It provides shelter, food and protection from predators of

species that live in there (Lee et al., 2016; Ambo-Rappe et al., 2016). The

most abundant group of species is the molluscan group that live in

seagrass meadow, specifically, on leaves and stems, are vital for the

continuance and preservation of the marine trophic web (Fong et al.,

2000).

The intertidal flat of Bcaolod, Lanao del Norte has a bountiful

amount of coastal resources varying from edible algae to fresh fish and

shellfishes. Due to this, residents living near the coast usually perform

shell-picking activities, the yield from which is used for consumption and/

or for sale. Water salinities values were much lower and ranges between

23-28ppt. Station 1 was positioned outside the 7-hectare fish sanctuary of

Barangay Esperanza and substrate is predominantly sandy is mainly

composed of fine to very fine sand particles. Station 2 was positioned in

Barangay Liangan East and its substrate is characterized with fine sand
mixed with some small pebbles. Both stations are covered by seagrass

beds dominated by Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides, Cymodecea

rotundata, Halophila ovalis and Syringodium isoetifolium.

On the intertidal zone in each station, a 100m transect line was

arranged parallel to the shoreline. Every transect line has the interval of

20m. Transect 1 represents was laid down near the shoreline represents

the high stratum, where as transect 2, was assembled between 1 and 3

and represents the middle stratum. Transect 3 was established towards

the sea before thee subtidal area and representing the low stratum. Each

transect line 10 quadrats with 0.5mx0.5m, were set out with the interval

of 10m. Epifaunal molluscs encountered in each quadrat were recorded

and counted, whereas data on infaunal molluscs were obtained from

sediments collected 20cm depth which were sieve through sieve screen

with 20mm mesh opening. Alive specimen was preserved in 10%

formalin-seawater solution.

There was a total of 25 mollusc species recorded, with twenty (20)

of these species discovered at station 1 and thirteen (13) discovered at

station 2. 23 of these 25 species belong to the Class Gastropoda and the

Class Bivalvia, and they are divided into two families. Two bivalve species

(Anadara maculosa and Trachycardium flavum) and four gastropod

species (Polinices maurus, P. mamilla, Oliva albofasciata, and O. tigridella)

have been identified in the current study area, with the remaining 19

gastropods being epifauna. The current result shows that species in the

Class Gastropoda are more numerous than species in the Class Bivalvia in

the segrass environment, and it is consistent with previous work done in

other parts of the Philippines (Manzo et al.,2014; Pircadal and Dolorosa,

2014; Jumawan et al., 2015; Libres, 2015; Herceda et al., 2016; Walag,

2016).

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

SAMPLING SITES

• Sitio  Abundance of
Bagumbayan,Buhangin, seagrass and benthic
Malita, Davao Occidental mollusks.
 Species composition
• Sitio BisangLais,, Malita,
of benthic molluscs.
Davao Occidental
 Diversity of benthic
molluscs and
seagrass.
 MODERATE VARIABLES

 Socio Economic
 Physico- chemical parameters

pH

Salinity

Temperature

Fig.1 Conceptual framework of the study. The independent variables

sampling sites is the study area and the dependent variables is the
abundance, species composition and diversity of benthic mollusk in the
study area. The researcher will measure the physico- chemical parameters
and the socio-economic profile of the two Barangays.

HYPOTHESIS

Hο – There is no significant difference in the abundance, species diversity

of benthic molluscs in the seagrass beds in the study area.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH LOCALE

This study will be conducted in Sitio Bagumbayan, Buhangin and

Sitio Bisang, Lais, Malita, Davao Occidental.

Fig.2. Map of the study area. Yellow star indicates the station 1, Sitio,
Bagumbayan, Buhangin and black star is the station 2, Sitio Bisang, Lais,
Malita, Davao Occidental.
RESEARCH DESIGN

 The researcher study is to assess the benthic mollusks in the

seagrasses bed of Barangay Tubalan, Sitio Bagumbayan and Barangay

Bisang. One shot sampling during low tide will be conducted for the

assessment of the benthic mollusk.

 SAMPLING DESIGN

The researcher will be using the line transect quadrat method for

estimating the abundance, species composition, and also the diversity of

the benthic mollusk. Three 100 meters transect will be laid parallel to the

shoreline in sitio Bagumbayan and sitio Bisang, Lais, Malita Davao

Occidental.  Transect 1 will be laid near the shore representing the high

stratum, whereas transect 3 will be positioned in the subtidal area

representing the low stratum. Transect 2, on the other hand, will be

established in between transect 1 and 3, representing the middle stratum.

A 0.5m x 0.5m quadrat will be laid every 20 meters along each

established transect. The researcher will core 20cm depth for the

collection of infaunal molluscs with a sieve screen with 20mm mesh

opening. The epifaunal molluscs will be found each quadrat will be

recorded and counted.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The researchers will use transect line and quadrat method to gather

data and also to compare the difference between their abundance,

species composition and diversity. The researchers will use survey

questionnaires in the Sitio Bagumbayan, Brgy. Buhangin and Sitio Bisang,

Brgy. Lais, Malita, Davao Occidental. The researchers will use a shovel to

core an area 20cm depth for the infaunal molluscs with 20mm sieve

screen mesh. For the epifauna the research will use slate board, pencil

and net bag to record and to collect the species that are found in the

quadrat.

TRANSECT LINE METHOD

100m 100m
 20m 20m

interval interval

Site1 Site2

Fig.3. Shows the transect line method in each Barangay.

Quadrat Method

10m

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.5m

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Fig. 4. Shows the quadrat method in each transect line.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Benthic Assessment

The researcher will lay the 100 meters transect parallel to the

shoreline. A 0.5m x 0.5m quadrat will be laid along the transect line every
5m. The researcher will identify all the species encountered up to the

lowest species if possible. The researcher will core 20cm depth for the

collection of infaunal molluscs with a sieve screen with 20mm mesh

opening. The epifaunal molluscs will be found each quadrat will be

recorded and counted.

Seagrass Assessment

The researcher will identify the seagrasses that are found inside the

quadrat. The researcher will use slate board, pencil and net bag to record

and to collect the species that found inside the quadrat.

Socio Economic

The researcher will choose 30 participants (n=30).

DATA ANAYSIS

Species diversity
 Species diversity of benthic molluscs in the seagrasses bed of

Barangay Tubalan, Sitio Bagumbayan and Barangay Lais, sitio Bisang,

Malita, Davao Occidental will be determined using the diversity indices.

1. Index of Dominance (C)

Dominance in the community of benthic molluscs will be determine

using the formula of Odum, 1971.

C =∑ ❑¿ /N) ²

Where:

Ni= is the importance values of each species

N= is the total number of individuals identified per unit area.

2. Shannon-Weiner Index of General Diversity (H´)

H´= - ∑ ❑ ( Pi
N)
logpi/N

Where:

Pi= is the importance values of each species

N= is the total number of individual species per unit area.

3. Index of Evenness(e)
Evenness in the benthic molluscs species will be determine using the
formula of (Odum, 1971).

e= (H´/logS)

Where:

H´= is the index of general diversity

S= is the total number of species

STATISTICAL TOOL

The researcher will be using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to observe

the significance difference of benthic molluscs abundance and diversity in

the seagrass beds between the two barangays. Diversity Indices such as

Shannon-Weiner Index of dominance and index of evenness for the

diversity of the species.

APPENDECIES
 APPENDIX I

Survey Questionnaire on Benthic Molluscs in seagrass beds of

Sitio Bagumbayan, Buhangin, Malita, Davao Occidental

Date: _______________

Part I: Respondents’ Profile and Practices

1. Name: ___________________________________________
2. Gender: ___Male ___Female 3. Age: _________
3. Status: ___Single ___Married ___Separated ___Widowed, if others
(Please specify): ______
4. Educational attainment: ___No schooling ___Elementary ___High
School ___College ___1st year ___2nd year ___3rd year ___4th
year
5. Do you live in this locality? ___Yes ___No
6. If yes, for how long? ______years
7. Is your house near the coast (baybayon)? ___Yes ___No
Occupation: _________________________
8. If none, is gleaning (pagpanginhas) your main source of livelihood?
___Yes ___No
9. If No, what other jobs do you have aside from gleaning
(pangpanginhas)? ________________
10. For female gleaners (manginhasay): what is your husband’s source
of income? _________________
11. How long have you been gleaning? ________years
12. Aside from you, do other members of your family collect sea urchin
(Suwaki)? ___Yes ___No
13. If Yes, are they: ___children, ___adult, ___elderly?
 14. If Yes, what type of Mollusk (Kinhason) do you collect?
________________________
15. Why do you glean? (Nganong manginhas man ka?)
___________________________________________________
16. Where do you usually glean? ___ Hunasan ___ Seagrass
___Kabatohan Others (Please specify): _______
17. When do you usually glean? ___Low tide ___High tide
18 How often do you glean in a day? ___Once ___Twice ___Thrice
Others (Please specify): ________
19 How many hours do you spend gleaning in a day?
_______________
20 Do you glean every day? ___Yes ___No
21. If No, how many times do you glean per month? ______; per
week? _______
22. Do you glean by yourself? ___Yes ___No
If No, who usually go with you? __________________
23. What tools do you used when gleaning? ___Bolo ___ Kutsilyo ___
Rod ___Handpicked Others (Please specify): _________
24. What is the common organism do you often collect? Please list
these on table
below:

Type of organism Habitat (i.e. epifauna or infauna)

 25. How much do you collect? (Please specify if it is by the pail or balde
or bag? Or others?)
a. Per gleaning? _________ b. per day? _________ c. per
week? ________ d. per month? _________
26. What do you do with your catch? ___Sell all of it ___Keep all of it
for family consumption ___Keep some of it for family consumption,
then sell the rest of it
27. How many times in a week does your family eat what you collect?
_________________________
28. Where do you sell your catch? ___Market ___Karenderia
___Houses ___Individual Others (Please specify): _____
29. For how much do you sell your catch? _______________________
30. How much money do you earn from your catch per day?
_________; per week? _________; per month? __________
31. Are there days that you do not have any catch? ___ No, I/we
always have a catch ___ Yes, ___.
Part II: Environment

31. Did you notice any changes in the area where you glean? ___Yes
___No
32. If Yes, what are these changes?
____________________________________________________
33. What do you think caused these changes?
____________________________________________________
34. How do you feel about these changes?
___________________________________________________
32. Are there species harder to find now? ___Yes ___No
35. If Yes, what are these species? ________________
______________________________________________________
Have you observed any decrease in your catch? ___Yes ___No
36. If Yes, what do you think causes this? ___________
_______________________________________________________
37. Are you aware of the negative consequences (i.e pollution like
garbage, too many people gleaning) of resources depletion? ___Yes
___No
38. If Yes, what do you think are the results if there are resource
depletion due to pollution like garbage and too many people gleaning?
____________________________________________________
39. Do you think that gleaning has an impact to the mollusk’s population?
___Yes ___No
40. If Yes, what do you think are these impacts? ___Low catch ___Less
species present Others (Please specify): ______
Thank you so much for participating in this survey. Your answer will be of
great use to our research. Once again, I assure you of the confidentiality
of your identity and your answers. Rest assured that the data will not be
relayed to other groups or persons and will only be used for research and
academic purposes.
Moderately uncertain ___Neutral ___Moderately certain ___Very certain
Data entry operator (name):
________________________________________________
 Survey Questionnaire on Benthic Molluscs in seagrass beds of

Sitio Bisang, Lais, Malita, Davao Occidental

Date: _______________

Part I: Respondents’ Profile and Practices

1. Name: ___________________________________________
2. Gender: ___Male ___Female 3. Age: _________
3. Status: ___Single ___Married ___Separated ___Widowed, if others
(Please specify): ______
4. Educational attainment: ___No schooling ___Elementary ___High
School ___College ___1st year ___2nd year ___3rd year ___4th
year
5. Do you live in this locality? ___Yes ___No
6. If yes, for how long? ______years
7. Is your house near the coast (baybayon)? ___Yes ___No
Occupation: _________________________
8. If none, is gleaning (pagpanginhas) your main source of livelihood?
___Yes ___No
9. If No, what other jobs do you have aside from gleaning
(pangpanginhas)? ________________
10. For female gleaners (manginhasay): what is your husband’s source
of income? _________________
11. How long have you been gleaning? ________years
13. Aside from you, do other members of your family collect sea urchin
(Suwaki)? ___Yes ___No
If Yes, are they: ___children, ___adult, ___elderly?
 14. If Yes, what type of Mollusk (Kinhason) do you collect?
________________________
18. Why do you glean? (Nganong manginhas man ka?)
___________________________________________________
19. Where do you usually glean? ___ Hunasan ___ Seagrass
___Kabatohan Others (Please specify): _______
20. When do you usually glean? ___Low tide ___High tide
21 How often do you glean in a day? ___Once ___Twice ___Thrice
Others (Please specify): ________
22 How many hours do you spend gleaning in a day?
_______________
23 Do you glean every day? ___Yes ___No
24. If No, how many times do you glean per month? ______; per
week? _______
25. Do you glean by yourself? ___Yes ___No
If No, who usually go with you? __________________
26. What tools do you used when gleaning? ___Bolo ___ Kutsilyo ___
Rod ___Handpicked Others (Please specify): _________
27. What is the common organism do you often collect? Please list
these on table
below:

Type of organism Habitat (i.e. epifauna or infauna)

 28. How much do you collect? (Please specify if it is by the pail or balde
or bag? Or others?)
a. Per gleaning? _________ b. per day? _________ c. per
week? ________ d. per month? _________
29. What do you do with your catch? ___Sell all of it ___Keep all of it
for family consumption ___Keep some of it for family consumption,
then sell the rest of it
30. How many times in a week does your family eat what you collect?
_________________________
31. Where do you sell your catch? ___Market ___Karenderia
___Houses ___Individual Others (Please specify): _____
32. For how much do you sell your catch? _______________________
33. How much money do you earn from your catch per day?
_________; per week? _________; per month? __________
34. Are there days that you do not have any catch? ___ No, I/we
always have a catch ___ Yes, ___.

Part II: Environment

35. Did you notice any changes in the area where you glean? ___Yes
___No
36. If Yes, what are these changes?
____________________________________________________
37. What do you think caused these changes?
____________________________________________________
38. How do you feel about these changes?
___________________________________________________
35. Are there species harder to find now? ___Yes ___No
39. If Yes, what are these species? ________________
______________________________________________________
Have you observed any decrease in your catch? ___Yes ___No
40. If Yes, what do you think causes this? ___________
_______________________________________________________
41. Are you aware of the negative consequences (i.e. pollution like
garbage, too many people gleaning) of resources depletion? ___Yes
___No
38. If Yes, what do you think are the results if there are resource
depletion due to pollution like garbage and too many people gleaning?
____________________________________________________
42. Do you think that gleaning has an impact to the mollusk’s population?
___Yes ___No
43. If Yes, what do you think are these impacts? ___Low catch ___Less
species present Others (Please specify): ______
Thank you so much for participating in this survey. Your answer will be of
great use to our research. Once again, I assure you of the confidentiality
of your identity and your answers. Rest assured that the data will not be
relayed to other groups or persons and will only be used for research and
academic purposes.
Moderately uncertain ___Neutral ___Moderately certain ___Very certain
Data entry operator (name):
_________________________________________________
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CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA
Name: Crisna B. Chavez
Address: Kidalapong Malita Davao Occidental
Date of Birth: July 20,1995
Sex: Female
Height: 5’0
Weight: 40 kg
Status: Married
Religion: Southern Baptist
Nationality: Filipino
Tribe: Manobo
Father: Loreto Y. Bancil
Mother: Criselda G. Bancil

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Kidalapong Elementary School
Secondary: Mariano Peralta National High School
College: Southern Philippines Agribusiness and Marine and
Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST)
Year Attended: 2021-2022
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Lonica Shane B. Camillo
Address: Sitio Bayabas, Brgy. Mana, Malita, Davao Occidental
Date of Birth: June 16, 2000
Sex: Female
Height: 5’2
Weight: 69 kg
Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Father: Antonio B.Camillo Jr.
Mother: Del Mariam B. Camillo
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Mariano Peralta Elementary School
Secondary: Holy Cross of Malita Inc.
College: Southern Philippines Agribusiness and Marine and
Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST)
Year Attended: 2021-2022