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Benthic - Molluscs - Thesis - Proposal Softbound
Benthic - Molluscs - Thesis - Proposal Softbound
MAY 2022
APPROVAL SHEET
_________________ __________________
Date Signed Date Signed
_____________________ ________________
Date Signed Date Signed
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science and Marine Biology.
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF APENDICES v
CHAPTER
Introduction 1
Definition of Terms 6
Benthic Mollusks 7
Related Studies 11
Conceptual framework 18
Hypotheses 19
III METHODOLOGY
Research Locale 20
Research Design 21
Research Instrument 22
Statistical Tool 23
APPENDECIES 28
LITERATURE CITED 34
CURRICULUM VITAE 40
LIST OF FIGURES
4. Quadrat method 32
CHAPTER I
Introduction
and are easily recognized by their shells, however some of them lack a
Benthic mollusks are divided into two groups based on their habitat:
the infauna that is found in the bottom sediments and the epifauna that is
within the mudflat and allow them to move freely around estuaries that
Duarte; Rueda & Salas, 2008). Seagrasses are able to support highly
Guzman 1990; McManus et al., 1992; LeBlanc 1997; Del Norte Campos et
2016).
the area and the lack of regulations there, it is crucial to understand the
status of Sitio Bagumbayan, Buhangin and sitio Bisang, Lais, Malita Davao
area;
Occidental;
DENR
Barangay official
Locals
reside near the water. The study will serve as a foundation for better
management of marine resources and can also serve as guidelines and a
Researchers
The study will be useful to the researchers for their future work
focused on the infauna and epifauna, two groups of benthic molluscs that
temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen will be allowed for the physico-
chemical parameters. The researchers will conduct the study during day
time and low tide. For the purpose of evaluating the benthic molluscs, one
Bivalves- as a group have no head and they lack some usual molluscan
(Linnaeus,
1758).
measure derived from combining the number of species with their relative
The phylum Mollusca is one of the most varied and widely present in
aquatic settings (Rueda et al.,2009). Molluscs have soft bodied and lack a
associated with seagrasses and the most abundant are the molluscan
stems, are vital for the continuance and preservation of marine trophic
web. Molluscs are incredibly useful to human society since they are a
source of food, raw materials for home décor, jewelry, and medicine, and
they play a significant role in the marine food web (Benkendorff et al.,
refuge for intermediate predator and allow them to move more freely
around estuaries that can increase their foraging efficiency and reduce
ecosystem and they are also beneficial for economic activities (Kartika &
the reasons why their biodiversity and abundance are declining in the
RELATED STUDIES
with a total land area of 3,040.447 ha, of which 554 ha are mangrove
hand picking and beach combing from November 2012 – January 2013. A
recorded with six species and lowest in numbers were the families
(2012). The study was carried out along the Chennai Coast, which is
13°06'N and 80°E. The coast extends from Pulicat Lake to Kalpakkan and
stretches for about 120 kms. Kasimedu is the largest fish landing facility
along the Chennai Coast. The Chennai harbor is a sheltered region with
Gastropods and bivalves were collected from the fishing nets and
were gastropods and 21 were bivalves. Among the four station, Kasimedu
has 16 species in marina. The remaining two stations have low species
richness 6 and 5 respectively. Turritella attenuate, Babylonia spirata,
Chicoreus virgineus, Murex trapa, and Bullia vittata found all in the
sampling stations. There are 16 species recorded were found new to this
study and 7 species recorded earlier also observed in this study while 26
There are 3 bivalves species found new to this study, 8 species were
recorded earlier observed and 58 were not observed from the earlier
obtained in a live condition. According to this study the rest are all dead
and empty or occupied by hermit crabs. Babylonia spirata are 41.56% and
B. zeylanica shells were occupied by hermit crabs, the rest was found
alive. It has tested that there are numerous shells on the Chennai Coast
location is the goal of the research. Since there are no published articles
on the diversity of mollusks in the Padada, Davao del Sur, the data
cover 165 ha. Bivalves and gastropods that are crucial for commerce are
were accounted for in the 2015 census. It was determined that this area,
which is a marine protected area, should not be disturbed (MPA). It
species and its clear, non-estuarine waters, which are typically in excellent
province. There were 24,405 people residing there as of the 2015 census.
Here is one of the few sizable mixed seagrass meadows in this part of the
local information.
use a "bolo" or shovel to extract shells from the substrate or others who
use pieces of wire to drag shells out of sediment holes, were used to
Cyprea specie was the species that dominated the area that had
abundant than other species. The Canarium Sp. is the only kind. In the
sandy-clay loam to sandy rubbles, is most likely the cause of this species'
this region as part of the Bureau of Fisheries' annual Philippines search for
Sogod, Tiwi has 33% more children and 67% more adults who are
gleaners, with just 35% of those adults being women. Sea grass habitats
which includes coral reefs, in mudflats, reef flats, and mangrove areas.
Coastal locations with less depth were utilized for gathering rocky or
sandy environments. The weight per gleaner of the harvest divided by its
gleaning time of four hours, which corresponds to the length of low tides.
The data from sampling on the total amount of the harvest sites was
and 6.12 kg. 1.73 kg for Sagurong and Sagurong. The mud flats of
Natunawan Cove were one of the locations. The greatest output (1,578.04
kg), then sea grass and the Sagurong reef flats on San Miguel Island
and the majority of the species gathered are similar to those seen in San
Miguel. Gleaning is done to obtain food for eating. Most sea grasses and
cucumbers, sea urchins, and crabs made up the majority of the haul
Echinodermata species and six Molluscan species the final one belongs to
echinoderm, was the only one. Species, the brachiopod was the Ugpan
and the crustacean was the Bung-kang. Five different species were
gathered in Sagurong consistently by the gleaners, and they are all phyla
Mollusca. The Kud-kud, Libud-libud, Liswik, and both Punaw and Sarad.
Four species of molluscs are found in Sogod. A gleaner can earn money
Savings are made because the majority of the harvest is used up.
recognized that the majority of small island villages have tasty meals. San
options and food sources. Because of these benefits, gleaners worry that
the harvest will suffer and that as a result, there may be more gleaners in
the future, which will have an impact on the resources being harvested.
The activities involve the use of basic tools and their fishing operations are
because the region fished and target species are different. However,
because the majority of invertebrates live at the base of the food chain,
and may be eaten by larger pelagic and demersal fish species may be
Philippines is the Dapya Island. This island is located in Surigao City, the
untamed fishes appeared and came along the sea water because of the
Barangay Day-asan. Dapya Island has a large tidal flat and it is abundant
harvested not only for food but also sold for livelihood, there might be
listed, and there is no regulated policy in the area which will limit the
et al.,2015).
According to the study of Lumayag et., al (2018), entitled benthic
species that live in there (Lee et al., 2016; Ambo-Rappe et al., 2016). The
seagrass meadow, specifically, on leaves and stems, are vital for the
2000).
amount of coastal resources varying from edible algae to fresh fish and
shellfishes. Due to this, residents living near the coast usually perform
shell-picking activities, the yield from which is used for consumption and/
or for sale. Water salinities values were much lower and ranges between
Barangay Liangan East and its substrate is characterized with fine sand
mixed with some small pebbles. Both stations are covered by seagrass
arranged parallel to the shoreline. Every transect line has the interval of
20m. Transect 1 represents was laid down near the shoreline represents
the sea before thee subtidal area and representing the low stratum. Each
transect line 10 quadrats with 0.5mx0.5m, were set out with the interval
sediments collected 20cm depth which were sieve through sieve screen
formalin-seawater solution.
Class Bivalvia, and they are divided into two families. Two bivalve species
have been identified in the current study area, with the remaining 19
gastropods being epifauna. The current result shows that species in the
Class Gastropoda are more numerous than species in the Class Bivalvia in
2014; Jumawan et al., 2015; Libres, 2015; Herceda et al., 2016; Walag,
2016).
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
SAMPLING SITES
• Sitio Abundance of
Bagumbayan,Buhangin, seagrass and benthic
Malita, Davao Occidental mollusks.
Species composition
• Sitio BisangLais,, Malita,
of benthic molluscs.
Davao Occidental
Diversity of benthic
molluscs and
seagrass.
MODERATE VARIABLES
Socio Economic
Physico- chemical parameters
pH
Salinity
Temperature
HYPOTHESIS
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH LOCALE
Bisang. One shot sampling during low tide will be conducted for the
The researcher will be using the line transect quadrat method for
the benthic mollusk. Three 100 meters transect will be laid parallel to the
Occidental. Transect 1 will be laid near the shore representing the high
established transect. The researcher will core 20cm depth for the
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The researchers will use transect line and quadrat method to gather
Brgy. Lais, Malita, Davao Occidental. The researchers will use a shovel to
core an area 20cm depth for the infaunal molluscs with 20mm sieve
screen mesh. For the epifauna the research will use slate board, pencil
and net bag to record and to collect the species that are found in the
quadrat.
100m 100m
20m 20m
interval interval
Site1 Site2
Quadrat Method
10m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.5m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Benthic Assessment
The researcher will lay the 100 meters transect parallel to the
shoreline. A 0.5m x 0.5m quadrat will be laid along the transect line every
5m. The researcher will identify all the species encountered up to the
lowest species if possible. The researcher will core 20cm depth for the
Seagrass Assessment
The researcher will identify the seagrasses that are found inside the
quadrat. The researcher will use slate board, pencil and net bag to record
Socio Economic
DATA ANAYSIS
Species diversity
Species diversity of benthic molluscs in the seagrasses bed of
C =∑ ❑¿ /N) ²
Where:
H´= - ∑ ❑ ( Pi
N)
logpi/N
Where:
3. Index of Evenness(e)
Evenness in the benthic molluscs species will be determine using the
formula of (Odum, 1971).
e= (H´/logS)
Where:
STATISTICAL TOOL
the seagrass beds between the two barangays. Diversity Indices such as
Date: _______________
1. Name: ___________________________________________
2. Gender: ___Male ___Female 3. Age: _________
3. Status: ___Single ___Married ___Separated ___Widowed, if others
(Please specify): ______
4. Educational attainment: ___No schooling ___Elementary ___High
School ___College ___1st year ___2nd year ___3rd year ___4th
year
5. Do you live in this locality? ___Yes ___No
6. If yes, for how long? ______years
7. Is your house near the coast (baybayon)? ___Yes ___No
Occupation: _________________________
8. If none, is gleaning (pagpanginhas) your main source of livelihood?
___Yes ___No
9. If No, what other jobs do you have aside from gleaning
(pangpanginhas)? ________________
10. For female gleaners (manginhasay): what is your husband’s source
of income? _________________
11. How long have you been gleaning? ________years
12. Aside from you, do other members of your family collect sea urchin
(Suwaki)? ___Yes ___No
13. If Yes, are they: ___children, ___adult, ___elderly?
14. If Yes, what type of Mollusk (Kinhason) do you collect?
________________________
15. Why do you glean? (Nganong manginhas man ka?)
___________________________________________________
16. Where do you usually glean? ___ Hunasan ___ Seagrass
___Kabatohan Others (Please specify): _______
17. When do you usually glean? ___Low tide ___High tide
18 How often do you glean in a day? ___Once ___Twice ___Thrice
Others (Please specify): ________
19 How many hours do you spend gleaning in a day?
_______________
20 Do you glean every day? ___Yes ___No
21. If No, how many times do you glean per month? ______; per
week? _______
22. Do you glean by yourself? ___Yes ___No
If No, who usually go with you? __________________
23. What tools do you used when gleaning? ___Bolo ___ Kutsilyo ___
Rod ___Handpicked Others (Please specify): _________
24. What is the common organism do you often collect? Please list
these on table
below:
31. Did you notice any changes in the area where you glean? ___Yes
___No
32. If Yes, what are these changes?
____________________________________________________
33. What do you think caused these changes?
____________________________________________________
34. How do you feel about these changes?
___________________________________________________
32. Are there species harder to find now? ___Yes ___No
35. If Yes, what are these species? ________________
______________________________________________________
Have you observed any decrease in your catch? ___Yes ___No
36. If Yes, what do you think causes this? ___________
_______________________________________________________
37. Are you aware of the negative consequences (i.e pollution like
garbage, too many people gleaning) of resources depletion? ___Yes
___No
38. If Yes, what do you think are the results if there are resource
depletion due to pollution like garbage and too many people gleaning?
____________________________________________________
39. Do you think that gleaning has an impact to the mollusk’s population?
___Yes ___No
40. If Yes, what do you think are these impacts? ___Low catch ___Less
species present Others (Please specify): ______
Thank you so much for participating in this survey. Your answer will be of
great use to our research. Once again, I assure you of the confidentiality
of your identity and your answers. Rest assured that the data will not be
relayed to other groups or persons and will only be used for research and
academic purposes.
Moderately uncertain ___Neutral ___Moderately certain ___Very certain
Data entry operator (name):
________________________________________________
Survey Questionnaire on Benthic Molluscs in seagrass beds of
Date: _______________
1. Name: ___________________________________________
2. Gender: ___Male ___Female 3. Age: _________
3. Status: ___Single ___Married ___Separated ___Widowed, if others
(Please specify): ______
4. Educational attainment: ___No schooling ___Elementary ___High
School ___College ___1st year ___2nd year ___3rd year ___4th
year
5. Do you live in this locality? ___Yes ___No
6. If yes, for how long? ______years
7. Is your house near the coast (baybayon)? ___Yes ___No
Occupation: _________________________
8. If none, is gleaning (pagpanginhas) your main source of livelihood?
___Yes ___No
9. If No, what other jobs do you have aside from gleaning
(pangpanginhas)? ________________
10. For female gleaners (manginhasay): what is your husband’s source
of income? _________________
11. How long have you been gleaning? ________years
13. Aside from you, do other members of your family collect sea urchin
(Suwaki)? ___Yes ___No
If Yes, are they: ___children, ___adult, ___elderly?
14. If Yes, what type of Mollusk (Kinhason) do you collect?
________________________
18. Why do you glean? (Nganong manginhas man ka?)
___________________________________________________
19. Where do you usually glean? ___ Hunasan ___ Seagrass
___Kabatohan Others (Please specify): _______
20. When do you usually glean? ___Low tide ___High tide
21 How often do you glean in a day? ___Once ___Twice ___Thrice
Others (Please specify): ________
22 How many hours do you spend gleaning in a day?
_______________
23 Do you glean every day? ___Yes ___No
24. If No, how many times do you glean per month? ______; per
week? _______
25. Do you glean by yourself? ___Yes ___No
If No, who usually go with you? __________________
26. What tools do you used when gleaning? ___Bolo ___ Kutsilyo ___
Rod ___Handpicked Others (Please specify): _________
27. What is the common organism do you often collect? Please list
these on table
below:
35. Did you notice any changes in the area where you glean? ___Yes
___No
36. If Yes, what are these changes?
____________________________________________________
37. What do you think caused these changes?
____________________________________________________
38. How do you feel about these changes?
___________________________________________________
35. Are there species harder to find now? ___Yes ___No
39. If Yes, what are these species? ________________
______________________________________________________
Have you observed any decrease in your catch? ___Yes ___No
40. If Yes, what do you think causes this? ___________
_______________________________________________________
41. Are you aware of the negative consequences (i.e. pollution like
garbage, too many people gleaning) of resources depletion? ___Yes
___No
38. If Yes, what do you think are the results if there are resource
depletion due to pollution like garbage and too many people gleaning?
____________________________________________________
42. Do you think that gleaning has an impact to the mollusk’s population?
___Yes ___No
43. If Yes, what do you think are these impacts? ___Low catch ___Less
species present Others (Please specify): ______
Thank you so much for participating in this survey. Your answer will be of
great use to our research. Once again, I assure you of the confidentiality
of your identity and your answers. Rest assured that the data will not be
relayed to other groups or persons and will only be used for research and
academic purposes.
Moderately uncertain ___Neutral ___Moderately certain ___Very certain
Data entry operator (name):
_________________________________________________
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CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Crisna B. Chavez
Address: Kidalapong Malita Davao Occidental
Date of Birth: July 20,1995
Sex: Female
Height: 5’0
Weight: 40 kg
Status: Married
Religion: Southern Baptist
Nationality: Filipino
Tribe: Manobo
Father: Loreto Y. Bancil
Mother: Criselda G. Bancil
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Kidalapong Elementary School
Secondary: Mariano Peralta National High School
College: Southern Philippines Agribusiness and Marine and
Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST)
Year Attended: 2021-2022
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Lonica Shane B. Camillo
Address: Sitio Bayabas, Brgy. Mana, Malita, Davao Occidental
Date of Birth: June 16, 2000
Sex: Female
Height: 5’2
Weight: 69 kg
Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Father: Antonio B.Camillo Jr.
Mother: Del Mariam B. Camillo
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Mariano Peralta Elementary School
Secondary: Holy Cross of Malita Inc.
College: Southern Philippines Agribusiness and Marine and
Aquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST)
Year Attended: 2021-2022