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MANUSCRIPT1
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CHAPTER I
Introduction
jewelry and medicine (Kartika & Mu 2014). About 22,000 mollusk species,
the Philippines (Cabrera 1987 & Rosenberg 2014). The high species
beds. The canopy, leaves and stems of seagrass provides shelter, food
2016).
Due to its richness and high economic value, benthic mollusks are
shown that the number of catch by gleaners are now rapidly dropping as
Davao Occidental. This study will be conducted to fill these gaps. Thus,
this study generally aims to determine the benthic mollusk in the seagrass
This study generally aims to assess the benthic molluscs in the seagrass
beds of Sitio Bagumbayan, Buhangin and Sitio bisang, Lais, Malita, Davao
DENR
Barangay officials
Locals
reside near the water. The study will serve as a foundation for better
Researchers
The study will be useful to the researchers for their future work
during low tide will be employed. The study will be focused on the infauna
Definition of Terms
6
Bivalves- as a group no head and they lack some usual molluscan organs
(Linnaeus, 1758).
CHAPTER II
specifically on the leaves and stems, are essential to the survival and
to human society because they provide food, raw materials for home
décor, jewelry, and medicine, and they play an important role in marine
ecosystems. Seagrasses
themselves are a critically
important food source for
dugong,
manatee, sea turtles, and
waterfowl. Many other species
of fish and invertebrates,
including sea horses, shrimps,
and scallops, utilize seagrass for
part of their life
cycles, often for breeding or as
juveniles. Seagrasses are
considered to be one of the
most important shallow marine
ecosystems to humans, binding
sediments, filtering
10
ecosystem and they are also beneficial for economic activities (Kartika &
the reasons why their biodiversity and abundance are declining in the
food sources are present. In the Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea), Kotta et al.
mollusk species and a fall in the ecosystem's total richness (Hiddink and
food and revenue. Overfishing may lead to a smaller catch and fewer
Related studies
months, from September 2005 to August 2006. The results of the study
showed that the total of 212 species of benthic mollusk were identified,
belonging to 75 families and 168 genera. The most diverse families were
Cerithium and Trochus. The study also found that the diversity and
water depth, substrate type, and human impact. The study concludes that
tropical seagrass bed is a study by M.A. Fortes, G.T. Silvestre, and J.L.
in 2007. The study aimed to investigate the temporal and spatial variation
September 2005 to August 2006. The results of the study showed that a
families were Cerithiidae and Muricidae, while the most diverse genera
were the Cerithium and Trochus. The study also found that the
the highest diversity and abundance found during the dry season and in
the areas with high seagrass coverage. The study concludes that the
and has a total land area of 3,040.447 ha, of which 554 ha are mangrove
16
forests. There are 1,572 people living in 341 households. From November
the highest number of families with six families, followed by orders. The
whereas Neritopsina and Caenogastropoda each have one family. With six
species, the family Cypraeidae had the most species reported. The
Turbenillidae, and Volutidae had the fewest species, each having just one
species.
was carried out along the Chennai Coast, which is home to more than 60
coast extends from Pulicat Lake to Kalpakkan and stretches for about 120
kms. Kasimedu is the largest fish landing facility along the Chennai Coast.
discharges.
17
Bivalves and gastropods were gathered from the fishing nets and
washed up on the coast. It was buried in the ground in a small pit that
was 25 cm deep, 50 cm wide, and 100 cm long within the dirt. There
Murex trapa, and Bullia vittata found all in the sampling stations. There
are 16 species recorded were found new to this study and 7 species
recorded earlier also observed in this study while 26 species were not
observed from the earlier survey. Kasimedu has the maximum species
were recorded earlier observed and 58 were not observed from the earlier
According to this study the rest are all dead and empty or occupied by
hermit crabs. Babylonia spirata are 41.56% and B. zeylanica shells were
occupied by hermit crabs, the rest was found alive. It has tested that
there are numerous shells on the Chennai Coast but there are 20 shells of
location is the goal of the research. Since there are no published articles
on the diversity of mollusks in the Padada, Davao del Sur, the data
Oriental) and Rizal (Zamboanga del Norte) will cover 165 ha. Bivalves and
19
gastropods that are crucial for commerce are being examined and judged
protected area, should not be disturbed (MPA). It stands out for its
province. There were 24,405 people residing there as of the 2015 census.
Here is one of the few sizable mixed seagrass meadows in this part of the
local information.
use a "bolo" or shovel to extract shells from the substrate or others who
20
use pieces of wire to drag shells out of sediment holes, were used to
souvenirs and home décor. Many Pacific islanders used shells for
high rank standing among the locals (Floren 2003). Cyprea specie was the
species that dominated the area that had not been touched.
species. The Canarium Sp. is the only kind. In the unchanged area,
clay loam to sandy rubbles, is most likely the cause of this species'
this region as part of the Bureau of Fisheries' annual Philippines search for
adults are male 34% males and 66% women, while 58% of gleaners are
Sogod, Tiwi has 33% more children and 67% more adults who are
gleaners, with just 35% of those adults being women. Sea grass habitats
which includes coral reefs, in mudflats, reef flats, and mangrove areas.
Coastal locations with less depth were utilized for gathering rocky or
sandy environments. The weight per gleaner of the harvest divided by its
gleaning time of four hours, which corresponds to the length of low tides.
The data from sampling on the total amount of the harvest sites was
and 6.12 kg. 1.73 kg for Sagurong and Sagurong. The mud flats of
Natunawan Cove were one of the locations. The greatest output (1,578.04
kg), then sea grass and the Sagurong reef flats on San Miguel Island
make-up of the soil at these gleaning locations. Sea grasses and other
and the majority of the species gathered are similar to those seen in San
Miguel. Gleaning is done to obtain food for eating. Most sea grasses and
cucumbers, sea urchins, and crabs made up the majority of the haul
Echinodermata species and six Molluscan species the final one belongs to
echinoderm, was the only one. Species, the brachiopod was the Ugpan
and the crustacean was the Bung-kang. Five different species were
gathered in Sagurong consistently by the gleaners, and they are all phyla
Mollusca. The Kud-kud, Libud-libud, Liswik, and both Punaw and Sarad.
Four species of molluscs are found in Sogod. A gleaner can earn money
Savings are made because the majority of the harvest is used up.
recognized that the majority of small island villages have tasty meals. San
options and food sources. Because of these benefits, gleaners worry that
the harvest will suffer and that as a result, there may be more gleaners in
the future, which will have an impact on the resources being harvested.
The activities involve the use of basic tools and their fishing operations are
because the region fished and target species are different. However,
because the majority of invertebrates live at the base of the food chain,
and may be eaten by larger pelagic and demersal fish species may be
24
health and safety risks are also suggested as issues in strategy and
Philippines is the Dapya Island. This island is located in Surigao City, the
untamed fishes appeared and came along the sea water because of the
Barangay Day-asan. Dapya Island has a large tidal flat and it is abundant
harvested not only for food but also sold for livelihood, there might be
listed, and there is no regulated policy in the area which will limit the
et al.,2015).
SAMPLING SITES
Socio Economic
Physico- chemical parameters
pH
Salinity
Temperature
MODERATING VARIABLES
Hypothesis
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Locale
ethnic group Manobo, Blaan, Ilocano, Muslim, Bisaya and Kaulo. The
2,409 hectares more or less. Bisang, Lais, Malita, Davao Occidental has
DA
Research Design
One shot sampling during low tide will be employed for the
Transect 1 will be laid near the shore representing the high stratum,
will be laid along the transect line every 10 meters. The infauna mollusk
will be collected using a shovel for 20cm depth sediment. The collected
31
sediment will be sieved in a sieve screen with 20mm mesh opening. The
2006).
Site1 100m
20 cm interval
Site2 100m
20 cm interval
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Figure 3. Showing the orientation of the transect line that will be laid in
the seagrass beds of Bisang and Bagumbayan, Malita, Davao
Occidental
Quadrat Method
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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100m
Research Instrument
The study will be using transect line and quadrat to gather data on
depth and then sieve on a 20mm sieve screen mesh. The study will be
tester
Benthic Assessment
0.5m x 0.5m quadrat will be laid along the transect line every 10m. All
and Moore 2009). A shovel will be used to core 20cm depth for the
Seagrass Assessment
mollusk assessment. A 0.5x0.5m steel quadrat will be laid along the 100m
quadrat (total cover and then cover by each species) on a percent cover
al.,2006).
Socio Economic
questionnaires.
parameter tester.
Data Analysis
Relative abundance
36
Species diversity
( ) log ( )
❑
Pi Pi
H´= ∑
❑ N N
Where:
Index of Evenness
37
e= (H´/logS)
Where:
C =∑
❑
( N¿ ) 2
Where:
Seagrass cover
38
c 1+c 2+c 3+ … Cn
Average cover per quadrat= N
Where:
Statistical Tools
LITERATURE CITED
Arriesgado, R.L., Fortes, M.D., Aguilar, R.B., Jurado, J.N. & Duya,
M.R. (2016). Seagrass species composition and abundance in the
central Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science, 145(2), 173-184.
Kotta, J., Orav-Kotta, H., & Leht, M. (2002). Benthic fauna in the
Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea): relationships with environmental factors.
Hydrobiologia, 472(1-3), 1-14.
Lee SY, Fong CW, Wu RSS. 2001. The effects of seagrass Zostera
japonica canopy structure on associated fauna; a study using
artificial seagrass units and sampling of natural beds. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 259(1), 23-50.
Rueda, J., Gofas, S., Urra, J., Salas, C., 2009. A highly diverse
molluscan assemblage Associated with eelgrass beds (Zostera
Marina L.) in the Alboran Sea: micro- Habitat preference, feeding
guilds and Biogeographical distribution. Sci.Mar. 73(4), 679-700.
43
Short, F. T., Neckles, H. A., Dennison, W. C., & S.G. Allen (2006)
SeagrassNet: A global monitoring and research cooperative for
seagrass ecosystems. Estuaries and Coasts 29(4), 797-805.
Appendix I:
Date: _______________
1. Name: ___________________________________________
2. Gender: ___Male ___Female 3. Age: _________
3. Status: ___Single ___Married ___Separated ___Widowed, if others
(Please specify): ______
4. Educational attainment: ___No schooling ___Elementary ___High
School ___College ___1st year ___2nd year ___3rd year ___4th
year
5. Do you live in this locality? ___Yes ___No
45
24. What is the common organism do you often collect? Please list
these on table
below:
25. How much do you collect? (Please specify if it is by the pail or balde
or bag? Or others?)
a. Per gleaning? _________ b. per day? _________ c. per
week? ________ d. per month? _________
26. What do you do with your catch? ___Sell all of it ___Keep all of it
for family consumption ___Keep some of it for family consumption,
then sell the rest of it
27. How many times in a week does your family eat what you collect?
_________________________
28. Where do you sell your catch? ___Market ___Karenderia
___Houses ___Individual Others (Please specify): _____
29. For how much do you sell your catch? _______________________
30. How much money do you earn from your catch per day?
_________; per week? _________; per month? __________
31. Are there days that you do not have any catch? ___ No, I/we
always have a catch ___ Yes, ___.
Part II: Environment
31. Did you notice any changes in the area where you glean? ___Yes
___No
47
Date: _______________
1. Name: ___________________________________________
2. Gender: ___Male ___Female 3. Age: _________
3. Status: ___Single ___Married ___Separated ___Widowed, if others
(Please specify): ______
4. Educational attainment: ___No schooling ___Elementary ___High
School ___College ___1st year ___2nd year ___3rd year ___4th
year
5. Do you live in this locality? ___Yes ___No
6. If yes, for how long? ______years
7. Is your house near the coast (baybayon)? ___Yes ___No
49
Occupation: _________________________
8. If none, is gleaning (pagpanginhas) your main source of livelihood?
___Yes ___No
9. If No, what other jobs do you have aside from gleaning
(pangpanginhas)? ________________
10. For female gleaners (manginhasay): what is your husband’s source
of income? _________________
11. How long have you been gleaning? ________years
13. Aside from you, do other members of your family collect sea urchin
(Suwaki)? ___Yes ___No
If Yes, are they: ___children, ___adult, ___elderly?
14. If Yes, what type of Mollusk (Kinhason) do you collect?
________________________
18. Why do you glean? (Nganong manginhas man ka?)
___________________________________________________
19. Where do you usually glean? ___ Hunasan ___ Seagrass
___Kabatohan Others (Please specify): _______
20. When do you usually glean? ___Low tide ___High tide
21 How often do you glean in a day? ___Once ___Twice ___Thrice
Others (Please specify): ________
22 How many hours do you spend gleaning in a day?
_______________
23 Do you glean every day? ___Yes ___No
24. If No, how many times do you glean per month? ______; per
week? _______
25. Do you glean by yourself? ___Yes ___No
If No, who usually go with you? __________________
26. What tools do you used when gleaning? ___Bolo ___ Kutsilyo ___
Rod ___Handpicked Others (Please specify): _________
27. What is the common organism do you often collect? Please list
these on table
50
below:
28. How much do you collect? (Please specify if it is by the pail or balde
or bag? Or others?)
a. Per gleaning? _________ b. per day? _________ c. per
week? ________ d. per month? _________
29. What do you do with your catch? ___Sell all of it ___Keep all of it
for family consumption ___Keep some of it for family consumption,
then sell the rest of it
30. How many times in a week does your family eat what you collect?
_________________________
31. Where do you sell your catch? ___Market ___Karenderia
___Houses ___Individual Others (Please specify): _____
32. For how much do you sell your catch? _______________________
33. How much money do you earn from your catch per day?
_________; per week? _________; per month? __________
34. Are there days that you do not have any catch? ___ No, I/we
always have a catch ___ Yes, ___.
35. Did you notice any changes in the area where you glean? ___Yes
___No
51
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name: Crisna B. Chavez
Status: Married
Religion: Southern Baptist
Nationality: Filipino
Tribe: Manobo
Father: Loreto Y. Bancil
Mother: Criselda G. Bancil
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND