Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter attempts to present the related literature and studies

related to the effects of technology in improving the academic performance of

Grade 12 ABM students of Alaminos City National High School. Those that

were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that is relevant

and similar to the present study.

Related Literature

Foreign Literature

Previous studies revealed the positive impact of technology on

enhancing the achievement and performance of students and in gaining

significant improvement and changes in all areas (Kulik and Kulik, 1991; Kulik,

1994; Rutz et al., 2003; Sivin-Kachla, 1998; Baker et al., 1994). For instance,

many studies of the comprehensive effort to integrate technology into schools

show an increase in test scores related to the use of technology. Kulik (1994)

aggregated 500 individual research studies of computer based instruction

students. The results of the aggregation demonstrated that students who used

computer-based instruction scored better than those in the control condition

without a computer. Students also gained more knowledge in less time

because the classes became more enjoyable and interesting after the

introduction of computers (Kulik, 1994). Similarly, Sivin-Kachla (1998) found

that students studying in a technology rich environment achieved higher

marks in all subject areas, gained a positive attitude towards learning, were

able to generate new ideas and built self- confidence. The US Department of
Education conducted a scientific study in 2001 to assess the impact of

technology using two types of student achievement measures – measure

assessed reading achievement and assessed mathematics achievement. A

significant impact was revealed in the students' scores. Moreover, in a study

conducted in Pittsburgh, in which an intelligent tutor – software used to

support the curriculum – was used as part of the regular curriculum for ninth-

grade algebra (Koedinger et al., 1999). The results of the study demonstrated

that 470 students in the experimental classes outperformed students in

compression classes by 15% on a standardized test and 100% on test

targeting the curriculum focused objectives (Koedinger et al., 1999).

Moreover, in their evaluation of Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow (ACOT),

Baker et al. (1994) conducted research in five schools across the nation to

assess the impact of adopting interactive teaching and learning technology

with an aim to encourage teachers to use computers to support student

initiative projects and to assess multiple resources and cooperative learning.

The research findings revealed that technology had a positive impact on the

attitude of students towards learning. It also changed the teachers’ teaching

practices towards more cooperative group work and less lecturing load

(Schater, 1999).

Murphy et al. (2001) found evidence of a positive relationship between

using discrete educational software and student achievement in reading and

mathematics. Previous studies on the integration of the technology in

education have tackled student achievement from a basic aspect, such as the

scores, but have ignored many other aspects of student achievement and

performance. Therefore, despite thousands of impact studies, the impact of

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technology used on student achievement remains difficult to measure and

open to much reasonable debate (Trucano, 2005).

Local Literature

The Computers Helping Instruction and Learning Development

(CHILD) study was a five year investigation in nine Florida elementary

schools, which began in 1987 (Marzano 1993). Over 1400 students

participated and their teachers received training which included the

technological components of the program. In this study, 3-6 computers were

placed in each classroom. In addition, much of the students' daily routine

involved self-paced interactions in a learning station environment. (Marzano,

1993). As a result from the CHILD study, the participating schools’

standardized test scores indicated a positive and statistically significant result

across all grade levels and subjects, with the largest effects, appearing for

students who had been in the program for more than one year. When

surveyed, none of the nine schools expressed dissatisfaction with the project,

five were planning to expand their level of participation and nine new schools

were about to become involved (Sternberg 1998). Here, the implementation of

technology in the CHILD study reveals a positive impact on student learning

and achievement.

Related Studies

The different related studies which guide the researchers in the

conceptualization of this study are presented below.

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Foreign Studies

Michael Trucane (2009) has reviewed the progress of computers in

secondary schools, and noted that the challenges that India currently faces

related to providing universal access to a relevant and quality education for

everyone and the solutions it deploys to meet such challenges are of

increasing interest and relevance to people around world. This is especially

true as it relates to the use of ICT to meet a variety of educational and

developmental objectives. The Ministry of Human Resource Development

(MHRD) introduced the scheme for universalisation of access to an

improvement of quality at the secondary stage known as “Rashtriya

Madhamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)” through the use of ICT, with an

objective to transform teaching and learning through ICT. However in rural

areas where there is neither exposure to computers nor sufficient number of

teachers competent in computer use, it results into merely keeping

computers into classrooms. Only once teachers, students, and school

administrators get more acquainted at using computers .It can then be said

that beginning of the use of computers has really started.

Computer based applications can also be applied in science

classrooms. Research has shown that students receive higher test scores

and have greater understanding of the subject material. Roschelle et al.

(2000,86) assert that “computer-based applications using visualization,

modeling and simulation have proven powerful tools for teaching scientific

concepts." When certain technology applications were used in the

classroom, such as Thinker Tools, it was discovered that students’

understanding of subject matter increased well beyond their grade level.

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Researchers found that middle school students who used this computer

assisted learning program had developed the knowledge to understand and

explain concepts that were usually taught well above their grade level.

According to Masley, Sweaney, and Valente (2000), there are three

main reasons of the importance why teachers must stay abreast of current

technology trends. First, the Internet is a very useful tool and can be used to

provide hands-on learning experiences for the students. It provides quick and

easy access to a wealth of information from around the world. Second, as

our culture has become more technologically-oriented, so must our students

if they are to live and work in today’s society. By incorporating the Internet

into the classroom, the teacher is helping the students learn how to find

information and successfully use technology. Third, teachers are constantly

getting new technology and it is up to them to explore their students to it in

order for them to be successful in the workforce.

In a review of technology research, Rogers (2001) discovered that

basing a program on a single technological medium does not provide the

educational efficacy and student appeal garnered from introducing multiple

types of technology into a course. This blending of media facilitates and

enables the learning experience, but should also include faculty-student

interaction in a traditional classroom setting. Lang (2000) stated that faculty

must be thoroughly grounded in the technologies chosen for use in their

classrooms to allow them to provide guidance to students and allow the

technology to effectively blend into the classroom, rather than allow its

glitches and misuses to become a distraction or a deterrent to quality

classroom instruction.

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Local Studies

According to Inosanto (1994) in his article “Incorporating Computers

into Education Setting”, application of computer in the academe addresses

the demand for faster, more accurate processing of data to help teachers to

prepare education report using spreadsheet software such as Excel.

Teachers can also use PowerPoint presentation application software

in delivering interactive lessons. The article shows the connection of

computer in the lives of the teachers. It discusses how it could help the

teacher ease the task of preparing effective lecture presentation and how it

could process the student data for evaluation

Clemente (1997) in his article “Planning the Use of Information

Technology for Literary Development”, stressed that information highways

will not replace or devalue any of the human educational talent needed for

the challenges ahead. For him, improved technology in Education will be

very beneficial in every area of society. The researcher agrees with the idea

that education does not advance intellectual growth but the personality as

well. To achieve this, the interaction of teacher and learner should be

practiced to reap the fruit of human development. In “Technology: An Integral

Part of Education” (Religiosa, 1998), the author mentioned that the

technological revolution in education demands a new type of literacy –

computer literacy. Unless both learner and teacher adapt to it, the society

would remain in technological and cultural shock. The ease and convenience

brought by the use of technology has also a demand in the implementers of

education. The administrators, staff, faculty and students must have

knowledge on the use and function of the computers to fully maximize its

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capacity in the process of learning. One hindrance to the further

development of the technology-based instruction is the misconception that

computer will soon replace teachers in the classroom. This was disclaimed

by Van der Poll at the 1995 Philippine Congress on Interactive Technology in

Education. He also cited that the trend nowadays is to use multimedia in

training the students because absorption capacity through this medium is

much higher than chalk-talk instructional method. He said this technique is

an enhancement of both pupil capability to learn and teacher capacity to

train.

Educational purposes is the primary reason of both groups in

computer utilization. However, students from non-board programs have

higher possibility of utilizing modern technology for entertainment purposes

than those from board programs. Majority of the students enrolled in board

programs have significantly lower GPAs while those enrolled in non-board

programs have higher possibility of encountering behavioral problems. One-

third of the students were suffering from negative health effects of modern

technology utilization no matter how long or short of time they spent online

and in offline activities.

In regards to the Section 13, Article II of the 1987 Constitution; “The

State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall

promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social

well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and

encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.” With that in mind,

Hon. Sherwin T. Gatchalian of the House of Representatives devised House

Bill No. 2473, that aims to regulate and limit the access of minors to internet

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cafes or computer rental shops/ gaming shops or centers.

The government believes that the proliferation of online games has a

big role in the intellectual growth of the youth that they are so focused on it

they become incompetent in completing their school works.

Primarily, this Act aims to prevent minors especially the students from

hanging out at some Internet cafes and video game shops/centers and other

related establishments thereby promoting the sphere of education; to prevent

the youth from excessively playing video games thereby shielding them from

becoming a video game addict which causes the commission of a crime by

reason of desperation for money to feed their habit.

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