Electromagnetic Fields

Section 3
Continue sheet 1:

Divergence, gradient and Curl

1. Gradient:
Gradient tells you how much something changes as you move from one
pint to another.

The Gradient of a scalar field:

The gradient of a vector field:

2. Divergence:
The divergence of a vector field at any given point is the net outward flux per unit
volume.
Divergence tells you how much a stuff diverges from a point. Think of water
coming from faucet.
3. Curl:
Curl tells you how much a stuff spins around a point
Example 8:
D̅ = 3xy 𝑎𝑥 + 2xz 𝑎𝑦 + 4 𝑎𝑧 , compute

i. Grad (D̅ )

ii. Div (D̅ )

iii. Curl (D̅ )

Sol
⃗𝑥
𝜕𝐷 ⃗𝑥
𝜕𝐷 ⃗𝑥
𝜕𝐷
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐷⃗𝑦 𝜕𝐷⃗𝑦 𝜕𝐷⃗𝑦
I. ⃗ =
𝛻𝐷
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
⃗𝑧
𝜕𝐷 ⃗𝑧
𝜕𝐷 ⃗𝑧
𝜕𝐷
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝐷𝑋 𝜕𝐷𝑦 𝜕𝐷𝑧

II. ⃗ =
𝛻. 𝐷 + + = 3y
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
III. ⃗ =
𝛻𝑋𝐷 = = = (-2x) 𝑎𝑥 + (2𝑧 − 3𝑥) 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦 𝐷𝑧 3𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑧 4

EX 11
Find the area of the curved surface of the right circular cylinder, see the below
figure.
 Sol
2𝜋
∅= 3 ,𝑧=5
∬∅=𝜋,𝑧=0 𝜌 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧
6

2𝜋
∅= 3 ,𝑧=5
=∬ 𝜋 2 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑧
∅= 6 ,𝑧=0

𝑧=5 2𝜋 𝜋
= 2 ∫𝑧=0 ( - ) 𝑑𝑧
3 6
𝑧=5
=𝜋 ∫𝑧=0 𝑑𝑧

= 5𝜋

|Coulomb’s Law
 Force on one charge due to multiple charges

Sheet 2
Ex1
Two point charges Q1 = 30 μC and Q2 = -100 μC are located at (2,0,5) and (-1,0,-2)
respectively. Find the force on Q1.
Sol
 𝑘 𝑄1 𝑄2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 21 = 𝑎𝑟21
𝑅212

𝑅⃗21 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 3 𝑎𝑥 + 7𝑎𝑧

𝑅⃗21 =√32 + 72 = √58

𝑅⃗21 3 𝑎𝑥 +7𝑎𝑧 3 7
𝑎𝑟21 = = = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧
𝑅⃗21 √58 √58 √58

1 (30∗10−6 )(−100∗10−6 ) 3 7
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 21 = ( 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧 )
4𝜋∗8.854∗10−12 (√58)2 √58 √58

3 7
= -0.46 ( 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧 )
√58 √58

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 21 = 0.46 N

EX 2
Four 10 nC positive charges are located in the z = 0 plane at the corners of a
square 8 cm on a side. A fifth 10 nC positive charge is located at a point 8 cm
distance from the other charges. Calculate the magnitude of the total force on
this fifth charge in free space.
Sol

𝑄1 =
10𝑛𝑐 𝑄2 =10nc

𝑄4 =
10nc

𝑄3 = 10𝑛𝑐
 1 4∗(10∗10−9 )2
𝐹 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹15 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
+ 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
25 + 𝐹35 + 𝐹45 = 4𝜋∗8.854∗10−12 82
= = 5.62*10−4 N