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PIRSensorDeploymentPWSN Letter 1
PIRSensorDeploymentPWSN Letter 1
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Abstract— In recent years, wireless sensor networks offer cost- specified direction at a given time, hence achieving full
effective solutions to various surveillance and tracking coverage in the network area is not a trivial task. There are
applications with the developments in sensor techniques. In numerous studies that tackle with the coverage problem in
many of these applications, sensor nodes that are equipped directional sensor networks which can be categorized as
with directional sensors and they operate autonomously in target-based coverage solutions, network area-based
unattended environments. The deployment strategy of coverage solutions, coverage solutions with guaranteed
directional sensor nodes is critical to improve target detection connectivity and network lifetime prolonging solutions [3].
and tracking accuracy. In this paper, deployment of passive All of these solutions prefer various strategies for
infrared motion (PIR) sensors is analyzed in terms of coverage
positioning directional sensors. Sensor nodes can be
issue. A PIR Sensor Deployment (PSD) problem is addressed
deployed randomly or using a predetermined deployment
using deployment schemes that are based on computational
geometry. Finally, the performance of deployment schemes is plan. In random deployment, sensor nodes are usually
evaluated in a Java based simulation environment. scattered resulting a randomized distribution in an
inaccessible terrain such as disaster areas and active war
Keywords- wireless sensor networks; passive infrared sensor; zones. In planned deployment, the location of sensor nodes is
target detection; sensor deployment; sensor coverage specified to improve the target detection and tracking ability
of WSN. Planned deployment is available for a wide variety
of WSN applications like border security, critical area
I. INTRODUCTION
surveillance, intrusion detection and structural monitoring,
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of large and health care. Genetic algorithms, computational
number of sensor nodes with limited memory, computational geometry, artificial potential field and particle swarm
and communication resources. Generally, the objective of optimization are main mathematical approaches commonly
these networks is to sense the environment and send the used for building sensor node placement algorithms for
collected data to a data collection center (i.e. sink) [1-4] planned deployment [2, 4].
where the operation area is usually harsh and hostile. In In target detection and critical area surveillance
recent years, WSNs offer cost-effective solutions to various applications, PIR sensors are commonly used. [3]. Unlike
surveillance and tracking applications in which sensor nodes other directional sensors, PIR sensors do not require any
are deployed to operate autonomously in unattended device or signal from detecting target and do not need
environments [1-4]. daylight. Basically, PIR sensors can detect changes in
As sensor nodes are equipped with limited energy infrared radiation which is caused by movement of a target
resources, energy conservation is a fundamental issue for that has different temperature from the environment. Also, a
WSNs. Therefore, main tasks of WSNs such as data PIR sensor has a wide sensing area of 10 meters with 110°.
transmission and sensing should be performed in an energy Therefore, PIR sensors are very useful to detect and track
efficient way. Many critical area surveillance applications targets in critical area surveillance systems [5]. However,
require sensor nodes that are equipped with directional there is limited number of studies that focuses on coverage
sensors which makes sensing task more difficult and energy efficiency of PIR sensors.
consuming. For directional sensors, coverage area, angle of This paper tackles with the deployment of PIR sensors in
view, directionality and line of sight requirements are main critical surveillance WSNs. The PSD problem is addressed
constraints for correct positioning of the target. Hence, the by various deployment scenarios that are based on
deployment strategy is very important to address these computational geometry. Our contribution in this paper is
design constraints for energy efficiency while improving that we present several deployment scenarios to evaluate PIR
target detection and tracking accuracy [1-4]. sensor coverage efficiency in target detection and tracking
Directional sensor nodes do mainly include video, applications by theoretical analysis and extensive
infrared and ultrasound sensors. These sensors work in a simulations. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study
that focuses on the coverage efficiency of directional PIR In the presented scenarios, sensor nodes have strictly
sensors by using different deployment scenarios. limited communication, processing and sensing capabilities
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section and all deployment scenarios share the same goal: Achieving
2, literature review is presented. Section 3 explains the the PSD problem. In general, a PIR sensor’s sensing is
deployment schemes for PIR sensors. Theoretical analysis of within 110°in 3 dimensions. In order to achieve full
the deployment schemes are presented in Section 4. In coverage, sensors are located on the corners of the
Section 5, performance of deployment schemes is evaluated corresponding geometric shape and their coverage area may
by using a Java based simulator. Finally, the paper is intersect each other. Fig. 1 presents a generic PIR sensor and
concluded in Section 6. its coverage area. In addition, Table 1 summarizes the
notations used in the paper.
II. RELATED WORK
A. Deployment Scenarios
There is a variety of approaches in the literature to
improve the localization performance of infrared sensors [5- In theoretical analysis, the surveillance area is divided
14]. into geometric shapes in order to deal with the PSD problem.
Authors of [5] claim that the deployment of PIR sensors Each deployment scenario is explained by providing the
is very important when region-based tracking algorithm is properties of corresponding geometric shape, the sensor node
used. A sample approach determining the location of PIR deployment strategy in a geometric area and the process of
sensor nodes is also proposed in the paper. The work finding the number of sensor nodes per unit surveillance
reported in [6] addresses the problem of target detection and area.
classification using seismic and PIR sensors and makes use The number of sensor nodes per unit surveillance area is
of wavelet-based feature extraction method to resolve this calculated by using following parameters: Surveillance Area
problem. The advantages and disadvantages of seismic and (SA), Geometric Shape Area (GSA) in which sensor nodes
PIR sensors are also discussed. For example, the deployment are located, Numbers of Geometric Shape (NGS) in SA and
of sensors largely depends on the intent of use and Total Number of Sensor nodes (TNS) in SA.
environment. PIR sensor deployment could be very SA is calculated in terms of l and w which are taken as
expensive, because the detection range of PIR sensors has a the coefficients of r. Coefficients are denoted as n and k.
short range of detection. Therefore, it is recommended that FoV of sensor nodes can overlap with each other. NGS is
seismic and PIR sensor should be used together. calculated by dividing SA into GSA. According to the
In [7], PIR sensor nodes are deployed linearly and the deployment strategy, we multiply the Number of Sensor
sensing area is divided into cells through the four sensing nodes Per Unit geometric shape (NSPU) with NGS to find
region of each PIR sensor node. In another study [8], five the TNS. Finally, Density of Sensor nodes (DS) is computed.
PIR sensors are attached to a service robot to make a circular We used the value of DS to evaluate the deployment
sensing region. According to the experimental results stated scenarios.
in these studies, the usage of PIR sensors can improve the
accuracy of target detection and tracking. Unlike real sensor SA = l × w = (n × r ) × (k × r ) = nkr 2 (1)
nodes, most of researches assume that sensor nodes have a
360° Angle of View (AoV). For example, a node NGS = SA GSA (2)
deployment strategy that assumes PIR sensor nodes have TNS = NGS × NSPU (3)
360° AoV is proposed in [11]. The performance of the
proposed deployment algorithm is evaluated by comparing
the coverage at the initial and final locations of sensor nodes. SA
In conclusion, sensor deployment is categorized into two × NSPU
TNS GSA = NSPU
categories in the literature: Finding the optimal location for DS = = (4)
sensor nodes or modulating the optimal Field of Views SA SA GSA
(FoV) [5-14]. In this paper, we follow the first approach for
coverage efficiency.
III. PIR SENSOR DEPLOYMENT SCHEMES
The deployment strategy of a WSN lifetime as the
strategy determines the number of sensor nodes and their
locations, and the average distance among sensor nodes
which are closely related to WSN lifetime. Therefore, in
order to increase energy efficiency of sensor nodes and
prolong the network lifetime, deployment strategy plays a
critical role. In this section, we assume that sensor node
placement is done manually and according to this
assumption we present several geometric-based PIR sensor
deployment scenarios. In later sections, presented scenarios
are evaluated. Figure 1. PIR Sensor
TABLE I. NOTATIONS are given in Fig. 5(a) and Fig. 5(b). Also an example
Notations Description deployment scenario for a hexagonal is in Fig. 5(c). DS that
Wd Working direction of PIR sensor
is required to provide full coverage is calculated by
following below steps;
r The radius of PIR sensor’s sensing range.
The length of surveillance area which is multiples of r23 3 6
l
sensing radius of PIR sensor. GSA = DS = ≈ 2.31 r 2
The width of surveillance area which is multiples of 2 2
(r 3 3 ) 2
w
sensing radius of PIR sensor.
B. Square Deployment
In this deployment scenario, the surveillance area is
divided into square areas. The edge length of each square is
equal to r meters. As illustrated in Fig. 2, two sensor nodes
are located at any two diagonal corners of a square facing
each other. Since the PIR sensors have 110° AoV, locating
two sensor nodes in diagonal corners can fully cover the
square area. DS that is required to provide full coverage is
calculated by following below steps;
GSA = r × r = r 2 DS = 2 r 2
C. Triangular Deployment Figure 2. Square deployment scenario
In this deployment scenario, our aim is to locate sensor
nodes in triangular mode. Equilateral triangles and 110°
isosceles triangles are two different strategies for triangular
deployment.
1) Equilateral Triangular Deployment
As we use the triangular method, each vertex of an
equilateral triangle is r meters. Only one sensor is located to
cover the triangular area. Working direction and an example
deployment scenario for an equilateral triangle are given in
Fig. 3(a) and Fig. 3(b). DS that is required to provide full Figure 3. Equilateral triangular deployment scenario a) working direction;
coverage is calculated by following below steps; b) sample deployment with 5 sensor nodes
r2 3 1
GSA = DS = ≈ 2.31 r 2
4 (r 2
3) 4
TABLE II. PARAMETERS FOR SIMULATION E. Target detection redundancy of each deployment
strategy
Parameter Description Value
The relationship between deployment scheme and the
The length and width of
l,w
the surveillance field.
60 x 40 meters average of the number of sensor nodes which detect the
target is shown in Fig. 9. Since the distance between
Ns Number of sensor nodes 36 sensor nodes facing each other and the efficient coverage
RANDOM, area per unit geometric shape are further, the square
SQUARE, deployment scheme achieves a higher performance in
DS Deployment Scheme TRIANGULAR_60, terms of target detection redundancy. The hexagonal
TRIANGULAR_110, deployment scheme gives results closest to triangular
HEXAGONAL
deployment schemes. On the other hand, 110° isosceles
The radius of sensing triangular deployment scheme is more successful than
r 10 meters
range.
hexagonal and equilateral triangular deployment schemes
AoV The angle of view. 110 degrees because it provides less overlapped sensing area.
NT Number of targets 100
F. Impact of AoV on target detection ratio
RANDOM,
Target Distribution We run square deployment scenario with Ns = 6, 18
TD UNIFORM,
Type
GAUSSIAN and AoV = 110° and 360° in order to determine the impact
of AoV. Also, targets are placed with uniform distribution.
C. Impact of number of sensor nodes on target detection As shown in Fig. 10, sensor node’s AoV directly affects
ratio the target detection ratio. Less number of omnidirectional
In order to investigate the impact of number of sensors sensor nodes is enough to cover the whole surveillance
on target detection ratio, we run several simulation area. Hence, deployment strategy is more important for
scenarios with varying number of sensor nodes with Ns = directional PIR sensors compared to omni directional
12, 24, 36 and 48. Also, targets are placed with uniform sensors.
distribution. As shown in Fig. 7, the number of sensor
nodes and target detection ratio are directly proportional VI. CONCLUSION
for all deployment schemes. Equilateral triangular The deployment strategies for directional sensor nodes
deployment schemes achieve a higher performance than are considered with critical area surveillance taken as the
other deployment schemes when the number of sensor is target detection application. A various PIR sensor node
12. As the number of sensor nodes increase, square deployment schemes based on computational geometry are
deployment scheme has further performance provided. Suitable measures are discussed and a
improvements. Namely, the target detection ratio of square simulation environment is developed to evaluate the
deployment scheme is equal to 100%. proposed deployment schemes in terms of performance,
D. Impact of target distribution on target detection ratio cost and redundancy parameters. Simulation study gives
similar results to theoretical analysis as the square
The impact of target distribution on target detection deployment method is more suitable for the PSD problem.
ratio is shown in Fig. 8. All deployment schemes are less Simulation results also reveal that, in order to handle the
successful when targets are placed with gaussian PSD problem, deployment scenario is more important for
distribution. In terms of target detection rate, uniform and directional PIR sensors compared to omni directional
random target distributions take similar effects on all sensors. As for the future work, we plan to consider sensor
deployment schemes. Square deployment scheme is the communication and sensing operation together to analyze
most successful in all target distributions. On the other the network lifetime with actual implementation and
hand, triangular and hexagonal deployment schemes experiments in real environment. We also plan to use PIR
achieve very close target detection ratio.
and sensors seismic sensors together to implement a ACKNOWLEDGMENT
deployment strategy considering environmental factors. This research is supported by Ministry of Science,
Industry and Technology SANTEZ program under the
grant number 0211.STZ.2013-1.
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