BUILDING UTILITIES 1: PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS

FUNDAMENTAL
S OF WATER
SUPPLY
PREPARED BY : GROUP 1

SUB-TOPICS
A. SOURCES AND USE OF WATER
 B. PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGCAL PROPERTIES OF
WATER

C. WATER TREATMENT METHODS

D. WATER STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (HOT AND

COLD WATER)

WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

DEFINITION:

Carries water from the water source, street main or a pump to the building
and to various points in the building at which water is used.

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

COLD WATER SUPPLY
HOT WATER SUPPLY
WATER
Plays an important part in
plumbing system
providing water is
one of the most
critical utility
requirement
Universal Solvent
WATER CYCLE

3 MAJOR STAGES
 EVAPORATION

CONDENSATION

PRECIPITATION

SOURCES OFWATER
SURFACE SOURCES
Surface water is any body of water above ground, including

1.STREAMS 2. LAKES
3. PONDS
4. RIVERS
5. RESERVOIRS
 6. STORED RAIN WATER
AND CISTERNS

GROUND SOURCES
Ground water is the water present beneath Earths surface is soil pore spaces and
in the fractures of rock formations

1.SPRINGS2. WELLS
 RAIN WATER

Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and stored
in cisterns or ponds.

ADVANTAGE
water is soft and pure and suitable for the hot water supply
 system

DISADVANTAGE
only a source during the wet season
storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes
roofs may not be clean
GROUND WATER

-The portion of the rain water which has percolated in the earth to form
underground deposits called AQUIFERS (water- bearing soil formation-From
springs and wells and is the principal source of water for domestic use in most
rural areas)
ADVANTAGE
Usually has an abundant supply
 Requires less treatment because of natural fltering
DISADVANTAGE
May have organic matter and chemical elements usually treatment
is suggested
USES OF WATER

NOURISHMENT

CLEANSING AND HYGIENE

CEREMONIAL USES

TRANSPORTATIONAL USES

COOLING MEDUIM
 ORNAMENTAL ELEMENT

PROTECTIVE USES

B. PHYSICAL,
CHEMICALANDBIOLOGCALPROPERTIES
OFWATER
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF
WATER
SURFACE TENSION

THE ABILITYTO STICK AND

 PULL ITSELF TOGETHER
AN EFFECT WHERE THE
SURFACE OF A LIQUID
IS STRONG.
SMALL THINGS CAN FLOAT
ON A SURFACE BECAUSE OF
SURFACE TENSION, EVEN
THOUGH THEY NORMALLY
COULD NOT FLOAT.

needle water

strider
HEAT
ABSORPTION/
CAPACITY

THE ABILITY TO
ABSORB HEAT
WITHOUT
BECOMING
WARMER
 WATER HAS A HIGH
SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY, IT
ABSORBS A LOT OF
HEAT BEFORE IT
BEGINS TO GET HOT.
CAPILLARITY

THE ABILITY TO CLIMB UP A

SURFACE AGAINST THE
PULL OF GRAVITY
CAPILLARY ACTION IS
IMPORTANT FOR
MOVING WATER
AROUND.
A PHYSICAL PROCESS IN
WHICH LIQUIDS FLOW
WITHOUT THE HELP OF
GRAVITY.
DISSOLVING ABILITY

WATER IS CALLED THE

"UNIVERSAL SOLVENT"
BECAUSE IT IS
CAPABLE OF
DISSOLVING MORE
SUBSTANCES THAN
ANY OTHER LIQUID.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
WATER
 pH

PH IS A MEASURE OF HOW
ACIDIC/BASIC WATER IS.
WATER WITH A LOW PH CAN
DISSOLVE METAL PIPES, CAUSING
HEAVY METALS TO LEACH INTO
YOUR WATER.
ACIDIC WATER CAN ALSO CAUSE
PIPES TO WEAR AWAY, RESULTING
IN LEAKS THAT MAY BE EXPENSIVE
TO REPAIR.
ALKALINITY
 ALKALINE WATER CAUSES THE
MOST NOTICEABLE EFFECT ON
GAS WATER HEATERS.
LIMESCALE BUILDUP IN PIPES
AND ON
PLUMBING FIXTURES RESULTING
IN LESS EFFICIENT PLUMBING
SYSTEMS.
CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS WITH
BUILDUP LIMESCALE ON
SHOWER DOORS.
TOTAL HARDNESS

HARD WATER CAN NEGATIVELY

 AFFECT ANY OF YOUR
PLUMBING FIXTURES.
CLOGGED PIPES, A FAILED
WATER HEATER, AND DAMAGED
FIXTURES. CAN CAUSE
LIMESCALE TO BUILD UP,
EVENTUALLY CLOGGING THE
DRAINS AND DECREASING THE
WATER QUALITY.
IRON AND MANGANESE

IRON AND MANGANESE IN DRINKING

WATER CAN IMPART A METALLIC
TASTE, CAN CAUSE THE WATER TO
BE
DISCOLORED, AND CAN STAIN
PLUMBING FIXTURES AND
LAUNDRY. IRON SEDIMENT AND
RESIDUE CAN BUILD UP IN YOUR
HOME'S PIPES AND CAUSE
CLOGGING OR POOR
DRAINAGE.
METAL-ZINC

A COATING OF ZINC PROTECTS

GALVANIZED PIPE, BUT WHEN
CORROSION OCCURS, IT DEPOSITS HIGH
LEVELS OF ZINC AND IRON INTO THE TAP
WATER. A ZINC COATING ON GALVANIZED
PIPE MAY CONTAIN LEAD, COPPER,
 CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, ALUMINUM,
BARIUM AND OTHER IMPURITIES.
THE GALVANIZATION PROCESS ADDS
ZINC TO THE SURFACE OF THE PIPE,
WHICH IS A TREATMENT TO PREVENT
RUST
NITRATES AND NITRITES

WHEN ARTIFICIAL OR NATURAL

SUBSTANCES ARE INTRODUCED
INTO WATERWAYS, LIKE NITRATES
AND NITRITES, FROM FERTILIZERS
(FARM RUN-OFF) OR UNTREATED
SEWAGE, IT CAN RESULT OF LARGE
BLOOMS OF ALGAE
 (CYANOBACTERIA) CAN GROW DUE
THE INCREASED LEVELS OF
NUTRIENTS IN THE WATER.
ARSENIC AND FLOURIDE

ARSENIC CAN ATTACH AND BUILD UP ON

PIPES AND TANKS
CHANGES IN WATER CHEMISTRY AND
FLUSHING OF MAINS OR FIRE FLOW CAN
CAUSE ARSENIC BUILDUP TO BECOME
DISLODGED AND
RELEASED INTO THE WATER.
THE FLUORIDE ION INTERACTS WEAKLY
WITH COMMON METALS IN PLUMBING
MATERIALS FLUORIDE IONS CONTRIBUTE TO
CORROSION TO THE SAME EXTENT AS AT
THE SAME
 CONCENTRATION CHLORIDE AND
SULFATE IONS.
CHLORIDE

HIGH LEVELS OF CHLORIDE CAN

CORRODE AND WEAKEN METALLIC
PIPING AND FIXTURES. GIVE A
"SALTY" TASTE TO THE DRINKING
WATER. CAN DAMAGE HOUSEHOLD
APPLIANCES, BOILERS, AND, IF
THE WATER IS BEING USED FOR
IRRIGATION, IT MAY INHIBIT
THE GROWTH OF
VEGETATION.
TOTAL AND FREE CHLORINE
THE MORE CHLORINE IN THE
WATER THE MORE CORROSION.
CORROSIVE EFFECT ON THE INSIDE
OF THE PIPES AND SLOWLY ERODES
THE PIPING OVER TIME.
CHLORINE EATS ALL THE WAY
THROUGH THE PIPES AND
CREATES PINHOLE LEAKS, WHICH
IF LEFT
UNCHECKED, CAN CAUSE A
MULTIPLE PROBLEMS
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
WATER
AQUATIC PLANTS AQUATIC PLANTS ARE PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS

ADAPTED TO LIFE IN THE WATER.

LAND PLANTS ARE MOSTLY “VASCULAR” PLANTS,
HAVING ROOTS THAT TAKE UP AND TRANSPORT
WATER AND NUTRIENTS TO LEAVES, WHERE THE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS.
THESE “MACROPHYTES DO NOT NEED TO TRANSPORT
WATER SINCE THEY LIVE IN THE WATER, AND THEY
GENERALLY CAN TAKE NUTRIENTS DIRECTLY FROM
THE WATER.
THE TYPE AND FORM THAT AQUATIC PLANTS TAKE
DEPENDS ON THE WATER’S DEPTH AND WHETHER THE
WATER IS FLOWING OR STILL

SUSPENDED AND ATTACHED

ALGAE
IN LAKES AND PONDS, MOST
OF
THESE ALGAE ARE
SUSPENDED IN
THE WATER.
EXCESS NUTRIENTS IN
STANDING
WATER (LAKES, RESERVOIRS)
CAN
RESULT IN “BLOOMS” OF
ALGAE
THAT TURN THE WATER
TURBID.
THESE ORGANISMS OFTEN FLOAT IN
THICK MATS OR FORM UNSIGHTLY
SCUMS ON THE SURFACE. THEY ALSO
MAY PRODUCE TOXINS.
EMERGENT AND FLOATING AND SUBMERSED PLANTS
EMERGENT PLANTS LIVE
NEAR THE
WATER’S EDGE AND ALONG
THE
BANKS OF RIVERS.
THEY ALSO PROVIDE
IMPORTANT
HABITAT FOR BIRDS,
INSECTS, AND
OTHER ANIMALS LIVING NEAR
WATER.
WHEN THEY BECOME TOO ABUNDANT
THEY MAY INTERFERE WITH BOAT
PROPELLERS, MODIFY FLOWS IN
MOVING WATER, AND MAY CAUSE
LARGE DAY TO NIGHT SWINGS IN
DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND PH.
AQUATIC
MICROINVERTIBRATES

AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATES LIVE IN

MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF AQUATIC
HABITATS. SOME LIVE IN FAST MOVING
STREAMS, CONSUMING LEAVES, TWIGS,
AND OTHER PLANT MATERIAL THAT FALLS
INTO THE WATER.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
MACROINVERTEBRATES TOLERATE
DIFFERENT STREAM CONDITIONS AND
LEVELS OF POLLUTION, THEIR PRESENCE
OR ABSENCE IS USED TO INDICATE CLEAN
OR POLLUTED WATER.
LARVAE OF CADDISFLIES, MAYFLIES, AND
STONEFLIES CANNOT SURVIVE IN POLLUTED
WATER SO STREAMS WITH THESE BUGS
ARE ASSUMED TO HAVE GOOD WATER
QUALITY.
INVASIVE SPECIES

REDUCE FISH POPULATIONS

AND NATIVE SPECIES
RUIN BOAT ENGINES
JAM STEERING EQUIPMENT
MAKE LAKES AND RIVERS
UNUSABLE FOR BOATERS
AND SWIMMERS
INCREASE OPERATING COSTS
OF DRINKING WATER PLANTS,
POWER PLANTS, DAM
MAINTENANCE, AND
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
DEGRADE ECOSYSTEMS

FISH
 FISH ARE IMPORTANT
MEMBERS OF AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEMS AND
INDICATORS OF WATER
QUALITY.
FISH ARE SENSITIVE TO
MANY DIFFERENT ASPECTS
OF WATER QUALITY
INCLUDING PH,
TURBIDITY, TEMPERATURE,
AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN
LEVELS.
WATER TREATMENT METHODS
 WATER TREATMENT:
WHAT IS IT, AND WHY DO WE NEED IT?
WATER TREATMENT

a broad term that covers a wide range of

techniques and processes that are applied to water
sources
‘Any process that makes water more acceptable for
a specific end-use’
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WATER
ISN’T TREATED PROPERLY?
it can have disastrous results if the water hasn’t
been appropriately treated at the plant There are
many dangerous waterborne diseases that pose
a serious risk to human and animal health if
ingested.
WATERBORNE DISEASES
FROM UNTREATED WATER
Hepatitis A Typhoid Leptospirosis
Dysentery Cholera Legionnaire’s Disease
Giardiasis

WATER TREATMENT METHODS

1.
AERATION - the process by which air is
circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a
liquid or substance
 Ca
Slat Tray Aerators
scade Aerators
(Gangtok Water Treatment Plant)

Spray Aerators
2. COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION - a process by which small
sediment particles which do not settle well combine together to form
larger particles that can be removed by sedimentation

COAGULATION - chemical process in which the coagulant reacts

with the sediment to make it capable of combining into larger
particles
FLOCCULATION - physical process in which the sediment particles
collide with each other and stick together.
 Flocs sink to the bottom

Aluminum Sulfate is added

Dirts floats to the surface and is pumped away

SEDIMENTATION - a
process that removes
solids that float and
settle in the water. The
process relies on the
use of sedimentation
tanks that remove larger
solids.
FILTRATION -
Remove Micro
organism and
colloidal matter
DISINFECTION - Pre
chlorination and
dechlorination - mostly
to kill algae that would
otherwise grow and
clog the water filters.
Also kills much of the
remaining unprotected
bacteria

WATER
TREATMENT
PROCESS
WATER STORAGE AND
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (HOT AND COLD
WATER)
what is water
supply and
distribution
system?
transferring the water to
the consumer from the
treatment facility.
Connecting pipes, fittings,
control valves, and
appertunances
WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE
Overhead Tank or Gravity Supply
Tank
These tanks are positioned above the
head, which is constructed at a
specific
height. Any material may be used to
construct the tank, but the goal is to
maximize efficiency by positioning the
tank
at a high elevation.
WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE

Cistern Tank
Used to collect and store
rainwater for household and
usually place underground or
above ground level.
WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE

Pneumatic Tank

Utilized to provide water

under
pressure when the pump
is not
functioning and to store
water.
It increases the water
reserve
so the pump begins and stops
less frequently, extending the
pump's lifespan.
Hot water tank
Range Boiler

Small hot water tank

(30- 60 cm diameter and
180 cm max length
Made of galvanized
steel sheet, copper or
stainless steel
Hot water tank
 Storage Boiler

Large hot water tank (60-

130 cm in diameter and
5 meters max length
Made of heavy duty
material sheets applied
with rust proof paint
COMPONENTS:

Supply Pipe - A plumbing line that is used to supply water to

fixtures throughout homes and commercial buildings.

Inlet - A pipe connected with a tank or cistern or a reservoir, that fills it.
 Overflow Pipe - An addition to the storage tank or cistern that stops the
water from overflowing.

Gate Valves - Used to completely shut off fluid flow or, in the fully open
position, provide full flow in a pipeline.
VALVES AND CONTROL

Function of Valves

Control of water system

Start or shutdown a
system
Regulate pressure
 Check backflow
Control the direction of
water
VALVES AND CONTROL

Types of Valves
Gate Valve (Full-way
Valve)

Utilized to enable full flow

in a
pipeline when fully open or
to
totally stop fluid flow when
fully
closed
Wedge shape or Tapered
disc valve
Double disc valve
VALVES AND CONTROL

Types of Valves
Globe Valve
Utilized to completely stop the
flow of the fluid as well as to
regulate pressures or flows.

3 Types of Globe Valves

Plug Type Disc Valve
 Conventional Disc Valve
Composition Disc Valve
VALVES AND CONTROL

Types of Valves
Check Valve
The primary goal is to stop backflow
in the line.

4 Types of Check Valves

Swing Check Valve
Lift Check Valve
Vertical Check Valve
Horizontal Check Valve
 VALVES AND CONTROL

Types of Valves

Angle Valve

On the water supply lines of

toilets,
plumbing fixtures, and
appliances
are oval-handled valves.
VALVES AND CONTROL

Types of Valves
Foot Valve

A suction line end spring-loaded

valve that is located at the lower
end of pump.
VALVES AND CONTROL

Types of Valves

Safety Valve

Used to safeguard people and

property against system pressure
failure
 VALVES AND CONTROL

Types of Faucets
Compression Cock Ball Faucet

Is compressed by turning the faucet Constructed with a ball connected to the

handle tight, stopping the water flow. handle.

Key Cock Hose Bibb

A tool used to unlock hose bibs and A water faucet made for threaded
sillcocks that are tamper-resistant. attachment of a hose.
PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
Service Pipe supply.
The pipe connecting the building's Water Meter
water distribution system to the water The amount (volume) of water that flows
main or other sources of potable water via a pipe or other outlet is measured.

PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

Distribution Pipe
Conveys water from the water service pipe to deliver potable water to the fixtures.
Riser
A sturdy metal or plastic pipe called a riser pipe runs from the water heater's water supply line up through the

walls to the fixtures'sources of water, steam, or gas.

PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
Fixture Branch
The supply pipe connecting the
fixture to the pipe that distributes
water

Fixture Supply

A water supply pipe tying the fixture

and fixture branch together

Water
Storage and Distribution Systems
Water Distribution
System
This includes the following:
• Water service pipe
• Water distribution pipes
• Fittings
• Control Valves and all appurtenances

Water Storage and Distribution Systems Cold Water

Distribution System
Types of Cold Water Distribution System
• Direct (Upfeed)
• Indirect
- Down feed or Gravity System
- Hydro-pneumatic System (Air Pressure System)

Water Storage and Distribution Systems

Cold Water Distribution System
Types of Cold Water Distribution System
• Direct (Upfeed)
 - water is provided by the city water companies
using normal pressure from the water main

Water Storage and Distribution Systems Cold

Water Distribution System
Types of Cold Water Distribution
System • Indirect
1. Down feed or Gravity System
- water is pumped and
distributed by
means of gravity.
Water Storage and Distribution Systems Cold
Water Distribution System Types of Cold
Water Distribution System
• Indirect
2. Hydro-pneumatic System
- tanks that use water and air under
pressure is called Hydro-pneumatic
system.

THREE FUNCTIONS
• Deliver water in a preset pressure
range
• Monitor pump from turning on too
often
• Lower pressure surges
 Water
Storage and Distribution Systems SYSTEM ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
1. Eliminate cost of
• Upfeed System 1. Pressure from water main is inadequate to supply tall buildings 2.
Water supply is affected during peak load hour
pumps
& tanks

• Air Pressure 1. Water supply is affected by loss

1. With component pumping unit
2. Sanitary due to air tight water chamber 3. Economical
4. Less initial construction & maintenance cost 5. Oxygen in of pressure inside the tank in case
System the compressed air serves as purifying agent
6. Adaptable air pressure
7. Air pressure serves zone of about 10 stores intervals
of power interruption

Water
 Storage and Distribution Systems SYSTEM ADVANTAGES
• Overhead Feed
System
1. Water is not affected by
peak load hour
2. Not affected by power
DISADVANTAGES
interruption 2. High maintenance cost 3.
Occupies valuable space 4.
3. Time needed to replaces
broken parts does not affect Requires stronger
foundation and other structures to
water supply
carry additional load of tank and
1. Water is subject to
water
contamination

Water Storage and Distribution Systems Hot Water

Distribution System Types of Hot Water
Distribution System
• Upfeed and Gravity Return System
• Down feed and Gravity Return
System
• Pump Circuit System
Water Storage and Distribution Systems Hot Water
Distribution System Types of Hot Water
Distribution System
• Upfeed and Gravity
Return System
- Continuing network pipes
- Hot water rises on its own
- Hot water is immediately drawn
from
the fixture