CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS AND CERAMICS

Dr/ Soher Sami

Presented by:
• Saif abdou elzanaty
• Mahmoud gad
• Hossam muhamed ibrahem
• Karim meslhy
 CONTENT

• Introduction
• Definition of glass
• Properties of glass
• Classification of glass
• Definition of ceramics
• Properties of ceramics
• Classification of ceramics
• Comparison between glass materials and ceramics
• references
 INTRODUCTION

-Ceramic and glass materials enable advanced •

technologies—sometimes as components in
devices, sometimes as materials necessary for
manufacturing other materials.(1)
-Components include catalytic converter •
substrates for your car, fiber optic glasses that
bring the internet to you, light bulbs, and dental
crowns. (1)
GLASS
 DEFINITION OF GLASS

• Glass is an amorphous, hard, brittle, transparent or translucent

super cooled liquid of infinite viscosity, having no definite melting
point (2)
• It possess no definite formula or crystalline structure.
• "An inorganic product of fusion which has cooled to a rigid
condition without crystallizing"
• Does not have a specific melting point
• Softens over a temperature range
 PROPERTIES OF GLASS

• Amorphous
• Brittle
• Transparent / Translucent
• Good electrical insulator
• Unaffected by air, water, acid or chemical
reagents
• No definite crystal structure means glass has
high Compressive strength
• Can absorb, transmit and reflect light
 CLASSIFICATION OF GLASS

• Natural glass • Artificial glass

• glasses are formed when sand and/or rocks, often • Is a man-made glass produced by the
high in silica, are heated to high temperatures and melting of several raw material (3)
then cooled rapidly. The intense heat and force of
• used widely in industry
meteoritic impacts on the earth and atmospheric
explosions(3)
• Most common types are tekities and obsidian
• Used in jewel making only
 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL GLASS

1- Soda-lime (soft glass)

• About 90% of all glass is soda-lime glass made with silica
(sand), Calcium carbonate and soda ash.(4)
• They are low cost, resistant to water but not to acids.
• They can melt easily
• Uses:
• Window glass, Electric bulbs, Plate glass, Bottles, Jars,
cheaper table wares, test tubes, reagent bottles etc
• 2- potash lime (hard glass)
• Potash lime glass is made with silica (sand), Calcium
carbonate and potassium carbonate.(4)
• They posses high melting point, fuse with difficulty and are
less acted upon by acids, alkaline and other solvents than
ordinary glass.
• Uses:
• These glasses are costlier than soda lime glass and are used
for chemical apparatus, combustion tubes and glassware
which are used for heating operations.
3-LEAD GLASS OR FLINT GLASS
• It is made up of lead oxide fluxed with silica and K₂CO3 is used instead of
sodium oxide.(4)
• To get dense optical glasses about 80% lead oxide is used. Lead glasses has a
lower softening temperature than soda glass and higher refractive index and
good electrical properties. It is bright lustrous
• possess high specific gravity.
• Uses:
• High quality table wares, optical lenses, neon sign tubing, cathode ray tubes,
electrical insulators, crystal art objects or cut glass, Windows and Shields for
protection against X-rays and Gamma rays in medical and atomic energy
fields etc.
4-BOROSILICATE / PYREX / JENA GLASS
• It is common hard glass containing silica and boron with small amount
of alumina and less alkaline solids.(4)

• These glass have low thermal coefficient of expansion, and high

chemical resistance

• High shock resistance

• Uses:

• Industrially used for pipeline of corrosive liquids, gauge glasses,

superior laboratory apparatus, kitchen wares, chemical plants,
television tubes, electrical insulators
5-SAFETY GLASS
• It is made by fusing two to three flat sheets of glass and in
between them alternate thin layer of vinyl plastic is introduced. It
is heated where both the layers merge together and glass is
toughened (4)

• On breaking it pieces does not fly apart because of the presence

of the plastic layer in between the glass layers.

• Uses:

• It is used as wind shield in automobiles and airplanes.

6- OPTICAL OR CROOK'S GLASS
• It contains Phosphorus, silicates and Cerium oxide which has the
property to absorb harmful ultra-violet light. (4)

• This glass is given through homogeneity by heating it for a prolonged

period of time.

• These glasses have low melting point and are relatively soft.

• Uses: They are used for making optical lenses.

7-TOUGHENED GLASS (tempered glass)
• It is made by dipping articles still hot in an oil bath, so that chilling
takes place. This results in outer layer of articles shrink and
acquire a state of compression while inner layer are in state of
tension. (4)

• this glass is more elastic to mechanical and thermal shock. It

breaks into a fine powder

• Uses: For making window shields of fast moving vehicles,

windows of furnace and automatic opening doors
8-WIRED GLASS
• Wired glass does not fall apart into splinters when it
breaks (4)
• It is made by fusing wire in between the two glass layers.
• Fire resistance
• Uses: For making fire resistant doors, roofs, skylights and
windows
CERAMICS
 DEFINITION OF CERAMICS

• A ceramic is an inorganic non-metallic solid made up

of either metal or non-metal compounds that have
been shaped and then hardened by heating to high
temperatures. In general, they are hard, corrosion-
resistant and brittle.(5)
 PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS

• Hard.
• wear-resistant.
• Brittle.
• Refractory.
• thermal insulators.
• electrical insulators.
• Nonmagnetic.
• oxidation resistant.
• prone to thermal shock.
• chemically stable.
 CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
• Traditional Ceramics
• Older and more generally known types. (porcelain,
brick, earthenware, etc.)
• Based primarily on Natural crude raw materials of
clay and silicates.
• Applications: Building materials (brick, clay pipe, glass)
Household goods (pottery, cooking ware)
Manufacturing (abrasives, electrical devices, fibers) (6)
• Advanced Ceramics
• have been developed over the past half century
• Include industrial inorganic chemicals (i.e, artificial raw
materials) that exhibit specialized properties, require
more sophisticated processing.
• Applications: Applied as thermal barrier coatings to
protect metal structures, wearing surfaces. Engine
applications (6)
 TRADITIONAL CERAMICS

white wares Structural clay Abrasives refractories cement

1-Whitewares
• White wares any of a broad class of ceramic products that are white to off-white in appearance, they are often
referred to as triaxle bodies, owing to the three mineral types: clay, silica, and feldspar (7)
• Clay: is the plastic component, giving shaping abilities to the unfired product
• silica (flint): serves as a filler, lending strength to the shaped body before and during firing
• Feldspar: serves as a fluxing agent, lowering the melting temperatures of the mixture.
• Properties: imperviousness to fluids, low conductivity of electricity, chemical inertness, and an ability to be
formed into complex shapes

2-Structural clay
• is composed essentially of silica, alumina or magnesia or both, water, and appreciable quantities of potassium,
sodium, and calcium are frequently present as well (7)
• Properties: can bear high temperature, easily shaped , low cost
3- Abrasives
• Ceramic abrasives are those that are made of clay, which is usually mixed with other abrasive powders such as
corundum - quartz and silicon carbide. Ceramic abrasives have a microcrystalline finish and are very uniform in
structure (7)
• Properties: hardness, friability, toughness and cutting capacity,Tenacity

4- Refractories
• Refractory ceramics enable high temperature processing applications. The base materials are typically alumina,
magnesia, or aluminosilicates (7)
• Properties: excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion, high thermal conductivity and mechanical strength,
low thermal expansion, high temperature resistance
5-cement
• Cement, as a binding material, is a very important building material. Almost every construction work requires cement.
• The composition of cement is a combination of : lime , silica , aluminia , magnesia , iron oxide ,calcium sulfate , sulfer trioaxide
, alkaline (7)
• Properties:
• soundness
• Consistency.
• Strength.
• Setting time.
• Heat of hydration.
• Loss of ignition.
• Bulk density.
 ADVANCED CERAMICS

• Electroceramics • Advanced Structural ceramics

• Electronic Substrate Ceramics • Nuclear Ceramics
• Capacitor Dielectric Ceramics • Bioceramics
• Magnetic Ceramics • Automotive Ceramics
• Conductive Ceramics
 ELECTROCERAMICS

• Electroceramics are advanced ceramic materials that are used in a wide variety of electrical, optical and magnetic
applications. The first use of ceramics in the electrical industry took advantage of their high electrical resistivity.
Insulating bodies were produced to isolate electrical conductors in power lines. (7)

Electronic Substrate Capacitor Dielectric Magnetic Ceramics Conductive Ceramics

1-Electronic Substrate Ceramics
• electronic substrate are advanced industrial materials that, owing to their insulating qualities, are useful in the
production of electronic components. (7)
• Among the ceramics employed as electronic substrates and, the dominant material is alumina (aluminum oxide,
Al2O3).
• Properties: high resistivity, good mechanical and dielectric strength, excellent thermal and corrosion stability, and
the ability to provide hermetic seals

2-Capacitor Dielectric Ceramics

• capacitor dielectric are advanced industrial materials that, by virtue of their poor electrical conductivity, are useful in
the production of electrical storage or generating devices. (7)
• ceramic capacitor dielectrics are made of barium titanate (BaTiO3)
• Properties: Ceramic capacitors are also very small in size and have a low maximum rated voltage. They are not
polarized, which means that they may be safely connected to an AC source.
3-Magnetic Ceramics
• magnetic ceramics, oxide materials that exhibit a certain type of permanent magnetization called ferrimagnetism.
Commercially prepared magnetic ceramics are used in a variety of permanent magnet, transformer,
telecommunications (7)
• Properties: intensity of magnetization, Magnetic intensity,Magnetic susceptibility,Coercivity

4-Conductive Ceramics
• conductive ceramics, advanced industrial materials that, owing to modifications in their structure, serve as electrical
conductors. (7)
• Examples of conductive ceramics are lead oxide (PbO), ruthenium dioxide (RuO2), bismuth ruthenate (Bi2Ru2O7),
and bismuth iridate (Bi2Ir2O7)
• Properties: hardness, compressive strength, brittleness
 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CERAMICS

• advanced structural ceramics, ceramic materials that demonstrate enhanced mechanical properties under
demanding conditions. Because they serve as structural members, often being subjected to mechanical
loadin

Nuclear Ceramics Bioceramics Automotive Ceramics

1-Nuclear Ceramics
• nuclear ceramics, ceramic materials employed in the generation of nuclear power and in the disposal of
radioactive nuclear wastes. (7)
• Properties: (thermal conductivity, volume swelling, mechanical properties) induced by microstructural
evolution; and radiation-induced phase changes

2- Bioceramics
• Bioceramics is a class of materials that is used for repairing or replacing damaged bone tissues. Depending on the
application, bioceramics can directly interact with the surrounding tissue, either supporting tissue growth or
inducing new tissue regeneration for bioactive ceramics (7)
• Bioceramics are materials which include Alumina, Zirconia, Bioactive glass, Glass ceramics, Hydroxyapatite,
Calcium phosphates
• Properties: dimensionally stable, antibacterial, anticorrosive, and completely chemically inert
3-Automotive Ceramics
• automotive ceramics, advanced ceramic materials that are made into components for automobiles. (7)
• Examples : spark plug insulators, catalysts and catalyst supports for emission control devices
• The material is commonly cordierite, a magnesium aluminosilicate (Mg2Al4Si5O18) known for its low thermal
expansion.
• Properties: Mechanical strength,Density , Dimensional stability with changing thermal and mechanical loads,
Resistance to high temperatures and sudden temperature changes
COMPARISON BETWEEN GLASS MATERIALS AND CERAMICS

comparison Glass Ceramics

Definition An amorphous solid that An inorganic nonmetallic

does not have a long-
range periodic atomic
structure, and it shows a
glass transition behavior
Atomic structure Amorphous
Glass transition Exhibits glass transition
behavior.
Appearance transparent
material that gets
hardened at high
temperatures.
Crystalline, semi-
crystalline or non-
crystalline
no glass
transition behavior.
Not transparent

Cost cheap Most of time expensive (8)

 REFERENCES

• (1) https://ceramics.org/about/what-are-engineered-ceramics-and-glass
• (2) https://www.britannica.com/technology/glass
• (3) https://info.cmog.org/scientific (Dr. Robert H. Brill)
• (4) https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1769-what-are-ceramics
• (5) https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-xiii-12343/glass-pottery-and-related-materials/item/925-glass-
ceramics-and-related-materials
• (6) https://www.wundermold.com/what-difference-between-traditional-advanced-ceramics/
• (7) https://www.britannica.com/art/ceramics
• (8) https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-glass-and-vs-ceramic/